NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Burial

Burial, also called interment and (when applied to human burial) inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground. This is accomplished by digging a pit or trench, placing the person or object in it, and replacing the soil. Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Download high resolution version (490x710, 118 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (490x710, 118 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a classic science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne (1828â€“1905), published in 1870 under the title Vingt mille lieues sous les mers. ... Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville (1835-1885) was a French Academic painter who studied under Eugène Delacroix. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Technically, soil forms the pedosphere: the interface between the lithosphere (rocky part of the planet) and the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. ...

Objects are sometimes buried in order to hide them against removal or tampering. For cables and pipelines, burial provides protection. 6 or 15cm outside diameter, oil-cooled cables, traversing the Grand Coulee Dam throughout. ...

The remainder of this article discusses human burial. Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

Reasons for human burial

After death, a corpse will start to decay and emit unpleasant odors due to gases released by bacterial decomposition. Burial prevents the living from having to see and smell the decomposing corpse, but it is not necessarily a public health requirement. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the WHO advises that only corpses carrying an infectious disease strictly require burial. [1] [2] â€œSpoilageâ€ redirects here. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...

Human burial practices are the manifestation of the human desire to demonstrate "respect for the dead". Among the reasons for this are: // After disasters with extensive loss of life due to trauma, many resources are often expended on burying the dead quickly, and applying disinfectant to bodies, to prevent disease. ...

In psychology, closure may refer to the state of experiencing an emotional conclusion to a difficult life event, such as the breakdown of a close interpersonal relationship or the death of loved one. ... The afterlife, or life after death, is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual, experiential, or ghost-like, beyond this world (eg. ...

Burial methods

In many cultures, human corpses were usually buried in soil. The act of burying corpses is thought to have begun around 200,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period by homo sapiens, before spreading out from Africa. As a result, burial grounds are found throughout the world. Mounds of earth, temples, and underground caverns were used to store the dead bodies of ancestors. In modern times, the custom of burying dead people below ground with a stone marker to mark the place is used in almost every modern culture, although other means such as cremation are becoming more popular in the west (cremation is the norm in India and mandatory in Japan). Culture (Culture from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate,) generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... For other uses, see Body (disambiguation). ... This cranium, of Homo heidelbergensis, a Lower Paleolithic predecessor to Homo neanderthalensis, dates to between 400,000 BCE to 500,000 BCE The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ... Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ... A tumulus (plural tumuli, from the Latin word for mound or small hill, from the root to bulge, swell also found in ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. ... Temple of Hephaestus, an Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted) For other uses, see Temple (disambiguation). ... An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i. ... It has been suggested that Convention (norm) be merged into this article or section. ... â€œTombstoneâ€ redirects here. ... Culture (Culture from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate,) generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ...

Some burial practices are heavily ritualized; others are simply practical. A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

Natural burial

A growing trend in modern burial is the concept of natural burial. Popularised in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, natural burial is being adopted in the United States as a method for protecting and restoring the natural environment. Natural burial grounds are also known as a woodland cemetery, an eco-cemetery, a memorial nature preserve, or a green burial ground. ...

With a natural burial, the body is returned to nature in a biodegradable coffin or shroud. Native vegetation (often a memorial tree) is planted over or near the grave in place of a conventional cemetery monument. The resulting green space establishes a living memorial and forms a protected wildlife preserve. Biodegradation is the decomposition of material by microorganisms. ... An open casket A coffin (in North American English, also known as a casket, although the design is different - coffins taper towards the feet while caskets remain the same width) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or cremation. ... A shroud is typically something, usually a cloth, that covers or protects some other object. ...

The practice of natural burial dates back to the late nineteenth century, when Sir Francis Seymour Hayden proposed "earth to earth burial," in a pamphlet of the same name, as a less gruesome alternative to either cremation or the slow putrefaction of encased corpses. The earth to earth burial movement was part of the short-lived cremation controversy of the 1870s. Natural burial grounds are also known as a woodland cemetery, an eco-cemetery, a memorial nature preserve, or a green burial ground. ...

Natural burial grounds are also known as woodland cemeteries, eco-cemeteries, memorial nature preserves, or green burial grounds.

Prevention of decay

Embalming is the practice of preserving a body against decay, and is used in many cultures. Mummification is a more extensive method of embalming, further retarding the decay process. Image File history File linksMetadata The_Thing_2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata The_Thing_2. ... Mummified cat from Ancient Egypt. ... The British Museum in London, England is one of the worlds greatest museums of human history and culture. ... Embalming, in most modern cultures, is the art and science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral. ... A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or airlessness. ...

Bodies are often buried wrapped in a shroud or placed in a coffin (also called a casket). A larger container may be used, such as a ship. Coffins are usually covered by a burial liner or a burial vault, which protects the coffin from collapsing under the weight of the earth or floating away during a flood. A shroud is typically something, usually a cloth, that covers or protects some other object. ... An open casket A coffin (in North American English, also known as a casket, although the design is different - coffins taper towards the feet while caskets remain the same width) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or cremation. ... Ship burial of Igor the Old in 945, depicted by Heinrich Semiradski (1845-1902). ... A burial liner, in a burial of human remains, is an enclosure that is placed over a coffin, which is then buried in the ground. ... A burial vault is prepared for shipment by an employee at Clark Grave Vault, Columbus, Ohio, 1938. ...

These containers slow the decomposition process by (partially) physically blocking decomposing bacteria and other organisms from accessing the corpse. An additional benefit of using containers to hold the body is that if the soil covering the corpse is washed away by a flood or some other natural process, the corpse will still not be exposed to open air. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Flooding in Amphoe Sena, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. ...

In some cultures however the goal is not to preserve the body but to allow it to decompose—or return to the Earth — naturally. In Orthodox Judaism embalming is not permitted, and the coffins are constructed so that the body will be returned to the Earth as soon as possible. Such coffins are made of wood, and have no metal parts at all. Wooden pegs are used in the place of nails. Followers of the Islamic faith also prefer to bury their deceased so as not to delay decomposition. Normally, instead of using coffins the deceased are buried in a shroud, and the bodies of the deceased are not normally embalmed. This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

Inclusion of clothing and personal effects

The body may be dressed in fancy and/or ceremonial clothes. Personal objects, such as a favorite piece of jewelery or photograph, of the deceased may be included with the body. This practice, also known as the inclusion of grave goods, serves several purposes: In archaeology and anthropology grave goods are the items interred along with the body. ...

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The afterlife, or life after death, is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual, experiential, or ghost-like, beyond this world (eg. ... // Ceremony of Burning a Hindu Widow with the Body of her Late Husband, from Pictorial History of China and India, 1851. ... This July 2007 does not cite any references or sources. ... A time capsule is a historic cache of goods and/or information, usually intended as a method of communication with people in the future. ... In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ... This article is about living for infinite period of time. ...

Body positioning

Burials may be placed in a number of different positions. Christian burials are made extended, i.e., lying flat with arms and legs straight, or with the arms folded upon the chest, and with the eyes and mouth closed. Extended burials may be supine (lying on the back) or prone (lying on the front). Other ritual practices place the body in a flexed position with the legs bent or crouched with the legs folded up to the chest. Warriors in some ancient societies were buried in an upright position. In Islam, the head is pointed toward and the face is turned toward Mecca, the holiest city in Islam. Many cultures treat placement of dead people in an appropriate position to be a sign of respect even when burial is impossible. Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ... Human mouth The mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the orifice through which an organism takes in food and water. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

In nonstandard burial practices, such as mass burial, the body may be positioned arbitrarily. This can be a sign of disrespect to the deceased, or at least nonchalance on the part of the inhumer, or due to considerations of time and space. A mass grave is a grave containing more than one human corpse. ...

Orientation

Historically, Christian burials were made supine east-west, with the head at the western end of the grave. This mirrors the layout of Christian churches, and for much the same reason; to view the coming of Christ on Judgement day (Eschaton). It has been suggested that Ecclesia (Church) be merged into this article or section. ... The term Judgement Day may refer to: The Last Judgement; the ethical-judicial trial, judgement, and punishment/reward of individual humans (assignment to Heaven or to Hell) by a divine tribunal at the end of time. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: In Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the...

Inverted burial

For humans, maintaining an upside down position, with the head vertically below the feet, is highly uncomfortable for any extended period of time, and consequently burial in that attitude (as opposed to attitudes of rest or watchfulness, as above) is highly unusual and generally symbolic. Occasionally suicides were buried upside down, as a post mortem punishment and (as with burial at cross-roads) to inhibit the activities of the resulting undead. Rather than surrender to US soldiers, the Mayor (BÃ¼rgermeister) of Leipzig, Germany, committed suicide along with his wife and daughter on April 20, 1945. ... Undead is a collective name for mythological beings that are deceased yet behave as if alive. ...

In Gulliver's Travels, the Lilliputians buried their dead upside down: First Edition of Gullivers Travels Gullivers Travels (1726, amended 1735), officially Vol. ... Lilliput and Blefuscu are two island nations that appear in the 1726 novel Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift. ...

Swift's notion of inverted burial might seem the highest flight of fancy, but it appears that among English millenarians the idea that the world would be "turned upside down" at the Apocalypse enjoyed some currency, and there is at least one attested case of a person being buried upside down by instruction; a Major Peter Labelliere of Dorking (d. June 4, 1800) lies thus upon the summit of Box Hill.^[1] Similar stories have attached themselves to other noted eccentrics, particularly in southern England, but not always with a foundation in truth.^[2] Millenarianism or millenarism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed in a positive (or sometimes negative or ambiguous) direction. ... Dorking is a market town at the foot of the North Downs approximately 25 miles south of London, in Surrey in England. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Burial among African-American slaves

In the African-American slave community, slaves quickly familiarized themselves with funeral procedures and the location of gravesites of family and friends. Specific slaves were assigned to prepare dead bodies, build coffins, dig graves, and construct headstones. Slave funerals were typically at night when the workday was over, with the master present to view all the ceremonial procedures. Slaves from the nearby plantations were regularly in attendance. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

At death, a slave’s body was wrapped in cloth. The hands were placed across the chest, and a metal plate was placed on top of their hands. The reasoning for the plate was to hinder their return home by suppressing any spirits in the coffin. Often, personal property was buried with slaves to appease spirits. The coffins were nailed shut once the body was inside, and carried by hand or wagon, depending on the property designated for slave burial site. Slaves were buried east to west, with the head facing east and their feet to the west. This positioning represented the ability to rise without having to turn around at the call of Gabriel’s trumpet. Gabriel’s trumpet would be blown in the eastern sunrise. East-west positioning also was the direction of home, Africa. 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Burial in the Bahá'í Faith

Bahá'í burial law prescribes both the location of burial and burial practices and precludes cremation of the dead. It is forbidden to carry the body for more than one hour's journey from the place of death. Before interment the body should be wrapped in a shroud of silk or cotton, and a ring should be placed on its finger bearing the inscription "I came forth from God, and return unto Him, detached from all save Him, holding fast to His Name, the Merciful, the Compassionate". The coffin should be of crystal, stone or hard fine wood. Also, before interment, a specific Prayer for the Dead [3] is ordained. The formal prayer and the ring are meant to be used for those who have reached fifteen years of age.[4] Seat of the Universal House of Justice, governing body of the BahÃ¡Ãs, in Haifa, Israel The BahÃ¡Ã Faith is the religion founded by BahÃ¡ullÃ¡h in 19th century Persia. ...

Locations

Where to bury

Apart from sanitary and other practical considerations, the site of burial can be determined by religious and socio-cultural considerations.

Thus in some traditions, especially with an animistic logic, the remains of the dead are "banished" for fear their spirits would harm the living if too close; others keep remains close to help surviving generations.

Religious rules may prescribe a specific zone, e.g. a Christian must be buried in "consecrated ground," usually a cemetery; an earlier practice, burial in or very near the church (hence the word churchyard), was generally abandoned with individual exceptions as a high posthumous honour; also many existing funeral monuments and crypts remain in use. To consecrate an inanimate object is to dedicate it in a ritual to a special purpose, usually religious. ... Castle Ashby Graveyard Northamptonshire A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ...

Royalty and high nobility often have one or more "traditional" sites of burial, generally monumental, often in a palatial chapel or cathedral; see examples on Heraldica.org.

Marking the location of the burial

Most modern cultures mark the location of the body with a headstone. This serves two purposes. First, the grave will not accidentally be exhumed. Second, headstones often contain information or tributes to deceased. This is a form of remembrance for loved ones; it can also be viewed as a form of immortality, especially in cases of famous people's graves. Such monumental inscriptions may subsequently be useful to genealogists and family historians. Picture of headstones in the Japanese Cemetery in Broome, taken by me and released under GNU Free Documentation License. ... Picture of headstones in the Japanese Cemetery in Broome, taken by me and released under GNU Free Documentation License. ... Broome is a pearling and tourist town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, 2200 km north of Perth. ... â€œTombstoneâ€ redirects here. ... Ancient unreadable gravestones mark the position of graves in the parish churchyard at Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, England A grave is a place where the body of a dead animal, generally human, is buried, often after a funeral. ... This article is about living for infinite period of time. ... A Monumental Inscription is an inscription, typically carved in stone, on a grave marker or memorial plaque. ...

In many cultures graves will be grouped, so the monuments make up a necropolis, a "city of the dead" parallelling the community of the living. For the record label, see Necropolis Records. ...

Unmarked grave

In many cultures graves are marked with durable markers, or monuments, intended to help remind people of the buried person. An unmarked grave is a grave with no such memorial marker. For the musician, see Burial (musician). ... A monument is a structure built for commemorative or symbolic reasons rather than for any overtly functional use. ... The phrase Unmarked grave has metaphorical meaning in the context of cultures that mark burial sites. ... Ancient unreadable gravestones mark the position of graves in the parish churchyard at Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, England A grave is a place where the body of a dead animal, generally human, is buried, often after a funeral. ...

The corpse of Pope Formosus was actually disinterred, placed on trial (see Cadaver Synod), found guilty, and ultimately thrown into the River Tiber. Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Pape Formose et Etienne VII (1870). ... Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Pape Formose et Ã‰tienne VII (Pope Formosus and Stephen VII), 1870. ... Tiber River in Rome The River Tiber (Italian Tevere), the third longest river in Italy (disputed — see talk page) at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through the Campagna and Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches...

Anonymous burial

Another sort of unmarked grave is a burial site with an anonymous marker, such as a simple crucifix; boots, rifle and helmet; a sword and shield; a cairn of stones; or even a monument. This may occur when identification of the deceased is impossible. Although many unidentified deceased are buried in potter's fields, some are memorialized, especially in smaller communities or in the case of deaths publicized by local media. The Crucifix, a cross with corpus, a symbol used in Catholicism in contrast with some other Christian communions, which use only a cross. ... A potters field is a place for the burial of unknown or indigent people. ...

Many countries have buried an unidentified soldier (or other member of the military) in a prominent location as a form of respect for all unidentified war dead. The United Kingdom's Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is in Westminster Abbey, France's is buried underneath the Arc de Triomphe, Italy's is buried in the Monumento al Milite Ignoto in Rome, Canada's is buried at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, Australia's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, New Zealand's Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is in Wellington and the United States' Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located at Arlington National Cemetery. The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly the Place de lÃ‰toile, at the western end of the Champs-Ã‰lysÃ©es. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... The National War Memorial Canadas National War Memorial is located in Confederation Square in Ottawa, the nations capital. ... Sailor and girl at the Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery, USA, May 1943 Throughout history, many soldiers have died in numerous wars without their remains being identified. ... The Australian War Memorial is Australias national memorial to the members of all its armed forces and supporting organizations who have died in the wars of the Commonwealth of Australia. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... Tomb of the Unknown Warrior The New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is at the National War Memorial in Buckle Street, Wellington. ... For other uses, see Wellington (disambiguation). ... Sailor and girl at the Tomb of the Unknowns, May 1943 The Tomb of the Unknowns (also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, although it has never been officially named) is a monument in Arlington National Cemetery, United States dedicated to the American soldiers who have died without... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Many cultures practise anonymous burial as a norm, not an exception. For instance, in parts of eastern Germany, up to 43% of burials are anonymous.[5] According to Christian Century magazine, the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church is that anonymous burials reflect a dwindling belief in God, but others claim that the practice relates more to the exorbitant cost of grave markers and the solitary nature of German life. [6] The magazine Christian Century was originally founded as The Christian Oracle, a denominational magazine of the Disciples of Christ in 1884 in the United States. ...

Secret burial

In rare cases, a known person may be buried without identification, perhaps to avoid desecration of the corpse, grave robbing, or vandalism of the burial site. This may be particularly the case with infamous or notorious figures. In other cases, it may be to prevent the grave from becoming a tourist attractions or a destination of pilgrimage. Survivors may cause the deceased to be buried in a secret location or other unpublished place, or in a grave with a false name (or no name at all) on the marker. Desecration is the ninth book in the Left Behind series. ... Grave robbing or grave robbery is the act of uncovering a tomb or crypt to steal the artifacts inside or disinterring a corpse to steal the body itself or its personal effects. ... Tourists on Oahu, Hawaii Tourism is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

When Walt Disney was cremated his ashes were buried in a secret location in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, California. Some burial sites at Forest Lawn, such as those of Humphrey Bogart and Mary Pickford, are secluded in private gated gardens with no public access. A number of tombs are also kept from the public eye. Forest Lawn's Court of Honour indicates that some of its crypts have plots which are reserved for individuals who may be "voted in" as "Immortals"; no amount of money can purchase a place. Photographs taken at Forest Lawn are not permitted to be published, and their information office usually refuses to reveal exactly where the remains of famous people are buried. Although the cemetery's owners state that this is meant to deter gravesite tourism, some critics say that the cemetery wishes visitors to purchase memorabilia at the funeral home's numerous gift shops instead of taking photographs for free, especially in the case of grave markers notable for their beauty.[7] For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... Gates of Forest Lawn Forest Lawn Memorial Park is a cemetery in Glendale, Los Angeles County, California. ... Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 â€“ January 14, 1957) was an American actor. ... Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 â€“ May 29, 1979) was an Oscar-winning Canadian motion picture star and co-founder of United Artists in 1919. ...

Multiple bodies per grave

Some couples or groups of people (such as a married couple or other family members) may wish to be buried in the same plot. In some cases, the coffins (or urns) may simply be buried side by side. In others, one casket may be interred above another. If this is planned for in advance, the first casket may be buried more deeply than is the usual practice so that the second casket may be placed over it without disturbing the first. In many states in Australia all graves are designated two or three depth (depending of the water table) for multiple burials, at the discretion of the burial rights holder, with each new interment atop the previous coffin separated by a thin layer of earth. As such all graves are dug to greater depth for the initial burial than the traditional six feet to facilitate this practice. For the record label, see Marriage Records. ...

Mass burial is the practice of burying multiple bodies in one location. Civilizations attempting genocide often employ mass burial for victims. However, mass burial may in many cases be the only practical means of dealing with an overwhelming number of human remains, such as those resulting from a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, an epidemic, or an accident. This practice has become less common in the developed world with the advent of genetic testing, but even in the 21st century remains which are unidentifiable by current methods may be buried in a mass grave. A mass grave is a grave containing more than one human corpse. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during... A railing accidentally collapses at a college football game, spilling fans onto the sidelines An accident is something going wrong unexpectedly. ... Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a persons ancestry. ...

Individuals who are buried at the expense of the local authorities and buried in potter's fields may be buried in mass graves. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is believed to have been buried in such a manner. In some cases, the remains of unidentified individuals may be buried in mass graves in potter's fields, making exhumation and future identification troublesome for law enforcement. A potters field is a place for the burial of unknown or indigent people. ... â€œMozartâ€ redirects here. ...

Naval ships sunk in combat are also considered mass graves by many countries. For example, U.S. Navy policy declares such wrecks a mass grave and forbids the recovery of remains. In lieu of recovery, divers or submersibles leave a plaque dedicated to the memory of the ship or boat and its crew, and family members are invited to attend the ceremony. The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ...

Sites of large former battlefields may also contain one or more mass graves. Douaumont ossuary is one such mass grave, and it contains the remains of 130,000 soldiers from both sides of the battle of Verdun. Ossuary with Cemetery // History During the 300 days lasting fight for Verdun (21 February 1916 - 19 December 1916) approximately 300. ... Combatants France German Empire Commanders Philippe PÃ©tain Robert Nivelle Erich von Falkenhayn Strength About 30,000 on 21 February 1916 About 150,000 on 21 February 1916 Casualties 378,000; of whom 120,000 died. ...

Catacombs also comprise a form of mass grave. Some catacombs, for example those in Rome, were designated as a communal burial place. Some, such as the catacombs of Paris, only became a mass grave when individual burials were relocated from cemeteries marked for demolition. Catacombs Paris Catacombs Rome - entrance Catacombs Rome - entrance (detail) Catacombs Lima. ... A procession in the catacomb of Callistus. ... Crypt of the Sepulchral Lamp in the Catacombs of Paris The Catacombs of Paris is a famous burial place in Paris, France. ...

Judaism does not generally allow multiple bodies in a grave. An exception to this is a grave in the military cemetery in Jerusalem where there is a "kever ah-chim" (Heb. "grave of brothers") where two soldiers were killed together in a tank and are buried in one grave. As the bodies fused together with the metal of the tank to a point that they could not be separately identified, they were buried in one grave (along with parts of the tank).

Cremation

In cremation the body of the deceased is burned in a special oven. Most of the body is burnt during the cremation process, leaving only a few pounds of bone fragments. Bodies of small children and infants often produce very little in the way of "ashes", as ashes are composed of bone, and young people have softer bones, largely cartilage. Often these fragments are processed (ground) into a fine powder, which has led to cremated remains being called ashes. In recent times, cremation has become a popular option in the western world. Download high resolution version (1500x1110, 333 KB) The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... Download high resolution version (1500x1110, 333 KB) The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto)1 Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... Oven depicted in a painting by Millet An oven is an enclosed compartment for heating, baking or drying. ... A combustion reaction taking place in a igniting match Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. ...

There is far greater flexibility in dealing with the remains in cremation as opposed to the traditional burial. Some of the options include scattering the ashes at a place close to the heart of the deceased or keeping the ashes at home. Ashes can also be buried either underground or in a columbarium niche. Columbarium niches built into the side of St. ...

Live burial

Live burial sometimes occurs, in which individuals are buried while still alive. Having no way of escaping interment, they die in place, typically by asphyxiation, dehydration, starvation, or (in cold climates) exposure. People may come to be buried alive in a number of different ways: â€œBuried Aliveâ€ redirects here. ... Suffocation redirects here, for the band, see Suffocation (band). ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. ... Look up exposure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

An earthquake is a result from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. ... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e. ... A Himalayan avalanche near Mount Everest. ... Look up dead in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A coroner is either the presiding officer of a special court, a medical officer, or an officer of law responsible for investigating deaths, particularly those happening under unusual circumstances. ...

Burial at cross-roads

Historically, burial at cross-roads was the method of disposing of executed criminals and suicides. At the cross-roads a rude cross usually stood, and this gave rise to the belief that these spots were selected as the next best burying-places to consecrated ground. The real explanation is that the ancient Teutonic peoples often built their altars at the cross-roads, and as human sacrifices, especially of criminals, formed part of the ritual, these spots came to be regarded as execution grounds. ^{[citation needed]} Hence after the introduction of Christianity, criminals and suicides were buried at the cross-roads during the night, in order to assimilate as far as possible their funeral to that of the pagans. An example of a cross-road execution-ground was the famous Tyburn in London, which stood on the spot where the Roman road to Edgware and beyond met the Roman road heading west out of London. A crossroads (the word rarely appears in singular) is a road junction, where two or more roads meet (there are three or more arms). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Rather than surrender to US soldiers, the Mayor (BÃ¼rgermeister) of Leipzig, Germany, committed suicide along with his wife and daughter on April 20, 1945. ... The term Germanic peoples may refer to: the Germanic tribes that in the first millennium were seen as a barbarian threat by the Roman Empire and its successors; the Germanic Christianity that in the second millennium came to dominate much of Northern Europe, politically organized in the Holy Roman Empire... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Look up pagan, heathen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tyburn was a former village in the county of Middlesex close to the current location of Marble Arch. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For the one-off TV Drama, see Roman Road (TV Drama) A Roman road in Pompeii. ... Chanukah menorah outside Edgware tube station, 2006 Edgware is a suburb of north London situated 9. ...

Superstition also played a part in the selection of cross-roads in the burial of suicides. Folk belief often held such individuals could rise as some form of undead (such as a vampire) and burying them at cross-roads would inhibit their ability to find and wreak havoc on their living relations and former associates. ^{[citation needed]} Undead is a collective name for mythological beings that are deceased yet behave as if alive. ... Philip Burne-Jones, The Vampire, 1897 Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings that subsist on human and/or animal lifeforce. ...

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the eleventh edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Burial of animals

By humans

In addition to burying human remains, many human cultures also regularly bury animal remains. A Pet cemetery is a place where dead pets are buried. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 1181 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 1181 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... The castle dominates the Edinburgh skyline as seen here from Princes Street Gardens Edinburgh Castle is an ancient fortress which, from its position atop Castle Rock, dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh, and is Scotlands second most visited tourist attraction, after the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...

Pets and other animals of emotional significance are often ceremonially buried. Most families bury deceased pets on their own properties, mainly in a yard, with a shoe box or any other type of container served as a coffin. The Ancient Egyptians are known to have mummified and buried cats, which they considered deities. It has been suggested that Residential pets be merged into this article or section. ... Shoe Box was a 1995 single by the band Barenaked Ladies. ... An open casket A coffin (in North American English, also known as a casket, although the design is different - coffins taper towards the feet while caskets remain the same width) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or cremation. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or airlessness. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... Look up deity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

By other animals

Humans are not always the only species to bury their dead. Chimpanzees and elephants are known to throw leaves and branches over fallen members of their family groups.^{[citation needed]} Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species in the genus Pan. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus â€ Elephas beyeri â€ Elephas celebensis â€ Elephas cypriotes â€ Elephas ekorensis â€ Elephas falconeri â€ Elephas iolensis â€ Elephas planifrons â€ Elephas platycephalus â€ Elephas recki â€ Stegodon â€ Mammuthus â€ Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea...

Exhumation

The digging up of a buried body is called exhumation or disinterration, and is considered sacrilege by most cultures that bury their dead. However, there is often a number of circumstances in which exhumation occurs: Sacrilege is in general the violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object. ...

Frequently, cultures have different sets of exhumation taboos. Occasionally these differences result in conflict, especially in cases where a culture with more lenient exhumation rules wishes to operate on the territory of a stricter culture. For example, United States construction companies have run into conflict with Native American groups that wanted to preserve their ancient burial grounds from any form of modern construction. Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ... Nicholas II of Russia (Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 â€“ 17 July [O.S. 4 July] 1918) (Russian: , Nikolay II) was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Poland,[1] and Grand Duke of Finland. ... Snow-covered statue of Sverdlov in Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburgs Church on the Blood built on the spot where the Tsar and his family were executed. ... The Peter and Paul Fortress (ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ) is in St. ... Saint Petersburg listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 â€“ 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England, Scotland and Ireland into a republican Commonwealth and for the brutal war exercised in his conquest of Ireland. ... Posthumous execution is the ritual execution of an already dead body. ... Gibbet is a term applied to several different devices used in the capital punishment of criminals and/or the deterrence of potential criminals. ... Tutankhamun (alternate transcription Tutankhamen), named Tutankhaten early in his life, was Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1334 BC/1333 BC - 1323 BC), during the period known as the New Kingdom. ... Provenance is the origin or source from which anything comes. ... Castle Ashby Graveyard Northamptonshire A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ... Ossuary in Hallstatt (see the article for details). ... This July 2007 does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ...

In folklore and mythology, exhumation has also been frequently associated with the performance of rites to banish undead manifestations. An example is the Mercy Brown Vampire Incident of Rhode Island, which occurred in 1892. Undead is a collective name for mythological beings that are deceased yet behave as if alive. ... The Mercy Brown vampire incident, which occurred in 1892, is one of the best documented cases of the exhumation of a corpse in order to perform certain ritual activities, such as the conduct of magical rites, supposedly for the purpose of banishing an undead manifestation. ... â€œRIâ€ redirects here. ...

Alternatives to burial

Human bodies are not always buried, and many cultures may not bury their dead in every case. Alternatives to burial include the following. In most cases these alternatives are still intended to maintain respect for the dead, but some are intended to prolong the display of remains. Adashino Nembutsuji Buddhist Temple Kyoto Japan I took this photograph and contribute it to the public domain. ... Adashino Nembutsuji Buddhist Temple Kyoto Japan I took this photograph and contribute it to the public domain. ... Statues at Adashino Nembutsuji Adashino Nembutsuji (Jap:化野念仏寺)is a Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan. ... Kyoto ) is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ...

Skydiver about to land Parachuting, or skydiving, is an activity involving the breaking of a free-fall from a height using a parachute. ... Burial at Sea for two victims of a Japanese submarine attack on the US aircraft carrier Liscome Bay, November 1943 Burial at sea describes the procedure of disposing of human remains in the ocean. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ... This article is about consuming ones own species. ... The Yanomami (spellings include YanomamÃ¶ which may be written with an ogonek under the first a as YÄ…nomamÃ¶; also referred to as Ianomami and sometimes Yanomani) are an indigenous people of Brazil and Venezuela. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... An ecological funeral, also known as promession, is a method for allowing the body of the deceased to decompose in an environmentally-friendly way. ... â€œSpoilageâ€ redirects here. ... In archaeology and anthropology the term excarnation refers to the burial practice adopted by some societies of removing the flesh of the dead, leaving only the bones. ... Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht). ... A late 19th century engraving of a Zoroastrian Tower of Silence in Mumbai. ... Butcher shop in Valencia A butcher is someone who prepares various meats and other related goods for sale. ... Gibbet is a term applied to several different devices used in the capital punishment of criminals and/or the deterrence of potential criminals. ... Hanging coffins are coffins which have been placed on cliffs. ... Sky burial is a ritual practice common in Tibet that involves placing the body of the deceased in a high ground (mountain) and expose it ritually, especially to birds of prey. ... Taurus Missile launch (time exposure) Space burial is a burial procedure in which a small sample of the cremated ashes of the deceased are placed in a capsule the size of a tube of lipstick and are launched using a rocket. ... Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)[1] Outer space, sometimes simply called space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Technicians prepare a patient for cryopreservation. ... Information-theoretic death is the destruction of the human brain, and information within it, to such an extent that recovery of the original mind and person that occupied the brain is theoretically impossible. ... Clinical death occurs when a patients heartbeat and breathing have stopped. ...

Notes and references

Contents

Reasons for human burial

Burial methods

Natural burial

Prevention of decay

Inclusion of clothing and personal effects

Body positioning

Orientation

Inverted burial

Burial among African-American slaves

Burial in the Bahá'í Faith

Locations

Where to bury

Marking the location of the burial

Unmarked grave

Anonymous burial

Secret burial

Multiple bodies per grave

Cremation

Live burial

Burial at cross-roads

Burial of animals

By humans

By other animals

Exhumation

Alternatives to burial

Notes and references

See also

External links

Contents

Reasons for human burial GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Burial methods

Natural burial

Prevention of decay

Inclusion of clothing and personal effects

Body positioning

Orientation

Inverted burial

Burial among African-American slaves

Burial in the Bahá'í Faith

Locations

Where to bury

Marking the location of the burial

Unmarked grave

Anonymous burial

Secret burial

Multiple bodies per grave

Cremation

Live burial

Burial at cross-roads

Burial of animals

By humans

By other animals

Exhumation

Alternatives to burial

Notes and references

See also

External links

Reasons for human burial