Bursa (formerly known as Brusa, Greek Prusa, Προύσσα) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of Bursa Province. With a population of 1,194,687 (2000 census), it is Turkey's fourth largest city. The city is famous for its ski resorts (on the mountain of Uludağ), the mausoleums of Ottoman sultans, and the surrounding fertile plain. It is also the home of some famous Turkish foods, especially chestnut desserts and a meat dish called İskender kebap. Image File history File links Karagozzz. ... Image File history File links Karagozzz. ... shows the Location of the Bursa Province Bursa is a province in western Turkey, along the Sea of Marmara. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Turkish cuisine is well-known,for its poop especially in Europe. ... Species - Bush Chinkapin* - Japanese Chestnut - American Chestnut - Henrys Chestnut - Chinese Chestnut - Ozark Chinkapin - Alleghany Chinkapin - Sweet Chestnut - Seguins Chestnut * treated as a synonym of by many authors Chestnuts (Castanea), including the chinkapins, are a genus of eight or nine species of trees and shrubs in the beech family... Ä°skender kebap is one of the most famous meat foods of northwestern Turkey and takes its name from its inventor, Ä°skender Efendi, who lived in Bursa in the late 19th century. ...

Bursa is the center of the Turkish automobile industry, where FIAT and Renault have located their factories. This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... The present Fiat logo The old Fiat logo, still commonly seen, used from 1969 to 1999 Fiat S.p. ... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing small to upper-midsize cars, vans, buses and trucks. ...

The earliest known site at this location was Cius, which Philip V of Macedonia granted to the Bithynian king Prusias I in 202 BC, for his help against Pergamum and Heraclea Pontica (modern Karadeniz Ereğli). Prusias renamed the city for himself, Prusa. It was later a major city, located on the westernmost end of the famous Silk Road, and was the capital of the Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326 until the capture of Edirne in 1365 and remained an important administrative and commercial center even after it lost its status as the capital. The Algerian resistance fighter Emir Abd el-Kader resided here for a while (1852 to 1855), as well as Ayatollah Khomeini in his first year of exile (1963) before leaving for Nejef in Iraq and later for Paris, and Ismail Hakkı Bursevi a famous Islamic scholar and Sufi is buried here. Kios (also known as Cius) was an ancient Greek town bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), and had as such a long history, being mentioned by Homer, Aristoteles and Strabo. ... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Prusias I Chlorus (c. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 3rd century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 207 BC 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC - 202 BC - 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC Events October... Pergamon or Pergamum (modern day Bergama in Turkey) was a Greek city, in northwestern Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakir), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282... Heraclea Pontica (mod. ... Karadeniz Eregli (EreÄŸli) is a city in Zonguldak, Turkey. ... For other uses, see Silk Road (disambiguation). ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... `Abd al-Qādir al-JazāirÄ«. `Abd al-Qādir al-JazāirÄ« (6 September 1808 - 26 May 1883, in Arabic عبد القادر الجزائري) was an Algerian political and military leader who led a struggle against the French invasion in the mid-nineteenth century, for which he is seen as an Algerian... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political and spiritual leader of the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shah of Iran. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Najaf (Arabic: ) is a city in Iraq, about 160 km south of Baghdad, located at 31. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (674x900, 141 KB) Licensing This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License v. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (674x900, 141 KB) Licensing This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License v. ... Image File history File links Stationiiiiiiii. ... Image File history File links Stationiiiiiiii. ...

Mosques of Bursa

Ulucami

Ulucami, the Great Friday Mosque, is the major mosque of Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture. It was built by Ali Neccar in 1396-1399, at Sultan Bayezid I's command. The mosque is large and rectangular, with twenty domes arranged in four rows of five supported by twelve columns. It has two minarets. Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by famous calligraphers. Beyazid I Bayezid I (in Turkish Bayezıt, nicknamed Yıldırım, the Thunderbolt; ca 1354–1403) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. ... Minarets (Arabic manara منارة, but more usually مئذنة) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. ... The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud Khan of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...

At the top right is a picture of the fountain (in Turkish, şadırvan) inside the mosque, where worshippers can perform ritual ablutions; the dome overhead is capped by a skylight, creating a soft, serene light below. Below right is a picture of the many domes and the calligraphy that adorns the supporting pillars. Ablution may refer to the practice of removing sins or diseases through the use of ritual washing, or the practice of using ritual washing as one part of a ceremony to remove sin or disease. ...

The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior, with all of its nooks and crannies, seems peaceful and contemplative. This atmosphere contrasts with later Ottoman mosques (see for example the work of long-time chief architect Sinan), whose increasingly elevated central domes create a vertical emphasis that feels more grand and imperial. Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575. ...

Image File history File links Ünlü_cadde. ... Image File history File links Ünlü_cadde. ...

The Trade Center of Bursa

Although Chinese silk seems to have become popular in Rome as early as the beginning of the Common Era, the background for understanding the silk trade of Anatolia and more particularly Bursa must be sought in the world of Byzantium. Traditional accounts about how knowledge of silk production spread from China stress the fact that the process was a closely guarded secret. The classic story concerning the beginnings of the silk industry in Byzantium is typical. The sixth-century historian Procopius wrote: About the same time [ca. 550] there came from India certain monks; and when they had satisfied Justinian Augustus that the Romans no longer should buy silk from the Persians, they promised the emperor in an interview that they would provide the materials for making silk so that never should the Romans seek business of this kind from their enemy the Persians, or from any other people whatsoever. They said that they were formerly in Serinda, which they call the region frequented by the people of the Indies, and there they learned perfectly the art of making silk. Moreover, to the emperor who plied them with many questions as to whether he might have the secret, the monks replied that certain worms were manufacturers of silk, nature itself forcing them to keep always at work; the worms could certainly not be brought here alive, but they could be grown easily and without difficulty; the eggs of single hatchings are innumerable; as soon as they are laid men cover them with dung and keep them warm for as long as it is necessary so that they produce insects. When they had announced these tidings, led on by liberal promises of the emperor to prove the fact, they returned to India. When they had brought the eggs to Byzantium, the method having been learned, as I have said, they changed them by metamorphosis into worms which feed on the leaves of mulberry. Thus began the art of making silk from that time on in the Roman Empire. We can see here two themes of lasting importance for the Anatolian silk trade--one being the key role played by those who ruled Persia in controlling the trade from the east, and the other being the concern to develop one's own silk industry, if taking control of the trade routes would be impossible. So long as Byzantine territories included Syria and adjoining regions, the empire's growing silk industry was located there, but already in the century after Justinian, the borders shrank resulting, perhaps gradually, in the transfer of Byzantine-controlled silk production to Western Anatolia. The importance of silk as the quintessentially royal fabric and an important source of revenue for the crown can be seen in the detailed Byzantine regulations of various aspects of silk manufacture and trade. The needs of the Byzantine Church for silk garments and hangings also were substantial. Unfortunately we seem to know few details of the production itself; much of the Byzantine silk industry probably involved processing of raw silk obtained through the eastern trade.

Thanks to the relative peace across Asia under Mongol rule, supplies of Chinese silk to the West were substantial in the late thirteenth century. However, the disruptions resulting from the breakup of the Mongol Empire stimulated the growth of Iranian silk production as a major alternative source for the markets of the West. One of the most important routes which developed under the Mongol Ilkhanids in the early fourteenth century ran from Tabriz (near the Caspian silk-producing regions) across Anatolia. Tabriz was also an emporium for the Eastern spice trade. Italian merchants, notably the Genoese, were key partners in this trade; it is significant that they obtained trading privileges from Ottoman Sultan Orhan in 1352. As Prof. Halil Inalcik puts it, "The rise of Bursa as a world market in the second half of the fourteenth century became the economic foundation of Ottoman power." The struggle between the Ottomans and Tamerlane half a century later was in part a contest over who would control the silk trade; despite the blow administered to the young Ottoman state, paradoxically Tamerlane's conquests enhanced the importance of the silk routes from Tabriz through Asia Minor and the ability of the Ottomans to profit from control of the ports from which the valuable commodity was shipped to the West. The Italian colony in Pera, the still Byzantine (but soon to be Ottoman) suburb of Constantinople, was the home of merchants who met their Muslim Iranian counterparts at Bursa and obtained from them silk, spices and other eastern products. Western woolen cloth was particularly valued in exchange. Between 1487 and 1513, the imports of raw silk into Bursa from the East reached record levels (some 120 metric tons a year). At that time, the population of the city was some 5000-6000 households.

A historic street in Bursa

However, the rivalry between the Ottomans and the new Safavid dynasty in Persia in the sixteenth century led to frequent disruptions of the city's prosperous trade. Ottoman political control over the silk-producing regions of northwestern Iran never lasted for long; the frequent wars forced silk producers to seek alternative trade routes to those through Anatolia. A combination of increasing Western demand and interruptions of the Iranian supplies led to substantial price increases for Bursa raw silk by the early 1580s and on into the middle of the seventeenth century. However, one recent study suggests that the Bursa silk trade with Iran was still very substantial in the second half of the seventeenth century, a period when, it seems, local Ottoman merchants had replaced the Persians as the most important silk traders and invested more money in that trade than in any other enterprise. By then, western merchants likewise had just about disappeared from the Bursa market. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 230 KB) Summary Bosphorus & Bosphorus Bridge from Bebek district of Istanbul. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 230 KB) Summary Bosphorus & Bosphorus Bridge from Bebek district of Istanbul. ...

Silk production in Bursa probably was not very significant before the late sixteenth century, when we have the first documentation for the raising of mulberry trees. The only new guild established in the seventeenth century was that of the silk spinners, which was quite small still when first mentioned in 1678. However, there is evidence that mulberry cultivation was very widespread already. If, as it seems, the silk industry was expanding then, this situation contrasts with a picture of economic decline and a shift to subsistence crops elsewhere in the Middle East in that period. Silk production in Bursa continued to grow, reaching a peak in the nineteenth century. Its story in modern times must be left for a future discussion.

External links

• Photo Gallery of Bursa
• Pictures of Bursa
• Bursa Weather Forecast Information
• Bursa, Turkish Folk Music
• Pictures of Bursa

	Districts of Bursa
Bursa Metropolitan Districts: Nilüfer | Osmangazi | Yıldırım External Districts: Büyükorhan | Gemlik | Gürsu | Harmancık | İnegöl | İznik | Karacabey | Keles | Kestel | Mudanya | Mustafakemalpaşa | Orhaneli | Orhangazi | Yenişehir Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... shows the Location of the Bursa Province Bursa is a province in western Turkey, along the Sea of Marmara. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Nilüfer is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... The biggest county of Bursa city Turkey ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... Büyükorhan is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Gemlik (Kios, Cius gr. ... Gürsu is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Harmancık is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Ä°negöl is a city in the Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Iznik (which derives from the former Greek name, Nicaea) is a city in Turkey which is known primarily as the site of two major meetings (or Ecumenical councils) in the early history of the Christian church. ... Karacabey is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Keles is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Kestel is a probable site of Bronze Age tin mining in the Taurus Mountains in ancient Anatolia (now Turkey). ... MUDANYA(ancient Apamea Myrlea), a town of Turkey, on the south coast of the Sea of Marmora. ... MustafakemalpaÅŸa is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Orhaneli is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... Orhangazi is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ... YeniÅŸehir is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey. ...