NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Business oligarchs

Business oligarch, a synonym of "business magnate", describes wealthy people that significantly influence the life of a state. The term came into wide circulation after the collapse of the Soviet Union in application to the people that became extremely wealthy in some post-Soviet republics. In particular, the term Russian oligarch describes Russian businessmen who came to prominence during the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul or a tycoon, is a person who controls a large portion of a particular industry and whose wealth derives primarily from said control. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin listen? (Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð•Ð»ÑŒÑ†Ð¸Ð½, b. ...

Russia

The oligarchs started under Gorbachev during his period of market liberalization. Under the market liberalization, many smuggled rare goods into the country, such as PCs, and jeans, for a hefty profit margin, an unforeseen consequence of partial market liberalization with still excessive trade restrictions, and the willingness of some, less savory characters, to smuggle goods into the country and sell them on the black market. This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Mikhail Khodorkovsky speaking at an Open Russia forum. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin listen? (Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð•Ð»ÑŒÑ†Ð¸Ð½, b. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: ; Pronunciation: mih-kha-ILL ser-GHE-ye-vich gor-bah-CHOFF) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ...

Post-Soviet business oligarchs tended to achieve vast wealth by acquiring state assets very cheaply during the privatization process started by the Yeltsin government. Specific blame for their ascent to power is often levied on Anatoly Chubais and Yegor Gaidar, two of the 'Young Reformers' chiefly responsible for 'shock therapy' privatization in the early 1990's. According to David Satter, author of Darkness at Dawn, "what drove the process was not the determination to create a system based on universal values but rather the will to introduce a system of private ownership, which, in the absence of law, opened the way for the criminal pursuit of money and power." Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin listen? (Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð•Ð»ÑŒÑ†Ð¸Ð½, b. ... Anatoly Chubais Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: ÐÐ½Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸ÌÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð§ÑƒÐ±Ð°ÌÐ¹Ñ) was born on June 16, 1955 in the town of Barysau, Belarus. ... Yegor Gaidar Yegor Timurovich Gaidar () (also transliterated Gaider) (born March 19, 1956) is a Russian politician who served as acting Prime Minister briefly under President Boris Yeltsin in 1992 from June 15 to December 14. ... In economics, shock therapy refers to the sudden release of price and currency controls, withdrawal of state subsidies, and immediate trade liberalization within a country. ... Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or, especially in India, disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership and/or transferring the management of a service or activity from the government to the private sector. ...

As Yeltsin's power weakened, oligarchs became increasingly influential in politics and played a significant role in financing the re-election of Yeltsin in 1996. The 1998 financial crisis hit the oligarchs hard, however, and those whose holdings were based on banking lost much of their fortunes. In the Putin era, the remaining oligarchs have come under fire for various alleged and real illegal activities, particularly the underpayment of taxes in the businesses they acquired. Vladimir Gusinsky (MediaMost) and Boris Berezovsky were both effectively exiled, and the most prominent, Mikhail Khodorkovsky (Yukos oil), was arrested in October 2003, sentenced to 8 years, and (as of 7/05) is in jail, with his company trying desperately to protect itself from being dismantled. 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of several Asian countries, many part of the East Asian Tigers. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин in Cyrillic lettering) (born October 7, 1952) has been the President of Russia since the year 2000. ... Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky (Владимир Гусинский in Russian) (born 1952), a Russian Jewish media baron, is known as the founder of Media-Most holding that included Most Bank, the NTV channel, the newspaper Segodnya and magazines. ... This article is about Boris Berezovsky the Russian businessman, and not Boris Berezovsky the pianist. ... Mikhail Khodorkovsky speaking at an Open Russia forum. ... Yukos logo Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС) is a petroleum company in Russia which, until recently, was controlled by Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a number of prominent Russian businessmen. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Their defenders (often associated with Chubais's party—the Union of Right Forces) argue the companies they acquired were not highly valued at the time because they were still run on Soviet principles, with non-existent stock controls, huge payrolls, no financial reporting and scant regard for profit. They turned the businesses—often vast—around and made them deliver value for shareholders. They obtain little sympathy from the Russian public, though, due to resentment over the economic disparity they represent aggravated by the fact that many prominent oligarchs are of Jewish descent. The Union of Right Forces, or SPS (Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ· ÐŸÑ€Ð°ÌÐ²Ñ‹Ñ… Ð¡Ð¸Ð», Ð¡ÐŸÐ¡/Soyuz Pravykh Sil), is a Russian political party commonly associated with free market reforms, privatization, and the legacy of the Young Reformers of the 1990s: Anatoly Chubais, Boris Nemtsov, and Yegor Gaidar. ... The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: (Ð¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð ) listen?; tr. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...

In 2004, Russian Forbes listed 36 billionaires of Russian citizenship, with an interesting note: "this list insludes businessmen of Russian citizenship who acquired the major share of their wealth privately, while not holding a governmental position". In 2005, the number of milliarders dropped to 30, mostly because of the Yukos case, with Khodorkovsky dropping from #1 ($15.2 bln) to #21 ($2.0 bln) A millionaire is a person who has a net worth or wealth of more than one million United States dollars, euros, UK pounds or units of a comparably valued currency. ... Yukos logo Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС) is a petroleum company in Russia which, until recently, was controlled by Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a number of prominent Russian businessmen. ...

Russian oligarchs

From Russian Forbes, May 2005. Wealth in 1,000,000,000 USD. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Roman Arkadievich Abramovich (Russian: Ð Ð¾Ð¼Ð°ÌÐ½ ÐÑ€ÐºÐ°ÌÐ´ÑŒÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ±Ñ€Ð°Ð¼Ð¾ÌÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡) (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russian SFSR, USSR) is a Russian oil billionaire, referred to as one of the Russian oligarchs. ... Sibneft (Ð¡Ð¸Ð±Ð½ÐµÌÑ„Ñ‚ÑŒ in Russian) is Russias fifth largest oil producing and refining company. ... Chelsea Football Club (also known as the Blues, previously known as the Pensioners), founded in 1905, is a Premier League football team that plays at Stamford Bridge football ground in South west London. ... Vladimir Lisin (1957-). In 1992 joined up with tough group of traders who called themselves the Trans-World Group; they came to dominate Russias aluminum and steel exports; Lisin managed the factories. ... Viktor Feliksovich Vekselberg (born April 14, 1957) is a chairman of Tyumen Oil (TNK), Russias third-largest oil and gas company. ... Oleg Deripaska (b. ... Missing image Mikhail Fridman Mikhail Fridman (born 26 June 1963) is a Russian businessman. ... The Alfa Group Consortium is one of Russias largest privately owned financial-industrial conglomerates, with interests in oil and gas, commodities trading, commercial and investment banking (Alfa Bank), insurance, retail trade and telecommunications. ... Vladimir Potanin (Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€ ÐŸÐ¾Ñ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð½ in Russian) (born in 1961), president and founder of Oneximbank (also Oneksimbank). ... Originally founded as a Soviet forced labor camp in 1935, Norilsk is now a major city in Krasnoyarsk Krai with some 175,000 residents. ... Mikhail Prokhorov (1966-). Interros, a venture with Vladimir Potanin includes metals, engineering, agriculture and media; since 2001 Prokhorov has been chairman of its most valuable holding, metals conglomerate Norilsk Nickel; has a slightly larger stake than his longtime partner. ... Vagit Alekperov (Вагит Алекперов in Russian) (born September 1, 1950), current President of the leading Russian oil company LUKOIL. Categories: People stubs | 1950 births | Russian oligarchs | Oil magnates ... Russias second largest oil company, LUKoil (Лукоил) is the largest producer of oil in Russia. ... German Khan (1962-). When Alfa Group took over oil giant TNK, it was Khan who was chosen to run the operation. ... Vladimir Bogdanov (Владимир Богданов in Russian) (born in 1951), President of Surgutneftegaz, Russias second largest oil company. ... Mikhail Khodorkovsky speaking at an Open Russia forum. ... Yukos logo Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС) is a petroleum company in Russia which, until recently, was controlled by Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a number of prominent Russian businessmen. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ...

Other notable oligarchs

This article is about Boris Berezovsky the Russian businessman, and not Boris Berezovsky the pianist. ... Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky (Владимир Гусинский in Russian) (born 1952), a Russian Jewish media baron, is known as the founder of Media-Most holding that included Most Bank, the NTV channel, the newspaper Segodnya and magazines. ... Anatoly Chubais Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: ÐÐ½Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸ÌÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð§ÑƒÐ±Ð°ÌÐ¹Ñ) was born on June 16, 1955 in the town of Barysau, Belarus. ... The Unified Energy System (UES) is Russias state electric power monopoly. ... Yuri Mikhailovich Luzhkov (Ю́рий Миха́йлович Лужко́в) (born September 21, 1936 in Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian political figure. ... Saint Basils Cathedral Moscow (Russian/Cyrillic: ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ì, IPA: listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva, and encompassing 1097. ...

Ukrainian oligarchs

Rinat Akhmetov is the richest Ukrainian business oligarch. ... Viktor Pinchuk, one of the Business oligarchs who control post-Communist Ukraine, is the son-in-law of ex-President Leonid Kuchma. ... Leonid Kuchma Leonid Danylovych Kuchma (Леонід Кучма) (born August 9, 1938) was the second President of Ukraine from July 19, 1994 to January 23, 2005. ... Yuliya Tymoshenko. ... The Prime Minister of Ukraine is appointed by the President and ratified by the Verkhovna Rada (parliament). ... Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian: Віктор Андрійович Ющенко) (born 23 February 1954) is the president of Ukraine. ... Lazarenko, SF, CA, May, 2004 Pavlo Ivanovych Lazarenko ( Ukrainian: Павло Іванович Лазаренко) was a Ukrainian statesman, who, while in power, was notorious for his corruptive practices. ... Gazprom is a major Russian company and the biggest natural gas extractor, with over € 18 billion sales in 2002, it accounts for about 90% of Russian and 23% of world natural gas production (with reserves of 17,800 km³). ...

Contents

Russia

Russian oligarchs

Other notable oligarchs

Ukrainian oligarchs

See also

Contents

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Russian oligarchs

Other notable oligarchs

Ukrainian oligarchs

See also

Russia