| | Business and Economics Portal | In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit. Download high resolution version (733x768, 88 KB)View of Wall Street, Manhattan, 2003. ...
Download high resolution version (733x768, 88 KB)View of Wall Street, Manhattan, 2003. ...
Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ...
Manhattan is a borough of New York City, USA, coterminous with New York County. ...
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nicknamed the Big Board, is a New York City-based stock exchange. ...
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Wiktionary (from wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...
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Wikiversity logo Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation beta project[1], devoted to learning materials and activities, located at www. ...
Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...
The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ...
Look up Management in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work. Viability means in general capacity for survival and is more specifically used to mean a capacity for living, developing, or germinating under favorable conditions. ...
The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services. Look up company in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Corporate redirects here. ...
The term Market Sector is used in economics and finance to describe a set of businesses that are buying and selling such similar goods and services that they are in direct competition with each other. ...
The singular "business" can be a legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about social and technological advancement. The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual report published by The Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation. ...
Expertise is the property of a person (that is, expert) or of a system which delivers a desired result such as pertinent information or skill. ...
A skill is an ability, usually learned and acquired through training, to perform actions which achieve a desired outcome. ...
In predominantly capitalist economies, businesses are typically formed to earn profit and grow the personal wealth of their owners. In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ...
Profit, from Latin meaning to make progress, is defined in two different ways. ...
Wealth from the old English word weal, which means well-being or welfare. The term was originally an adjective to describe the possession of such qualities. ...
The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for their work — that is, the expense of time and energy — and for their acceptance of risk — investing work and money without certainty of success. Return on Capital, also known as Return On Invested Capital (ROIC) is defined as Net Income / Invested Capital usually expressed as a percentage. ...
Work in project management is the amount of effort applied to produce a deliverable or to accomplish a task (a terminal element). ...
A pocket watch, a device used to tell time Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up work in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Economics offers various definitions for money, though it is now commonly defined as any good or token that functions as a medium of exchange that is socially and legally accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. ...
Notable exceptions to this rule include some businesses which are cooperatives, or government institutions. For cooperative as used in biochemistry, see cooperative binding. ...
However, the exact definition of business is disputable as is business philosophy; for example, most Marxists use "means of production" as a rough synonym for "business." Socialists advocate either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses. Some advocate a mixed economy of private and state-owned enterprises. Others advocate a capitalist economy where all, or nearly all, enterprises are privately owned. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ...
Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. ...
Socialism is any economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively or a political philosophy advocating such a system. ...
A mixed economy is an economy that has a mix of economic systems. ...
In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ...
Types of businesses There are five main types of business unit:
Sole Proprietorship: a business owned by one person. The owner may operate on their own or may employ others. The owner of the business has total and unlimited personal liability of the debts incurred by the business.
Partnership: A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal of making profit. Each partner has total and unlimited personal liability of the debts incurred by the partnership.
Cooperative Business: (often referred to as a Co-Op business or Co-Ops) use a cooperative business structure: for-profit, limited liability, but with members of the co-op share decision-making authority. Co-Ops normally fall into three types: consumer co-ops, producer co-ops (common in agriculture) and worker-owned companies. Co-Ops are fundamental to the ideology of Economic democracy. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Private Limited Company (Ltd): a small to medium sized business that is often run by the family or the small group who own it. The owners and managers are only liable for the business up to the amount they have invested in the company, and are not liable for the debts incurred by the company unless they have signed a personal guarantee.
Public Limited Company: a business with limited liability, a wide spread of shareholders and in the UK, a share capital of over £50,000. The owners and managers are only liable for the business up to the amount they have invested in the company, and are not liable for the debts incurred by the company (unless they have signed a personal guarantee, which usually is not the case for a large corporation).
In the United States and some other countries, a limited company is known as either a corporation or a limited liability company. Corporate redirects here. ...
A limited liability company (denoted by L.L.C. or LLC) is a legal form of business company in the United States (and also in United Arab Emirates) offering limited liability to its owners. ...
There are many types of businesses, and, as a result, businesses can be classified in many ways. One of the most common focuses on the primary profit-generating activities of a business, for example: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 913 KB) Commerical Street, Bangalore Picture taken by GatesPlusPlus. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 913 KB) Commerical Street, Bangalore Picture taken by GatesPlusPlus. ...
Bangalore (proposed to be renamed Bengaluru) (Kannada: ; pronunciation: in Kannada and in English) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ...
- Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical goods, such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.
- Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses or consumers. Organizations ranging from house decorators to consulting firms to restaurants and even to entertainers are types of service businesses.
- Retailers and Distributors act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Most consumer-oriented stores and catalogue companies are distributors or retailers.
- Agriculture and mining businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or minerals.
- Financial businesses include banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of capital.
- Information businesses generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property and include movie studios, publishers and packaged software companies.
- Utilities produce public services, such as heat, electricity, or sewage treatment, and are usually government chartered.
- Real estate businesses generate profit from the selling, renting, and development of properties, homes, and buildings.
- Transportation businesses deliver goods and individuals from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation costs
There are many other divisions and subdivisions of businesses. The authoritative list of business types for North America (although it is widely used around the world) is generally considered to be the North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS. The equivalent European Union list is the NACE. Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. ...
material is the substance or matter from which something is or can be made, or also items needed for doing or creating something. ...
Good. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing In economics and marketing, a service is the non-material equivalent of a good. ...
In economics, consumers are individuals or households that consume goods and services generated within the economy. ...
Drawing of a self-service store. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing. ...
This article is about mineral extraction. ...
Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. ...
This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. ...
A public utility is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. ...
Real estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. ...
NAICS, (pronounced nakes) is the North American Industry Classification System. ...
Limited and Unlimited Liability Unlimited Liability: a situation in which owners of a business are liable for all the debts that the business may incur.
Limited Liability: a situation in which the liability of the owners of a business is limited to the full paid-up value of the share capital.
Organization Most businesses must accomplish similar functions regardless of size, legal structure or industry. These functions are often organized into departments. Common departments include (but are not limited to): - Accounting
- typically responsible for financial reporting, financial controls and the raising of the capital necessary to run the business.
- Human Resources
- typically responsible for hiring, firing, payroll, benefits, etc.
- Marketing and sales
- responsible for selling the business' goods or services to the customer and for managing the relationships with the customer
-
- Marketing
- typically responsible for promoting interest in, and generating demand for, the business' products or services, and positioning them within the market
- Sales
- finding likely purchasers and obtaining their agreement (known as a contract) to buy the business' products or services
- Operations
- makes the product or delivers the service
-
- Production
- produces the raw materials into the delivered goods, if they require processing
- Customer service
- supports customers who need help with the goods or services
- Procurement
- responsible for acquiring the goods and services necessary for the business. Sometimes organized as:
-
- Strategic sourcing
- determines the business' needs and plans for acquiring the necessary raw materials and services for the business
- Purchasing
- processes the purchase orders and related transactions
- Research and Development
- tests to create new products and to determine their viability (e.g. pilot plants)
- Information Technology
- manages the business' computer and data assets
- Communications/Public Relations
- responsible for communicating to the outside world
- Administration
- provides administrative support to the other departments (such as typing, filing, etc)
- Internal Audit
- an independent control function typically accountable to the Board of Directors for reporting on the proper functioning of the other departments
Management is sometimes listed as a "department" but typically refers to the top level of leadership within the business regardless of their functional role. Accountancy (profession) or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. ...
Historical financial statement Financial statements (or financial reports) are a record of a business financial flows and levels. ...
Human resources has at least two meanings depending on context. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Look up marketing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The term positioning has more than one meaning: In marketing, see positioning (marketing) Positioning is also a term for the careful placement of objects in particular, by the use of precise navigation: for example, in the term Global Positioning System. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which...
Sales, or the activity of selling, forms an integral part of commercial activity. ...
A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreement between parties that the law will enforce. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Procurement is the acquisition of goods or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quantity and quality, at the right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of the governments, corporations, or individuals generally via, but not limited to a contract. ...
Strategic sourcing is a systematic procurement process that continuously improves and re-evaluates the purchasing activities of a company. ...
A Purchase Order (abbreviated PO) is a commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating the type, quantities and agreed prices for products or services that the seller will provide to the buyer. ...
The phrase research and development (also R and D or R&D) has a special commercial significance apart from its conventional coupling of scientific research and technological development. ...
A pilot plant is a small chemical processing system which is operated to generate information about the behavior of the system for use in design of larger facilities. ...
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)is: the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ...
Internal Audit is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organisation’s operations. ...
Look up Management in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Business and government Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms that a business can take, and a body of commercial law has developed for each type. Some common types include partnerships, corporations (also called limited liability companies), and sole proprietorships. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 781 KB) The Bank of England in Threadneedle Street, London, England. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 781 KB) The Bank of England in Threadneedle Street, London, England. ...
Threadneedle Street Threadneedle Street is a road in the City of London, leading from an intersection with Poultry, Cornhill, King William Street and Lombard Street, to Bishopsgate. ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan 967 Area...
In law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning law and dicere meaning to speak) is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area...
Commercial law or business law is the body of law which governs business and commerce and is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. ...
A partnership is a type of business entity in which partners share with each other the profits or losses of the business undertaking in which all have invested. ...
Corporate redirects here. ...
A sole proprietorship, or simply proprietorship, is a type of business entity which legally has no separate existence from its owner. ...
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Organizing a Vehicle The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually: - The size and scope of the business, and its anticipated management and ownership : A smaller business is more flexible, larger businesses or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as partnerships or (more commonly) corporations. In addition a business which wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
- The sector and country : private profit making businesses are different from government owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized certain ways.
- Limited liability : corporations, and limited liability partnerships, protect their owners from business failure, and are treated as separate entities, whereas an unincorporated business or person working on their own is usually not so protected.
- Tax advantages : Different structures are treated differently in tax law, and may have advantages for this reason.
- Disclosure and compliance requirements : different business structures may be required to make more or less information public (or reported to relevant authorities), and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.
Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation, limited partnership or limited liability company. Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members, as the case may be, are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person." This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law, if the business does not succeed. A stock market is a market for the trading of company stock, and derivatives of same; both of these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. ...
Limited liability (LL) is liability that is limited to a partner or investors investment. ...
A shareholder or stockholder is an individual or company (including a corporation) that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a joint stock company. ...
Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a simple (USA: general) partnership. The terms of a partnership will be partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.
A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether he or she owns it directly or through a formally organized entity.
A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:
- General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
- Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
- In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently than large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
- In order to "go public" (sometimes called IPO) -- which basically means to allow a part of the business to be owned by a wider range of investors or the public in general -- you must organize a separate entity, which is usually required to comply with a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLCs that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well (for example, REITs in the USA, Unit Trusts in the UK). However, you cannot take a general partnership "public."
Double taxation is a situation in which two or more taxes may need to be paid for the same asset, financial transaction and/or income and arises due to overlap between different countries tax laws and jurisdictions. ...
An initial public offering (IPO) is the first sale of a corporations common shares to public investors. ...
A Real Estate Investment Trust or REIT (rhymes with meet) is a specialized form of investment company in the United States that effectively allows its (usually public) investors to share the ownership of a group of real estate properties. ...
A unit trust is a form of collective investment constituted under a trust deed. ...
Commercial Law and Other Regulation Most commercial transactions are governed by a very detailed and well-established body of rules that have evolved over a very long period of time, it being the case that governing trade and commerce was a strong driving force in the creation of law and courts in Western civilization.
As for other laws that regulate or impact businesses, in many countries it is all but impossible to chronicle them all in a single reference source. There are laws governing treatment of labor and generally relations with employees, safety and protection issues (OSHA or Health and Safety), anti-discrimination laws (age, gender, disabilities, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation), minimum wage laws, union laws, workers compensation laws, and annual vacation or working hours time. If you are searching for the organization, click OSHA. Osha (Ligusticum porteri) is a perennial herb used for its medicinal properties. ...
Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human and facility resources in the workplace. ...
A trade union or labor union is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ...
In some specialized businesses, there may also be licenses required, either due to special laws that govern entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, which may require special education, or by local governments who just want your money. Professions that require special licenses run the gamut from law and medicine to flying airplanes to selling liquor to radio broadcasting to selling investment securities to selling used cars to roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business without regard to the type of business involved.
Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation. These industries include, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can impact many kinds of businesses in unexpected ways.
Capital When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available. Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ...
Securities are tradeable interests representing financial value. ...
Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nicknamed the Big Board, is a New York City-based stock exchange. ...
NASDAQ in Times Square, New York City. ...
The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ...
The Tokyo Stock Exchange ), or TSE, is one of the largest stock exchange markets in the world by monetary volume located in Tokyo, Japan, second only to the New York Stock Exchange. ...
Business that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.
As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, healthcare law, securities law, M&A law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.
In Thailand, for example, it is necessary to register a particular amount of capital for each employee, and pay a fee to the government for the amount of capital registered. There is no legal requirement to prove that this capital actually exists, the only requirement is to pay the fee. This is a typical example of a corrupt government using its power to create laws in order to steal money. Overall, processes like this are detrimental to the development and GDP of a country, but often exist in "feudal" developing countries.
Intellectual property Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors in order to stay profitable. This could require patents or copyrights or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property. For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (movie). ...
Single European Act A treaty is a binding agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ...
Business and management The study of the efficient and effective operation of a business is called management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, service management, information technology management, and business intelligence. Business operations are those activities involved in the running of a business for the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders. ...
Look up Management in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Look up marketing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Organizational studies, organizational behavior, and organizational theory are related terms for the academic study of organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Manufacturing , a branch of industry, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing In economics and marketing, a service is the non-material equivalent of a good. ...
Management Information Systems (MIS), are information systems, typically computer based, that are used within an organization. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Exit plans Businesses can be bought and sold. Business owners often refer to their plan of disposing of the business as an "exit plan." Common exit plans include IPOs, MBOs and mergers with other businesses. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
MBO is an acronym for management buyout, or a leveraged buyout conducted by a companys existing management. ...
See also - Main lists: List of basic business topics and List of business topics
This encyclopedia includes over 1600 business and economics articles, so not all appear listed here. This lists some of the main branches of business. For more specific topics, look at the various sublists. For a more comprehensive list, see the List of business topics. ...
Historically, the term business referred to activities or interests. ...
It has been suggested that Accounting scholarship be merged into this article or section. ...
Following is a list of accounting topics. ...
Commercialism redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ...
Big business is usually used as a pejorative reference to the significant economic and political power which large and powerful corporations (especially multinational corporations), are capable of wielding. ...
A business broker is a person or firm that acts as an intermediary between sellers and buyers of businesses. ...
Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business setting, and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged in commerce. ...
See business ethics, political economy and Philosophy of business for an overview. ...
Social responsibility is a doctrine that claims that an entity whether it is state, government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society. ...
Business hours are the hours during the day in which business is commonly conducted. ...
A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. ...
It has been suggested that Definitions of capitalism be merged into this article or section. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Commercial law or business law is the body of law which governs business and commerce and is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. ...
This is a list of business law topics within the field of commercial law. ...
A company in the broadest sense is an aggregation of people who stay together for a common purpose. ...
This is an incomplete list of companies. ...
A consumers cooperative is a business owned by its customers for their mutual gain. ...
Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with resource allocation over time. ...
This aims to be a complete list of the articles on economics. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Electronic business is any information system or application that empowers business processes. ...
Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities. ...
Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...
What follows is a list of over 250 Wikipedia articles on finance topics. ...
Public ownership (also called government ownership or state ownership) is government ownership of any asset, industry, or corporation at any level, national, regional or local (municipal). ...
Human resources has at least two meanings depending on context. ...
Organizational studies - an overview Organizational development Management development Mentoring Coaching Job rotation Professional development Upward feedback Executive education Supervisory training leadership development leadership talent identification and management individual development planning 360 degree feedback succession planning Skills management performance improvement process improvement job enrichment Training & Development managing change and also change...
For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (movie). ...
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ...
International trade - an overview Absolute advantage Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) APEC Autarky Balance of trade barter Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) Bimetallism branch plant Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods system British timber trade Cash crop Comparative advantage Continental trading bloc Cost, insurance and freight Currency...
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ...
Invest redirects here. ...
Look up Management in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This is a list of articles on general management and strategic management topics. ...
Management Information Systems (MIS), are information systems, typically computer based, that are used within an organization. ...
Management information systems an overview E-business Intranet strategies Database management system Data warehousing Data mining Document warehousing Customer relationship management (CRM) Sales force management system Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) Business performance management Project management software Integration management Middleware Groupware and collaborative systems RSA Computer...
Manufacturing , a branch of industry, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ...
Manufacturing and manufacturing systems manufacturing factory Craft system English system of manufacturing American system of manufacturing Mass production Batch production Just in time manufacturing Toyota Production System Lean manufacturing Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Mass customization Theories of production Taylorism Fordism Theory of constraints Productivity Productivity benchmarking cost accounting experience curve...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Look up marketing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This is a list of over 200 articles on marketing topics. ...
Organizational studies, organizational behavior, and organizational theory are related terms for the academic study of organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ...
Real estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. ...
This aims to be a complete list of the articles on real estate. ...
A small business may be defined as a business with a small number of employees. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
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