Butanol
General
Systematic name	1-Butanol
Other names	Butanol Butan-1-ol n-Butanol normal-Butanol Butyl alcohol Butyric alcohol Propylcarbinol
Molecular formula	C4H10O
SMILES	CCCCO
Molar mass	74.1216(42) g/mol
Appearance	clear liquid
CAS number	[71-36-3]
Properties
Density and phase	0.8095 g/cm³, liquid
Solubility in water	9.1 mL/100 mL H2O at 25 °C
Melting point	−89.5 °C (183.7 K)
Boiling point	117.73 °C (390.9 K)
Viscosity	3 cP at 25°C
Structure
Molecular shape	?
Coordination geometry	?
Crystal structure	?
Dipole moment	? D
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	flammable
NFPA 704	Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (923x252, 11 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x700, 171 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in that fluid. ... Water (H2O, HOH) is the most abundant molecule on Earth, composing 70-75% of the Earths surface as liquid and solid state in addition to being found in the atmosphere as a vapor. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland. ... The poise (P) is the cgs unit of viscosity, 1 P = 1 g·cm-1·s-1 The SI analog is 1 pascal second (Pa·s) = 1 kg·m-1·s-1 = 10 P. It is named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille. ... four sp³ orbitals three sp² orbitals In chemistry, hybridisation or hybridization (see spelling differences) is the mixing of atomic orbitals belonging to a same electron shell to form new orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties. ... The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern formed by its neighbors in a molecule or a crystal. ... Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), formed of gypsum crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The Earths magnetic field, which is approximately a dipole. ... The debye (symbol: D) is a non-SI and non-CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. ... A material safety data sheet or MSDS is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links NFPA_704. ... 3 1 0
Flash point	26-29 °C
R/S statement	R:R10 R22 R37/38 R41 R67 S: S7/9 S13 S26 S37/39 S46
RTECS number	EO1400000
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Related alcohols	Propanol, Pentanol, Isobutanol, 2-Butanol, tert-Butanol
Related compounds	Butanal, Butyric acid, Butylene
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically), is an alcohol with a 4 carbon structure and the molecular formula of C₄H₁₀O. It is primarily used as a solvent, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and as a fuel. There are four isomeric structures for butanol. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air. ... Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S statements, R/S numbers, R/S phrases, and R/S sentences, is a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals and compounds. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum. ... The dielectric constant εr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where εs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ... Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy most commonly known as NMR Spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of nuclei. ... Basic schematic of mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point 15 °C RTECS number UH8225000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Pentanol, more properly called 1-pentanol, is a higher alcohol with a five carbon atoms and a general formula of C5H11OH. H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - OH | | | | | H H H H H Also see amyl alcohol. ... Isobutanol (IUPAC nomenclature: 2-methyl-1-propanol; also known as 2-methylpropyl alcohol, among other names) is a colorless, flamable, organic compound with a characteristical smell. ... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3... Butanal (C4H8O) is the aldehyde analog of butane. ... Butyric acid, IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, vomit, and the smell of foul, stale, unwashed, rancid human bare feet, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with... Butylene, also known as butene, is the name of the three isomeric hydrocarbon gases with chemical formula C4H8. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... C in Copyright mark The letter C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. ... H is also a multi a-side single by Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki. ... This is for the letter O. For Oxygen, see here. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ...

Isomers

The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as n-butanol or 1-butanol. The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is sec-butanol or 2-butanol. The branched isomer with the alcohol at a terminal carbon is isobutanol, and the branched isomer with the alcohol at the internal carbon is tert-butanol. In organic chemistry functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3... Isobutanol (IUPAC nomenclature: 2-methyl-1-propanol; also known as 2-methylpropyl alcohol, among other names) is a colorless, flamable, organic compound with a characteristical smell. ... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3...

n-butanol	sec-butanol	isobutanol	tert-butanol

Butanol isomers, due to their different structures, have somewhat different melting and boiling points. All are moderately miscible in water, less so than ethanol, and more so than the higher (longer carbon chain) alcohols. This is because all alcohols have a hydroxyl group which makes them polar which in turn tends to promote solubility in water. At the same time the carbon chain of the alcohol resists solubility in water. Methanol, ethanol and propanol, are fully miscible in water because the hydroxyl group predominates while butanol is moderately miscible because of the balance between the two opposing solubility trends. Like many alcohols, butanol is toxic. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (923x252, 11 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol ... Image File history File links Butan-2-ol-2D-skeletal. ... Image File history File links Isobutanol-2D-skeletal. ... Image File history File links Tert-butanol-2D-skeletal. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x700, 171 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x872, 189 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1064x1194, 139 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol Isobutanol ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1235x1187, 155 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Butanol Tert-Butanol ... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3... Isobutanol (IUPAC nomenclature: 2-methyl-1-propanol; also known as 2-methylpropyl alcohol, among other names) is a colorless, flamable, organic compound with a characteristical smell. ... Butanol is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atoms and a general formula of C4H10O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol: butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-2-ol CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 sec-butanol CH3-CH-CH3 | CH2OH OH | tert-butanol CH3... This article is about the chemical compound. ...

Uses

Butanol sees use as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical and textile processes, in organic synthesis and as a chemical intermediate. It is also used as a paint thinner and a solvent in other coating applications where it is used as a relatively slow evaporating latent solvent in lacquers and ambient-cured enamels. It finds other uses such as a component of hydraulic and brake fluids.^[1] A solvent is a fluid phase (liquid, gas, or plasma) that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Turpentine substitute is a mineral based replacement for the vegetable based organic solvent turpentine. ... Hydraulic fluids are a large group of liquids made of many kinds of chemicals. ... Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications in automobiles and light trucks. ...

It is also used as a base for perfumes, but on its own has a highly alcoholic aroma. Butanol is also considered as a potential biofuel (see Butanol fuel). Butanol at 85 percent strength can be used in cars without any change to the engine (unlike ethanol) and it produces more power than ethanol and almost as much power as gasoline. For the book Perfume by Patrick Süskind, see Perfume (book). ... Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass — recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. ... Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. ...

Salts of butanol are chemical intermediates for example alkali metal salts of tert-butanol are tert-butoxides. A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) In chemistry, a salt is any ionic compound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ... The alkali metals are the series of elements in Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table (excluding hydrogen in all but one rare circumstance): lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). ...

Production

Since the 1950s, most butanol in the United States is produced commercially from fossil fuels. Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by Clostridium acetobutylicum. It has also been proposed that butanol be synthesized from ethanol through electrolysis.^{[citation needed]} Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation is a process that is important in anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) by glycolysis. ... Switchgrass, a hardy plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States In energy production and industry, biomass refers to living and recently living biological material which can be used as fuel pickle or for industrial production. ... Clostridium acetobutylicum () is a commercially valuable bacterium, included in the genus Clostridium. ... It has been suggested that Electrolytic process be merged into this article or section. ...

C₂H₅OH + C₂H₅OH → C₄H₉OH + H₂ + 1/2 O₂

See also

• Solvent
• Butanol fuel

A solvent is a fluid phase (liquid, gas, or plasma) that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. ...

References

• Merck Index, 12th Edition, 1575.

1. ^ Isobutanol at chemicalland21.com

External links

• Link page to external chemical sources.