Byzantium after Byzantium (Bizanţ dupa Bizanţ in Romanian; Byzance après Byzance in French) refers to the Byzantine imperial heritage related to the political, social, cultural, and intellectual background of the history of Southeastern Europe, as examplified by the strong links established between the Empire and the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. The notion (originally "Byzance après Byzance" in French) was coined by the Romanian historian and internationally-acclaimed byzantinist Nicolae Iorga, in his 1935 eponymic classic work. The book deals with the impact of the fall of Byzantine Empire on European civilization, the legacy and the continuation of Byzantine institutions and culture. Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...

Byzantium after Byzantium

Murals from the Cozia Monastery (Erected in 1388)

The Ottoman Empire expanded at the expense of the Byzantine Empire: Bursa fell in 1326 and Adrianople in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the empire. Following the victories at the Battle of Kosovo (1389) and Battle of Nikopol (1396), Serbia and Bulgaria were now under Ottoman rule. In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, bringing an end to the Eastern Roman Empire which had survived its predecessor in the West by nearly one thousand years. After the Battle of Mohács (1541), the major part of Hungary was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. By the late 16th century, the three independent principalities in the area, Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia where surrounded from the west, south and the east by the Islamic Ottomans and Tartars, and neighboring to the north Catholic Poland, which although Christian, proved itself to be as dangerous as the Ottomans. It is in these conditions that north of the Danube the most powerful and the most efficient autonomous states would become Moldavia and Walachia. Although sometimes forced to pay an annual indemnity (tribute) to the Porte, the principalities never fall under the proper yoke of the Ottoman themselves. Cozia Monastery, erected by Mircea cel Bătrân in 1388 and boasting his tomb, is one of the most valuable monuments of national medieval art and architecture in Romania. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Bursa (formerly known as Brusa or Prusa) is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Serbia, Bosnia Commanders Murad I with his sons Bayazid I and Yakub Lazar Hrebeljanović, Vuk Branković, Vlatko Vuković Strength ~80,000-120,000 ~70,000 Casualties Murad I Lazar The Battle of Kosovo Polje (Косовски бој or Бој на Косову) was fought on St. ... The Battle of Nikopol, or Nicopolis, was one of the early battles of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Suleiman I Louis II of Hungary Pál Tomori Strength 50,000–60,000 300 cannons 26,000 John Zápolyas 8000, plus croatian count Frankopans 5000 men-strong army did not arrive to the battlefiled in time. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ...

Chrysobull of the Prince of Wallachia, Scarlat Ghica, in which he announces the arrival in Bucharest of a piece of the True Cross.
Description: Date: 20 February 1760; Language: Romanian; Scribe: priest Floru, Professor of Slavonic in the Church of Old Saint George in Bucharest; Paper, 73 x 53 cm.
Content: "Scarlat G. Ghica, Voivode of Wallachia, announces the arrival in Bucharest of the miraculous fragment of the True Cross, which is one cubit in length and was given to Xeropotamou Monastery by the Emperor Romanos. Following the example of previous princes, the Voivode confirms the old gift to the Monastery of 500 thalers from the camarashes of the salt-mines on 9 March (the Feast of the Forty Martyrs). He also makes the Metropolitan Philaretos and his successors in Wallachia responsible for sending the sum to the monastery. Confirmed by the Prince himself, his sons Alexandru, Mihail, Nicolae, Grigore, and Gheorghe, and eleven great boyars of the Divan of Wallachia."

However, while the state ceased to exist, the notion of "Byzantium", as a cultural and ideological reference, did not die, but continued to influence the remaining autonomous states and offshoots of the Byzantine Empire. According to Christian tradition, the True Cross is the cross upon which Jesus was crucified. ... Contemporary coin of Romanus I. Romanus I Lecapenus (Romanos I Lakapenos, 870 - 948), who shared the throne of the Byzantine Empire with Constantine VII and exercised all the real power from 919 to 944, was admiral of the Byzantine fleet on the Danube River when, hearing of the defeat of...

The title of "the Third Rome" was a temptation for many free Orthodox states. Stirrings of these sentiments began immediately after Constantinople's fall. The Empire of Trebizond, an asserter of claims to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire as early as 1204 when it was founded as an offshoot of the Byzantine Empire after the Latin conquest, was conquered in 1461 by the Turks. In Europe, first to claim to be an heir were Stefan Dušan, king of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, king of Bulgaria, both related to the Byzantine dynasty. The plans of Serbs and Bulgarians were never realized as the Ottomans defeated the Serbs at Kosovo Polje in 1389, and put an end to the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396 with the occupation of the Despotate of Vidin. In 1469, Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow had married Sophia Paleologue, a niece of Constantine XI, the last Eastern Roman Emperor and claimed to be the heir of the fallen Eastern Roman Empire, declaring himself Tsar (Caesar). Stephen the Great of Moldavia married one of the last Byzantine princesses, Maria of the Principality of Theodoro in 1472. New Rome is a term that can be applied to a city or a country. ... The Empire of Trebizond and other states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The Empire of Trebizond was a Pontic Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... DuÅ¡an Silni Tsar Stefan UroÅ¡ IV DuÅ¡an Silni (the mighty) (Serbian: Цар Стефан Душан Силни) (circa 1308 – December 20, 1355) was a Serb king (September 8, 1331 – 1346) and tsar (1346 – December 5, 1355). ... Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was married twice. ... Albus rex Ivan III Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич) (January 22, 1440 - October 27, 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a grand duke of Muscovy who first adopted a more pretentious title of the grand duke of all the Russias. Sometimes referred to as the gatherer of... Look up Tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the US community of Czar, see Czar, West Virginia. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Principality of Theodoro (Greek Θεοδόρο) - small principality in South-West of Crimea from 12-14 cc. ...

But unlike Bulgaria, Serbia and Russia, were successive Tsars emulated the costume, titles, the court ceremonial of the Byzantine emperors, and other imperial symbols, sometimes boldly proclaiming that Byzantine political authority had been transferred to them, in the Romanian Principalities, the legacy was never stated as such, by claims of continuation, but it was rather the result of a self-assessment of the condition in which the principalities developed, and the opportunities which were offered to other Orthodox Christians from occupied countries. The society evolved naturally into a community which incorporated the Byzantine legacy, ensuring its perennity, and which later has often been considered the "genetic model" of the Romanian Medieval civilization. Hence the process should not be understood as a Grecisation of the state, but rather the assuming the idea of what the pole of Orthodox Christianity, the multi-ethnic Byzantine Empire, stood for, prior to the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

A self-gained historical advantage provided Wallachia and Moldavia the opportunity to become, and to credibly imagine (not claim) themselves, as the heirs of the Orthodox Byzantium, a phenomenon mutually acknowledged by the politics of the times. In this period of relative calm, the monastic and cultural life flourished unperturbed. The institutions, ideas, aspirations, education, way of life, and the superior type of human realization, everything that represented the grandeur of the world whose defeated descendants remained faithful to, was saved by these independent Principalities, as they were an asylum and shelter for refugees, as well a protectors of subjugated Orthodox Christians from all over the conquered Balkans. Nicolae Iorga would wrote: "There was a time when it appeared that the entire Byzantine, Balkan legacy would be inherited by the Romanian princes who, as the only ones who remained standing among the Christians, showed that they wanted to preserve it and that they were capable to sacrifice themselves for it".

To be continued

Votive Icon: Saints Simeon and Sava, from Curtea de Argeş cathedral. Wallachian workshop, painted between 1522 - 1523, tempera on wood. The icon belongs to the so-called group of "family icons" from the time of Prince Neagoe Basarab. The commissioner of the icon was Neagoe's wife Despina Miliţa, native of the ottoman occupied Serbia. Hence the iconographic theme, the Serbian saints Simeon and Sava. Currently displayed at the Romanian National Museum of Arts.
Description: Saint Simeon is depicted as a monk and Saint Sava as a bishop. Kneeling in prayer at their feet is Despina Miliţa in mourning, following the death of her son, Teodosie (an event which dates the icon to 1522-1523). Next to her, the two princesses, Stana and Roxanda, are shown in the same attitude but wearing ceremonial costumes and gold crowns. Stylistically, the icon belongs to 16th century Wallachian painting. The modelling of the faces, the oblong eyes and the angular folds of the costumes recall the mural painting in the cathedral at Curtea de Argeş.

Fresco: Princess Roxanda, daughter of Neagoe Basarab; Wallachian workshop, 16th century, creator: master Dobromir of Târgovişte; Together with the painting of her husband, the Prince Radu de la Afumaţi , the icon is a continuation of the "family icons" from Curtea de Argeş cathedral. Currently held at the National Museum of Art of Romania.
Description: Roxanda, depicted as the official founder, is holding the model of the church, wearing a ceremonial costume: white shirt with very large sleeves, pleated red dress and an Italian velvet mantle with gold motifs, and a fur collar folded over her shoulders. Her rich crown with fleurons is placed over a pearl string network which covers her hair. Her head-dress has prependoulia pendants which hang from her temple to the level of the lower jaw. Stylistically, the icon belong to 16th century Wallachian painting, as seen in the modeling of face, the oblong eyes and curved eyelashes, the warm and light modeling of the flesh.

Stefan Nemanja (Стефан Немања) (Stefan I) (ca 1132-February 13, 1199 or 1200) was the Grand Župan of Raška (Rascia), located in the central west region of the Balkans from 1166 or 1168 to 1196. ... Saint Sava Saint Sava (1175 or 1176 - January 12, 1235 or 1236), originally the prince Rastko Nemanjić (son of the Serbian ruler and founder of the Serbian medieval state Stefan Nemanja and brother of Stefan Prvovenčani, first Serbian king), is the first Serb archbishop (1219-1233), the most important... Curtea de ArgeÅŸ is a town in Romania, situated on the right bank of the ArgeÅŸ river, where it flows through a valley of the lower Carpathians, on the railway from PiteÅŸti to the Rothenthurm Pass. ... Neagoe Basarab and his son Theodosie (greek icon from the Dionysiou Monastery) Neagoe Basarab was the ruler of Wallachia between 1512 and 1521. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia      â€“ Vojvodina      â€“ Kosovo (UN admin. ...

Church

In Wallachia and Moldova, the religious worship and the Church hierarchy were of the Byzantine tradition. Until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, metropolitans there had to be consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ...

Wallachia and Moldavia became a center of monahic life, as the spiritual life blossomed, attracting hermits from all off the Eastern Orthodox Churches, looking for ascetic and hermit life. Indeed, only between 1457-1504, Stephen the Great founded no less than 44 churches and monasteries, some of which are now part of UNESCO's World Heritage. UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ...

The Hospodars assumed the role of protectors of Eastern Orthodoxy, notably by becoming the main patrons of Mount Athos, by the perpetuation of Byzantine ceremonial customs, and the assimilation of Byzantine clerks and intellectual immigrants. Location of Mount Athos (the darkened easternmost leg) in the map of Greece Mount Athos (Greek: Όρος Άθως) is a mountain and a peninsula in Macedonia, northern Greece, called Άγιο Όρος (Ayio Oros or Ayion Oros or Holy Mountain) in Modern Greek, or Άγιον Όρος (Hagion Oros) in Classical Greek. ...

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Personalities

• Petru Movila (Petro Mohyla in Ukrainian), Moldavian Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych and founder of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, one of the oldest and most distinguished academic and theological schools in Eastern Europe. An important political figure of his time, he had a profound influence on the Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Theology, managing to reconcile the religious thesis of the four most important East Orthodox churches: Constantinople patriarchate, Russian/Ukrainian, Greek and Romanian churches.
• Dosoftei, metropolitan of Moldavia, scholar, poet and translator.
• Constantin Brâncoveanu, Wallachian Voievod,
• Macarie, Moldavian typographer, he studied and printed books in Venice, Cetinje and Moldavia.
• Paisius Velichkovsky, Ukrainian theologist and translator of theological writings, he accomplished much of his work under the patronage of Moldavian Church, exerting immense influence to the Russian Orthodox Church. Canonized by the Romanian and Russian Orthodox Church.
• Daniil the Hermit, Moldavian hermit and counselor of Stephen the Great. Canonized by the Romanian Orthodox Church.
• Anthim the Iberian, Georgian eclessiastic figures, a noted Eastern Orthodox theologian and philosopher, and Metropolitan of Bucharest in 1708-1715.

National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, NaUKMA (Ukrainian: Національний університет «Києво-Могилянська академія», Natsionalnyi universytet Kyyevo-Mohylianska akademiya, НаУКМА), located in Kiev (Kyiv), Ukraine is one of the countrys leading national schools of higher education. ... Dimitrie Barilă, known as Dosoftei (26 October 1624 - 13 December 1693) was a Moldavian metropolitan, scholar, poet and translator. ... Constantin Brâncoveanu Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 - August 26, 1714) was prince of Wallachia between 1689 and 1710. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) , the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice in Italy. ... Mayor Municipality area {{{municipalaty}}} km² Population  - city  - municipality 14,700 18,749 Time zone Summer Time CET (UTC +1) CEST (UTC +2) Founded Latitude Longitude Area code +381 86 Car plates CT Official website:[1] Cetinje (Цетиње) is a small city (population 14,700 in 2003) located in Serbia and Montenegro. ... 18th-century portrait of St Paisius of Neamt. ... Anthim the Iberian (Romanian: Antim Ivireanul) was a notable figure in the ecclesiastical history of Romania. ...

Architecture

• Moldavian style
• Wallachian style
• Brancovenesc style

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Literature

To be completed

Art

Byzantine art

The artistic products of the contemporary peoples from this part of Europe, within or outisde the multiethnic Eastern Roman Empire, from about the 5th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, was the same, sharing a common culture with it.

Up to the fifteenth century, the religious art of the Romanian Principalities, like in the rest of the Balkans and Eastern Europe was under pronounced Byzantine influence.

At first, the art of the icons, painted either according to the indications of the "Painter's Manual", were copied directly from imported Byzantine models, as original Byzantine characteristics are clearly seen in religious paintings of earlier dates. It was natural that the princes and their entourages should import both objects of art and artists from Constantinople and promote to have such objects made in Moldavia, according to Byzantine fashion. However, starting from the 15th century, we can speak of local artistic and architectural stiles and schools.

To be completed

Chrysobull of Prince Stefanita Lupu of Moldavia in which he bestows the Golia Monastery of Iaşi to the Vatopedi Monastery of Mount Athos;
Description: Date: 22 March 7168 (1660); Language: Old Church Slavonic; Scribe: Vasile Corlatescu; Parchment, 48.5 x 67.7 cm; Currently in Vatopedi Monastery library, Mount Athos, Greece.
Content: "[...] Ştefaniţǎ Lupu, Prince of Moldavia, with the blessing of the country's four supreme prelates, namely the Metropolitan of Suceava and the Bishops of the districts of Roman, Rǎdǎuţi, and Huşi, re-dedicates the recently renovated Golia Monastery to Vatopedi. He grants it the villages of Clicicǎuţi and Mileneşti, free of taxes and statute labour. He also exempts the monastery from the tax of 1000 sheep, 1000 beehives, 50 swine, etc. The monks shall mention his name in their services all year round as long as the monastery exists. Signed by fifteen high-ranking officials, members of the Divan of Moldavia."

Letter from the Dionysiou Monastery with the seal of the Holy Community, thanking princess Roxandra, wife of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu, Voievode of Moldavia.
Description: Date: 7078 (1570); Language: Greek; Parchment, 56 x 39 cm; Currently at Dionysiou Monastery, Sacristy, Mount Athos, Greece.
Content: "The Assembly of Dionysiou Monastery thanks Roxandra, widow of Alexandru Lapusneanu, Prince of Moldavia, for her generosity to Dionysiou Monastery. In 1568, when Sultan Selim confiscated the monastery's property, Roxandra put up the money to redeem the debts, estates, pledges, and the rest of the monastery's movable property. The monks will frequently commemorate both Roxandra and her son, the Voivode Bogdan."

County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, since 2003 Area 93. ... Old Church Slavonic (also called Old Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, and Old Slavonic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavonic dialect of Thessaloniki by 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: ; German: Suczawa, Yiddish: שאָץ Shots) is a municipality-status city in the Suceava county, Bucovina, Romania. ... Roman or Romans may refer to: History Ancient Rome (9th century BC – 5th century AD) Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC) Roman Republic (509 BC to 44 BC) Roman Empire (44 BC to AD 476) Roman citizen Byzantine Empire (330 to 1453), also known as the Eastern Roman Empire... Coat of arms of the city HuÅŸi is a city in the Vaslui County, Romania, formal capital of the disbanned Falciu County, episcopal see, and home of some of the best wineyards of Romania. ... This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Alexandru LăpuÅŸneanu Alexandru LăpuÅŸneanu was Prince of Moldavia between September 1552 and 18 November 1561 and then between Octomber 1564 and 5 May 1568. ... Selim II Selim II (May 28, 1524 – December 12, 1574) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. ...

Church Patronage

See main article: Romanian patronage of Orthodoxy

The vast majority of Wallachian and Moldavian princes adopted the tradition of Church patronage, making generous donations to the Patriarch of Constantinople and Orthodox monasteries throughout the Balkans. Without the donations of the Romanian princes, most of the heavily taxed Christian outposts from Mount Athos, Meteora, and other monasteries, would of not survived to these days. Orthodox monks from all over the Balkans turned to the Christian rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia for patronage and financial support. Many monasteries from Turkish-occupied lands were bestowed with all of the estates, dependencies and even relics of local churches and monasteries. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Location of Mount Athos (the darkened easternmost leg) in the map of Greece Mount Athos (Greek: Όρος Άθως) is a mountain and a peninsula in Macedonia, northern Greece, called Άγιο Όρος (Ayio Oros or Ayion Oros or Holy Mountain) in Modern Greek, or Άγιον Όρος (Hagion Oros) in Classical Greek. ... Meteora is also an album by the band Linkin Park. ...

The Wallachian and Moldavian rulers acted according to an old-fashioned doctrine of noblesse oblige. These acts were not eccentric activities, but a complex strategy of sponsoring the monastic life of remote regions. Many of modern monasteries on Mount Athos have Wallachian and Moldavian princes as their "second founders".

The external support dried up in the eighteenth century, when Phanariots, mostly Greeks, were set by the Ottomans as Hospodars in charge of the administration of Wallachia and Moldavia. The Principalities, although autonomous, were obliged to accept a Prince appointed by the Sultan, to ensure that future problems would not arise due to insubordination of the native princes, who although officially vassals, were engaging in permanent skirmishes with the Ottomans. However, although weakened under the Phanariots, the Principalities continued to provide some revenue up until the 19th century, when a considerable part of the annual incomes of the monasteries of Mount Athos were still provided by the bequests of Wallachian and Moldavian monasteries. Phanariotes (from Phanar, the chief Greek quarter at Istambul, where the oecumenical patriarchate is situated) were those members of families resident in the Phanar quarter who between the years 1711 and 1821 were appointed voivodes of the Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia). ...

to be completed

The Legacy

to be completed

See also

• Culture of Romania
• Romanian folklore
• Romanian Orthodox Church
• History of Romania
• Painted churches of northern Moldavia
• List of religious buildings in Romania

The culture of Romania is rich and varied. ... This article on Romanian mythology covers both the mythology traditional to the Romanian people and to certain earlier civilizations that occupied the same geographic area, and whom the ethnic Romanians tend to claim either as spiritual or as more literal ancestors. ... The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ... The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately between 1487 and 1532. ... This is a List of religious buildings in Romania comprising cathedrals, churches and monasteries. ...

External links

• Romanian Painted Monasteries - UNESCO Collection of Mondial Art
• crestinism-ortodox.ro

References

• Iorga Nicolae: "Byzance après Byzance. Continuation de l'"Histoire de la vie byzantine"", Institut d'Etudes Byzantines, Bucharest 1935;
• Chris Hellier "Monasteries of Greece"; Tauris Editions, London 1995;