NationMaster - Encyclopedia: C. V. Raman

Bharat Ratna Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (Tamil: சந்திரேசகர ெவங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the molecular scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect, which is named after him. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... , Tiruchirappalli (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿à®°à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà®³à¯à®³à®¿) also spelled Tiruchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿) formerly also pronounced as Trichinopoly (under British rule) is the Fourth largest city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (after Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai) and is also one of the five A1 metropolitan cities of Tamilnadu. ... Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... , For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Indian region. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science was established in July 1876 at 210 Bowbazar street, Kolkata, to foster high quality fundamental research in frontier disciplines of the basic sciences. ... The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), India. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... Presidency College is in Chennai, India and is considered to be the precursor of the University of Madras. ... Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (8 October 1922 - 7 April 2001), is widely acknowledged as one of the most important Indian scientists of the 20th century, best known for creating the Ramachandran Map for understanding peptide structure. ... When light is scattered from a molecule most photons are elastically scattered. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Bharat Ratna is Indias highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Bharat Ratna is Indias highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. ... Look up sir in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... Tamil ( ; IPA: ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people, originating on the Indian subcontinent. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... When light is scattered from a molecule most photons are elastically scattered. ...

Biography

Early years

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in an Iyer family in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics, so he grew up in an academic atmosphere. His nephew Subramanyan Chandrasekhar also won a Nobel prize in physics in 1983. is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Iyers (Tamil : à®…à®¯à¯à®¯à®°à¯ Malayalam:à´…à´¯àµà´¯à´°) also called Sastri[4], Sarma or Bhattar is the name given to Hindu Brahmins of Tamil or Telugu origin who are followers of the Advaita philosophy propounded by Adi Shankara[5]. They are found mostly in Tamil Nadu as they are generally native to the Tamil country. ... , Tiruchirappalli (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿à®°à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà®³à¯à®³à®¿) also spelled Tiruchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿) formerly also pronounced as Trichinopoly (under British rule) is the Fourth largest city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (after Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai) and is also one of the five A1 metropolitan cities of Tamilnadu. ... Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (October 19, 1910 – August 21, 1995) was an Indian-American physicist, astrophysicist and mathematician. ...

Middle years

Raman entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 gained his BA, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics. In 1907 he gained his MA, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. As the story goes, one evening while returning from work, he spotted the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He started visiting the laboratory after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work.^{[citation needed]} Presidency College is in Chennai, India and is considered to be the precursor of the University of Madras. ... Madras redirects here. ... A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... The Magister Artium, Magister in Artibus, or Master of Arts degree is an academic degree of medieval origin which has later acquired different characteristics in different educational systems. ...

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (Bengali: à¦•à¦²à¦•à¦¾à¦¤à¦¾ à¦¬à¦¿à¦¶à§à¦¬à¦¬à¦¿à¦¦à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦²à¦¯à¦¼), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is a premier scientific organisation of India. ...

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (830x512, 34 KB) Pavlina I made the image myself. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (830x512, 34 KB) Pavlina I made the image myself. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary sciences that always deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids). ... The term transverse means side-to-side, as opposed to longitudinal, which means front-to-back. In automotive engineering, the term transverse refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle. ... The term superposition can have several meanings: Quantum superposition Law of superposition in geology and archaeology Superposition principle for vector fields Superposition Calculus is used for equational first-order reasoning This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The tabla (Hindi: à¤¤à¤¬à¥à¤²à¤¾, tablÄ, Urdu: ØªØ¨Ù„Û) is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music of the Indian subcontinent and in Hindustani classical music. ... A mridangam The mridangam (Tamil: à®®à®¿à®°à¯à®¤à®™à¯à®•à®®à¯) is a percussion instrument from India, especially South India. ...

In 1934, Raman became the director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were: his experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), India. ... , For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ...

He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.

In 1948 Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behavior of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure and optical behavior of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly felspar, agate, opal, and pearls). Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.

Old Age

He retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), India. ... The Raman Research Institute was founded by Nobel laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1948 with funds from private sources. ... , For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Indian region. ...

Awards & Recognition

Raman was honoured with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924)and knighted in 1929. In 1954 he was awarded the Bharat Ratna. He was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957. The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... For other uses, see Knight (disambiguation) or Knights (disambiguation). ... Bharat Ratna is Indias highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.

Bibliography

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.

1909

"The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Nature, 1909
"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Nature, 1909
"The Ectara", J. Indian Math. Club, 1909

1910

"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations", Nature, 1910
"Oscillations of the Stretched Strings", J. Indian Math. Club, 1910

1911

"Photographs of Vibrational Curves", Philos. Mag., 1911
"Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'", Physics Rev., 1911
"The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Phys. Rev., 1911

1912

"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Philos. Mag, 1912
"Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance", Phys. Rev. 1912
"Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912

1913

"Some Acoustical Observations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913

1914

"The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
"The Maintenance of Vibrations", Phys. Rev. 1914
"Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
"On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914

1915

"On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces", Phys. Rev., 1915
"On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1915

1916

"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1", Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
"On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello", Nature (London). 1916
"On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1916

1917

"The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
"On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'", Nature (London) 1917

1918

"On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1918
"On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing", Nature (London), 1918
"On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
"The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918

1919

"An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations", Phys. Rev., 1919
"A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
"On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag, 1919
"The Kinematics of Bowed Strings", J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919

1920

"On the Sound of Splashes", Philos. Mag, 1920
"On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
"Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
"On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer", proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
"Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones", Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)

1921

"Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral", Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
"The Nature of Vowel Sounds", Nature (London) 1921
"On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
"On Some Indian Stringed Instruments", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921

1922

"On Whispering Galleries", Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
"On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
"The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus", Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2,

1926

"The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones", Nature (London), 1926

1927

"Musical Instruments and Their Tones"

1928

"A new type of Secondary Radiation", Nature, 1928
"A new radiation", Indian Journal of Physics, 1928

1935

"The Indian Musical Drums", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids", Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1936

"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves", Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)

1937

"Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids", Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1938

"Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity", Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1948

Aspects of Science, 1948

1951

The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951

1959

Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959

Contents

Biography

Early years

Middle years

Old Age

Awards & Recognition

Bibliography

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Contents

Biography GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Early years

Middle years

Old Age

Awards & Recognition

Bibliography

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Biography