Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888-November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect, which is named after him. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Tamil (தமிழ் ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... When light is scattered from a molecule most photons are elastically scattered. ...

Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He completed his BA and MA in Physics and English from the Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai). He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Soon afterwards, Raman started doing experiments at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). This is where Raman did his Nobel Prize winning work. Tiruchirapalli (also spelt Tiruchchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy, formerly known as Trichinopoly under British rule) is a city situated on the banks of the Kaveri River, centrally located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... This article or section may contain external links added only to promote a website, product, or service – otherwise known as spam. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... Presidency College is an undergraduate college in Chennai, India. ... Chennai   (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras  , is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ...   (IPA: [] Bengali: কলকাতা) (formerly  ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ...

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ...

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon. An interesting anecdote goes that he booked his tickets to Stockholm several months before the Nobel prizes were announced. 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon which creates or annihilates an optical phonon. ... Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. ...

Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtzs approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam. The term transverse means side-to-side, as opposed to longitudinal, which means front-to-back. In automotive engineering, the term transverse refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle. ... The term superposition can have several meanings: Quantum superposition Law of superposition in geology and archaeology Superposition principle for vector fields Superposition Calculus is used for equational first-order reasoning This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist. ... A typical set of Tabla. ... The mridangam is a percussion instrument from South India. ...

In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India. He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, serving as its director and remained active there until his death on 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. ... Bangalore (Kannada: ; in Kannada and // in English) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ... The Raman Research Institute was founded by Nobel laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1948 with funds from private sources. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Bangalore (Kannada: ; in Kannada and // in English) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [1]

He was knighted in 1929 and awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954. Raman was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1957). 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bharat Ratna is Indias highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Stalin Peace Prize (renamed Международная Ленинская премия «За укрепление мира между народами», the International Lenin Peace Prize as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions answer to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

CV Raman is the uncle of Nobel laureate and Physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. This article is about the Indian-American physicist. ...

India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.

Quotes

When he was offered a toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller he responded, "Sir, you have seen the Raman effect on alcohol; please do not try to see the alcohol effect on Raman." Teetotalism is the principle or practice of complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages. ...

Work

• For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.

Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan) Vol. 2 - Acoustic Vol. 3 - Optica Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Visual Perception

1909

• "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Nature, 1909
• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Nature, 1909
• "The Ectara", J. Indian Math. Club, 1909

1910

• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations", Nature, 1910
• "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings", J. Indian Math. Club, 1910

1911

• "Photographs of Vibrational Curves", Philos. Mag., 1911
• "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'", Physics Rev., 1911
• "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Phys. Rev,, 1911

1912

• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Philos. Mag, 1912
• "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance", Phys. Rev. 1912
• "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912

1913

• "Some Acoustical Observations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913

1914

• "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
• "The Maintenance of Vibrations", Phys. Rev. 1914
• "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
• "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914

1915

• "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces", Phys. Rev,, 1915
• "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1915

1916

• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1", Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
• "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello", Nature (London). 1916
• "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag.. 1916

1917

• "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
• "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'", Nature (London) 1917

1918

• "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag.. 1918
• "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing", Nature (London), 1918
• "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
• "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918

1919

• "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations", Phys. Rev,, 1919
• "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
• "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag, 1919
• "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings", J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919

1920

• "On the Sound of Splashes", Philos. Mag, 1920
• "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
• "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
• "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer", proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
• "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones", Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)

1921

• "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral", Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
• "The Nature of Vowel Sounds", Nature (London) 1921
• "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
• "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921

1922

• "On Whispering Galleries", Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
• "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
• "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus", Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2, 1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

• "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones", Nature (London), 1926

1927

• "Musical Instruments and Their Tones"

1928

• "A new type of Secondary Radiation", Nature, 1928
• "A new radiation", Indian Journal of Physics, 1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

• "The Indian Musical Drums", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids", Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1936

• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves", Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)

1937

• "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids", Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1938

• "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity", Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

• Aspects of Science, 1948

1949

1950

1951

• The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

• Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959

External links

• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 (Nobel Committee)
• Britannica on Raman
• Nobel prize internet archive
• Nobel Lecture