NationMaster - Encyclopedia: C86 (music)

C86 is the name of a celebrated cassette compilation released by the British music magazine New Musical Express (NME) in 1986, featuring new bands licenced from independent labels of the time. As a phrase it quickly evolved into shorthand for a musical genre best remembered for its devotion to Byrdsy guitars and fey melodies even though other musical styles were represented on the tape. Almost a term of abuse on release, and criticised for its associations with tweeness and underachievement many now argue that it represents a pivotal moment for independent music in the UK.^[1]. Image File history File links NMEC86. ... A compilation album is an album (music or spoken-word) featuring tracks from one or multiple recording artists, often culled from a variety of sources (such as studio albums, live albums, singles, demos and outtakes. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Post punk generally refers to the particularly fertile and creative period following the initial punk rock explosion. During the first wave of punk, roughly spanning 1976-1983, bands such as The Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Ramones and The Damned began to challenge the current styles and conventions of rock... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up rough trade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a weekly magazine about popular music published in the UK. It is unlike many other popular music magazines due to its intended focus on guitar-based music and indie rock bands, instead of mainstream pop acts. ... The All Music Guide (AMG) is a metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. ... Image File history File links 4. ... For the meaning of cassette in genetics, see cassette (genetics). ... The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a music magazine in the UK which has been published weekly since March 1952. ... See also: Musical groups established in 1986 Record labels established in 1986 1980s in music // January 23 - The first induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Fats Domino, Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley) February 11 - Culture Club... L-R: David Crosby, Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn The Byrds were an American rock music group founded in Los Angeles, California in 1964 by singers and guitarists Jim McGuinn (he later changed his name to Roger McGuinn), Gene Clark, and David Crosby. ...

The C86 Cassette

The tape was a belated follow up to C81, a more diverse collection of new bands, released by NME in 1981 in conjunction with the label Rough Trade. C86 was similarly designed to reflect the new music scene of the time and compiled by NME writers; Roy Carr, Neil Taylor and Adrian Thrills who licenced tracks from labels such as Creation, Pink, and Ron Johnson. Readers had to pay for the tape via mail order although an LP was subsequently released on Rough Trade in 1987. The UK music press, in this period, was extremely competitive with 3 weekly papers documenting new bands and trends and the grouping of bands, often artificially, with an overarching label to heighten interest or sell copies was commonplace. NME journalists of the period now agree that C86 was a typical example but also a byproduct of NME's "hip hop wars";^[2] a schism on the paper (and amongst readers) between enthusiasts of the contemporary progressive black music such as Public Enemy and Mantronix and the fans of traditional white rock. The NME C81 Cassette Sleeve C81 was a cassette given away with the British magazine New Musical Express in 1981 (hence (C)assette 81) and released in conjunction with the record label Rough Trade. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rough Trade Records is an independent record label based in London, England. ... Roy Carr is an English music journalist. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... At least two different record labels called Creation Records have existed. ... Ron Johnson Records was an UK independent record label operating between 1983 and 1988. ... Rough Trade Records is an independent record label based in London, England. ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a seminal hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... Mantronix was an innovative and influential 1980s old school hip-hop and electro funk music group led by DJ and keyboardist-programmer Kurtis Mantronik (Kurtis el Khaleel), and MC MC Tee (TourÃ© Embden). ...

This was the 23rd NME tape although its catalogue number was NME022, C81 had been dubbed COPY001. The rest of the tapes were compilations promoting labels' back catalogues and dedicated to R&B, Northern Soul, Jazz or Reggae. C86 was followed up with, of all things, a Billie Holiday compilation; Holiday Romance.^[3]. The title of the tape, like its predecessor C81, was a play on the the labelling and length of blank compact cassettes that were sold in the 80s such as C60, C90 and C120s and obviously the year in which the tape was released. Rhythm and blues (or R & B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. ... The Verve see A Northern Soul This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Jazz is a style of music which originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States at around the start of the 20th century. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Billie Holiday(April 7, 1915 â€“ July 17, 1959), born Eleanora Fagan and later called Lady Day, was an American singer known equally for her difficult life and her emotive, poignant singing voice. ... The NME C81 Cassette Sleeve C81 was a cassette given away with the British magazine New Musical Express in 1981 (hence (C)assette 81) and released in conjunction with the record label Rough Trade. ... For the meaning of cassette in genetics, see cassette (genetics). ...

The C86 tape, despite its subsequent association with a genre of the same name, had a much harder punkier shambling sound featuring early tracks from as many as 5 bands from the Ron Johnson label; The Shrubs, A Witness, Stump, bIG fLAME and The Mackenzies. Their loud quirkiness was completely at odds with the Byrdsy guitars and fey melodies of what came to be known as 'C86' bands. NME promoted it in conjunction with London's Institute of Contemporary Arts, who staged a week of gigs in July 1986 which featured most of the acts on the compilation. Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Ron Johnson Records was an UK independent record label operating between 1983 and 1988. ... Shrubs were an English rock music group, formed in Watford in 1985. ... A Witness were an alternative rock band formed in 1985 in Stockport, Cheshire, England, by Rick Aitken, Keith Curtis, Vince Hunt and a drum machine, later replaced by Alan Brown (of bIG fLAME fame). ... Stump were an Anglo-Irish indie/experimental/rock group featuring Mick Lynch (vocals), Kev Hopper (bass), Rob McKahey (drums) and Chris Salmon (guitar) formed in London in 1983. ... bIG fLAME were a post punk/Indie rock three piece band, based in Manchester in England and active from 1983 to 1986. ... The Mackenzies were an indie band from Glasgow active around 1986/87, releasing two singles of jagged indie-funk on Ron Johnson Records and contributing the track Big Jim to the NMEs C86 compilation. ... L-R: David Crosby, Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn The Byrds were an American rock music group founded in Los Angeles, California in 1964 by singers and guitarists Jim McGuinn (he later changed his name to Roger McGuinn), Gene Clark, and David Crosby. ... External view of the entrance to the ICA from the Mall. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Legacy

Ex NME staffer Andrew Collins summed up C86 by dubbing it "the most indie thing to have ever existed".^[4] Bob Stanley; a Melody Maker journalist in the late 1980s and band member of Saint Etienne similarly claimed in a 2006 interview^[5] that C86 represented the Andrew Collins Andrew John Collins (born March 4, 1965, Northampton) is an English journalist, scriptwriter and broadcaster. ... Bob Stanley (born December 25, 1964) is a UK musician, filmmaker and journalist. ... Melody Maker, published in the United Kingdom, was (until its closure) the worlds oldest weekly music newspaper. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Saint Etienne are an English indie dance act, fronted by Sarah Cracknell (born April 12, 1967, Chelmsford, Essex). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Martin Whitehead, who ran the Subway label in the late 80s (whose first release was from The Shop Assistants) confirms this view^[6] believing it to have had a political influence. "Before C86, women could only be eye-candy in a band, I think C86 changed that - there were women promoting gigs, writing fanzines and running labels". The Shop Assistants were a twee pop band from Edinburgh, Scotland, formed in 1983. ...

Some writers however regret the influence the tape had over the music scene of the time and subsequently. Everett True, a writer for NME in 1986 under the name "The Legend!"^[7] called it "unrepresentative of its times (as opposed to the brilliant C81 comp) and even unrepresentative of the small narrow strata of music it thought it was representing." Alastair Fitchett, editor of the long running music site Tangents goes further, despite being a fan of many of the bands on the tape.^[8] The Outbursts of Everett True (originally named A Chapter from the Career of Everett True) was a two-panel newspaper comic strip created by A.D. Condo and J.W. Raper that ran from 1907-1927. ... The NME C81 Cassette Sleeve C81 was a cassette given away with the British magazine New Musical Express in 1981 (hence (C)assette 81) and released in conjunction with the record label Rough Trade. ...

Follow Ups

In 1996 NME continued the tradition of compiling a new band album (this time a CD) by releasing C96. Yet this time it had little impact and has been almost forgotten.^[9]

The 20th anniversary of the tape in 2006, saw several tributes. A download-only compilation, C06, of contemporary bands inspired by those on the original C86 cassette was put together by the indie-mp3 site in July 2006. A double CD compilation; CD86,^[10] compiled by Bob Stanley, was released by Sanctuary Records and the ICA hosted "C86 - Still Doing It For Fun",^[11] an exhibition and 2 nights of gigs celebrating the rise of British Independent music. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

A documentary film marking the period; Hungry Beat; is in production directed by Paul Kelly.^[12]

Tracklisting

Side one

Primal Scream are a rock group formed as a duo in 1982 in Glasgow, Scotland, by Bobby Gillespie and Jim Beattie, evolving into a band in 1984 at which time Gillespie was also the drummer in The Jesus and Mary Chain. ... The Mighty Lemon Drops was an English rock group active from 1985 to 1992. ... The Soup Dragons were a Scottish indie rock band of the late 1980s and early 1990s, named after a character in the 1970s childrens TV show The Clangers. ... The Wolfhounds began as a slightly askew pop/rock band, first coming to most peoples attention via the C86 compilation. ... The Bodines were a British rock group from the mid- to late-1980s. ... Mighty Mighty were an indie band formed in Birmingham, England in the mid-1980s. ... Stump were an Anglo-Irish indie/experimental/rock group featuring Mick Lynch (vocals), Kev Hopper (bass), Rob McKahey (drums) and Chris Salmon (guitar) formed in London in 1983. ... Bogshed were an independent band formed in Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, England in 1985. ... A Witness were an alternative rock band formed in 1985 in Stockport, Cheshire, England, by Rick Aitken, Keith Curtis, Vince Hunt and a drum machine, later replaced by Alan Brown (of bIG fLAME fame). ... The Pastels are a group from Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Their story is under-documented, but they first released music around 1983 with a series of awkward but brilliant almost-pop singles for labels like Creation, Rough Trade and Whaam!. Eventually they developed a slightly more sophisticated sound and by the... Age Of Chance were an alternative rock-dance crossover band from Leeds, England active from 1985 to 1992. ...

Side two

The Shop Assistants were a twee pop band from Edinburgh, Scotland, formed in 1983. ... Close Lobsters was a Scottish indie pop band. ... Miaow were an indie band from London, England, active between 1985 and 1987. ... Nigel Blackwell, singer, guitarist and songwriter Half Man Half Biscuit, often abbreviated to HMHB, are a UK rock band from Birkenhead, active sporadically since the mid-1980s, known for their satirical, sardonic and sometimes surreal songs. ... Reserved front cover. ... The Mackenzies were an indie band from Glasgow active around 1986/87, releasing two singles of jagged indie-funk on Ron Johnson Records and contributing the track Big Jim to the NMEs C86 compilation. ... bIG fLAME were a post punk/Indie rock three piece band, based in Manchester in England and active from 1983 to 1986. ... Weve Got a Fuzzbox and Were Gonna Use It (shortened to Fuzzbox for the U.S. release of their first album) were an all-girl Birmingham, England based, pop punk quartet that was loud, gaudy, and mildly controversial. ... McCarthy were a British indie pop band, formed in Barking, Essex, England in 1984 by schoolmates Malcolm Eden, Tim Gane, John Williamson and Gary Baker. ... Shrubs were an English rock music group, formed in Watford in 1985. ... The Wedding Present is a rock group from Leeds, the United Kingdom, that was formed in 1984 from the ashes of the Lost Pandas. ...

The C86 Genre

Over time C86 became a shorthand for a movement within the British indie scene, often derided for its twee or "cuteness", jangly guitars, the bowl haircuts of its singers and asexual looks of its followers. This was applied to bands whether they had been on the tape or not such as The June Brides and Biff Bang Pow!. Some later became associated with the sound but had yet to emerge such as Talulah Gosh, Razorcuts or the BMX Bandits who in 1990 released an album called C86. The entire Sarah Records roster was dogged with associations with C86 and later as "Sarah bands" although the label's first release wasn't until 1987. Image File history File links Talulahgosh. ... Image File history File links Talulahgosh. ... Talulah Gosh were a guitar-pop group from Oxford, England and one of the leading bands of the twee pop movement, taking their name from the headline of an NME interview with Clare Grogan. ... In popular music, indie music (from independent) is any of a number of genres, scenes, subcultures and stylistic and cultural attributes, characterised by perceived independence from commercial pop music and mainstream culture and an autonomous, do-it-yourself (DIY) approach. ... In British English or English English, twee is from tweet, a baby talk alteration of sweet. It is used to denote something that is overly sweet, knowingly cute or overly precious. ... The June Brides were an English pop music group, formed in Coventry in 1983, by Phil Wilson and Simon Beesley of International Rescue. ... Biff Bang Pow! were an indie pop band from London, England, active between 1983 and 1991, centring around Creation Records boss Alan McGee. ... Talulah Gosh were a guitar-pop group from Oxford, England and one of the leading bands of the twee pop movement, taking their name from the headline of an NME interview with Clare Grogan. ... Razorcuts were an indie pop band formed in 1985 in London. ... BMX Bandits is a Scottish 1960s-influenced guitar pop band who have been making music from 1986 to the present day. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... There and Back Again Lane is a genuine road name near Blackwells Bookshop, Park Street, Bristol, England Sarah Records was a UK independent record label, best known for its recordings of twee pop. ...

A link between the genre and the C86 tape is often disputed by journalists and the bands on the tape. Everett True has argued that "C86 didn't actually exist as a sound, or style. I find it weird, bordering on surreal, that people are starting to use it as a description again".^[13] Geoff Taylor from Age of Chance agreed. "We never considered ourselves part of any scene.I’m not sure that the public at large did either, to be honest. We were just an independent band around at that same time as the others."^[14]. Bob Stanley acknowledges that participants at the time reacted against lazy labelling but insists they shared an approach; Image File history File links Size of this preview: 144 Ã— 144 pixelsFull resolution (144 Ã— 144 pixel, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/gif)fair use: cover of album This image is of a cover of an audio recording, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 144 Ã— 144 pixelsFull resolution (144 Ã— 144 pixel, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/gif)fair use: cover of album This image is of a cover of an audio recording, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either... BMX Bandits is the name of a film and a band. ... Age Of Chance were an alternative rock-dance crossover band from Leeds, England active from 1985 to 1992. ...

Nicky Wire remembers that it was the bands' very independence that gave the scene coherence; "People were doing everything themselves: making their own records, doing the artwork, gluing the sleeves together, releasing them and sending them out, writing fanzines because the music press lost interest really quickly."^[16] This articles trivia section has too much trivia. ...

Influences

Simon Reynolds in Melody Maker (September 27, 1986), talking about the political/cultural aspect of the scene, referred to a "revolt into childhood" and against 1980s values of Thatcherism and Americanisation, claiming that these had become so much the British mainstream that a return to older values had become as rebellious, even "unpatriotic", as a desire for Americanisation had been at the dawn of rock and roll. Style magazine i-D in an article from 1986 similarly concluded that the followers of the genre had an ingenuous devotion. Simon Reynolds (born 1963 in London), is an influential British music critic who is well-known for his writings on electronic dance music and for coining the term post-rock. ... Melody Maker, published in the United Kingdom, was (until its closure) the worlds oldest weekly music newspaper. ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Margaret Thatcher Thatcherism is the system of political thought attributed to the governments of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... i-D is an influential British magazine dedicated to fashion, music, art and youth culture. ...

Making a similar point rather more caustically, David Stubbs, in a derogatory Melody Maker review of the C86 tape (September 20, 1986), claimed that these were bands "for whom Camberwick Green is a sort of Palestine". David Stubbs is a British journalist. ... Melody Maker, published in the United Kingdom, was (until its closure) the worlds oldest weekly music newspaper. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Windy Miller Camberwick Green (1966) is a British childrens television series, originally seen on BBC One, featuring stop-motion puppets. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi...

Musically in his book Time Travel, pop historian Jon Savage traced the origins of C86 and Indie Pop to the Velvet Underground's eponymous third album but perhaps a more obvious musical influence however was the pop side of post punk rock: bands such as Television Personalities, the Swell Maps and Dolly Mixture and the quirky childlike lyrics of Jonathan Richman. C86 was also rooted in the Scottish post-punk bands of the early 1980s on the independent Postcard label: Orange Juice, Aztec Camera, The Fire Engines and Josef K (although those bands soul/funk/disco influences were usually forgotten). Other influences were the DIY punk ethic represented by fanzines from the period such as The Legend!, Are you Scared to get Happy? and Hungry Beat! who often featured flexis of bands who then became associated with C86. The movement continued to hold sway into the 1990s with many bands citing C86 as an influence and finally reached a commercial peak with the success of Belle & Sebastian. For popular music (music produced commercially rather than art or folk music), see Popular music. ... Jon Savage real name Jonathan Sage (born 1953) is a writer, broadcaster and music journalist, best known for his award winning history of the Sex Pistols and punk music, Englands Dreaming (1991). ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... The Velvet Underground and Nico (from left to right: John Cale, Nico, Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison, and Maureen Tucker) The Velvet Underground (Affectionately known as The Velvets, or V.U. for short) was an American rock and roll band of the late 1960s. ... The Velvet Underground is the eponymous third album by The Velvet Underground, their first with Doug Yule, John Cales replacement. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Television Personalities is an English post-punk group with a varying line up. ... The Swell Maps were an British experimental rock group of the 1970s, that foreshadowed the birth of post-punk. ... The cover of the Dolly Mixtures 1995 re-release of Demonstration Tapes double-album (originally released in 1983) Dolly Mixture was a British new wave band formed in 1978 by bassist and vocalist Debsey Wykes, guitarist Rachel Bor, and drummer Hester Smith. ... Jonathan Richman (born May 16, 1951), musician, is an American proto-punk icon and one of the progenitors of indie rock. ... Post punk generally refers to the particularly fertile and creative period following the initial punk rock explosion. During the first wave of punk, roughly spanning 1976-1983, bands such as The Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Ramones and The Damned began to challenge the current styles and conventions of rock... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Independent record label founded by Alan Horne in Glasgow, 1979. ... Orange juice is sometimes artificially colored to match the color of orange rinds. ... Aztec Camera is a Scottish New Wave music band from Glasgow. ... The Fire Engines are a post punk band from Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Josef K was a Scottish post-punk band active in the early 1980s who released singles on legendary record label Postcard Records. ... The soul, acording to many religious and philosophical traditions, is a self-aware ethereal substance particular to a unique living being. ... Funk is an African American musical style. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The DIY punk ethic refers to the idea of doing it yourself, i. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... Belle & Sebastian are a Scottish indie pop band formed in Glasgow in January 1996. ...

Today

In 2004 the Rough Trade Shops compilation Indiepop Vol 1 effectively documented the history of the sound acknowledging that it pre- and post-dated 1986. Labels such as Matinee, Siesta and websites like Indiepages, Twee.net and Indie-MP3: Keeping C86 Alive continue to be influenced by the C86/Indiepop sound. As well as releasing or showcasing tracks from new bands, they have reissued and repackaged much of the material produced at the time. British clubs such as How Does it Feel to be Loved^[18] continue to air tracks from the tape and is dedicated to indiepop from 20 years ago and today. It is however Sweden where the sound has most taken hold with a raft of labels and new bands claiming C86 and Sarah records as their inspiration.^[19] 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

This article is about the genre of music. ... Riot grrrl (or riot grrl) is an indie-punk feminist movement that reached its height in the 1990s but continues to exert significant influence over alternative culture. ... The DIY punk ethic refers to the idea of doing it yourself, i. ... A fanzine (see also: zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular subject for the pleasure of others who share their interest. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... There and Back Again Lane is a genuine road name near Blackwells Bookshop, Park Street, Bristol, England Sarah Records was a UK independent record label, best known for its recordings of twee pop. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... The Verve see A Northern Soul This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Notes

^ Stanley, Bob Sleevenotes to CD86
^ NME: Still Rocking at 50, BBC News, 24 February 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1836411.stm
^ I Love Everything Forum http://ilx.p3r.net/thread.php?msgid=2077178
^ Andrew Collins, Wan Love, Indie RIP; Word Magazine, October 2006
^ Bob Stanley, Uncut Magazine, February 2006
^ Hann, Michael Fey City Rollers http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1325674,00.html
^ Everett True, Plan B blog http://planbmag.com/blogs/staff/2005/07/22/friday-22-july/
^ Alastair Fitchett, C86, Tangents, http://www.tangents.co.uk/tangents/main/2002/nov/c86.html
^ Tim Footman, Tangents blog, 2002, http://www.tangents.co.uk/tangents/main/2002/dec/c96.html
^ Press Release, CD86 Myspace Profile, http://www.myspace.com/cd86sanctuaryrecords
^ ICA website, C86 - Still Doing It For Fun, October 2006, http://www.ica.org.uk/?lid=12257
^ Tangents blog; Hungry Beat, The Sun Is Shining, July 27 2006, http://unpopular.typepad.com/unpopular/2006/07/hungry_beat_the.html
^ Everett True, Plan B Magazine Blog, July 2005 http://planbmag.com/blogs/staff/2005/07/22/friday-22-july/
^ Taylor, Geoff, interview, ireallylovemusic vs Age of Chance, http://www.ireallylovemusic.co.uk/interviews/irlm_vs_aoc.html
^ Stanley, Bob Sleevenotes to CD86
^ Wire, Nicky The Birth of Uncool, The Guardian, October 25, 2006, http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1930836,00.html
^ as quoted in Steve Redhead, End-of-the-Century Party, Youth and Pop Towards 2000, p82, Manchester University Press, 1990 (Manchester)
^ Hann, Michael Fey City Rollers http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1325674,00.html
^ Rogers, Jude Stockholm Syndrome http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1872154,00.html

February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

References

Articles and books

July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

External links

Categories: British music | Alternative music Alternative rock (also called alternative music[1] or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. ... Alternative metal is an eclectic form of rock music that gained popularity in the early 1990s alongside grunge. ... Britpop was a British alternative rock genre and movement that was at its most popular in Great Britain in the mid 1990s. ... In the USA, college rock was a term used to describe 1980s alternative rock before the term alternative came into common usage. ... Dream pop is a type of alternative rock that originated in the early 1980s when bands like Cocteau Twins, Dead Can Dance, and A.R. Kane (to whom the term has been attributed) began twisting New Wave melodies into sonic, echoing textures and mumbled vocals. ... Dunedin is a southern New Zealand University Town that spawned The Dunedin Sound. Similar in many ways to the traditional indie pop sound, the Dunedin Sound uses jingly jangly guitaring, minimal bass lines and loose drumming. ... John Flansburgh and John Linnell, Geek Rock Icons Geek Rock (also known as nerd rock, but distinguishable from the hip hop genre Nerdcore) is a musical subgenre of alternative rock, although unlike many genres, the term is somewhat loosely applied as far as the style of music performed is concerned. ... Gothic rock (also called goth rock or goth) is a genre of rock music that originated during the late 1970s. ... // Origins and development of the genre Grebo (occasionally spelled Greebo, although that has somewhat different connotations), was a minor UK subculture of the late eighties and early nineties largely based in the North. ... Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle Sound) is a genre of alternative rock inspired by hardcore punk, heavy metal, and indie rock. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Industrial rock is a musical genre which is a fusion of industrial music and rock music. ... Lo-fi is a subgenre of indie rock which uses lo-fi recording practices. ... An NME Originals issue covering the Madchester movement. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Noise pop is a term used to loosely describe a number of alternative rock bands that fuse punk rocks attitude and anger with the atonal noise, feedback, and free song structures of noise music, presented in a decidedly pop context. ... Paisley Underground is a term used to describe a genre of rock music, based primarily in Los Angeles, California, which was at its most popular in the mid-1980s. ... Post-Grunge is a very diverse subgenre of Alternative Rock music that emerged in the mid-1990s immediately following the fall of Grunge music as an offshoot[1] It is characterized by its radio-friendly style, distorted but often simple guitar riffs, and soft verse, loud chorus song patterning. ... The post-punk revival is a movement in modern rock music consisting of Indie Rock, Punk Rock, Goth Rock, and Electronic bands that draw from the conventions of the original Post-Punk sound of the early 1980s, as well as the early 90s Britpop, 80s New Wave and... The term post-rock was coined by Simon Reynolds in issue 123 of The Wire (May 1994) to describe a sort of music using rock instrumentation for non-rock purposes, using guitars as facilitators of timbres and textures rather than riffs and powerchords. ... Riot grrrl (or riot grrl) is an indie-punk feminist movement that reached its height in the 1990s but continues to exert significant influence over alternative culture. ... Shoegazing (also known as shoegaze or shoegazer; practitioners referred to as shoegazers) is a style of Independent (or Indie) music that emerged from the U.K. in the late 1980s, lasting until the mid 1990s, with peaking circa 1990 to 1991. ... Sadcore/Slowcore is a subgenre of alternative rock that developed from the downbeat melodies and slower tempos of late 1980s indie rock. ... For space rocks, see asteroid. ... This article is about the genre of music. ... This is a list of alternative rock artists. ... Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. ... This is a timeline of alternative rock, from its beginnings in the 1970s to the present. ... In popular music, indie music (from independent) is any of a number of genres, scenes, subcultures and stylistic and cultural attributes, characterised by perceived independence from commercial pop music and mainstream culture and an autonomous, do-it-yourself (DIY) approach. ... Lollapalooza is an American music festival featuring alternative rock, hip hop, and punk rock bands, dance and comedy performances, and craft booths. ...

Contents

The C86 Cassette GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");