CCR5, short for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5, is a chemokine receptor. The natural chemokines that bind to this receptor are RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β. CCR5 is also the name of the gene that codes for the CCR5 receptor. It is located on chromosome 3 on the short (p) arm at position 21. CCR5 is predominantly expressed on T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and microglia. It is likely that CCR5 plays a role in inflammatory responses to infection though its exact role in normal immune function is unclear. Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), which is a branch of the US National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Chromosome 3 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... Typical structure of a chemokine receptor, with seven transmembrane domains and a characteristic DRY motif in the second intracellular domain. ... Chemokines are a class of chemotactic cytokines, or small secreted protein signals. ... Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted or RANTES is an 8kDa protein classified as a chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. ... Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ... Chromosome 3 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... Macrophages (Greek: big eaters) are cells found in tissues that are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris. ... Dendritic cells (DC) are immune cells and form part of the mammal immune system. ... Microglia are a type of glial cell that act as the immune cells of the Central nervous system (CNS). ...

HIV

HIV uses CCR5 as a co-receptor to enter its target cells. Several chemokine receptors can function as viral coreceptors, but CCR5 is likely the most physiologically important coreceptor during natural infection. The normal ligands for this receptor, RANTES, MIP-1β and MIP-1α, are able to suppress HIV-1 infection in vitro. In individuals infected with HIV, CCR5-using viruses are the predominant species isolated during the early stages of viral infection, suggesting that these viruses may have a selective advantage during transmission or the acute phase of disease. Moreover, at least half of all infected individuals harbor only CCR5-using viruses throughout the course of infection. Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a...

A number of new HIV drugs have been designed to interfere with the interaction between CCR5 and HIV, including PRO140 (Progenics), Vicriviroc (Schering Plough) and UK-427,857 or Maraviroc (Pfizer). A potential problem of this approach is that, while CCR5 is the major co-receptor by which HIV infects cells, it is not the only such co-receptor. It is possible that under selective pressure HIV will evolve to use another co-receptor. However, examination of viral resistance to AD101, molecular antagonist of CCR5, indicated that resistant viruses did not switch to another coreceptor (CXCR4) but persisted in using CCR5, either through binding to alternative domains of CCR5 or by binding to the receptor at a higher affinity. // Schering-Plough Corporation is a pharmaceutical company which traces its history back to 1851 when Ernst Schering founded Schering in Germany. ... Maraviroc is an chemokine receptor antagonist drug developed by the drug company Pfizer that is designed to act against HIV by interfering with the interaction between HIV and CCR5. ... Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE) (pronounced faɪzəɹ or faɪzə), is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company. ... Antagonists In medicine and biology, a receptor antagonist is a ligand that inhibits the function of an agonist and inverse agonist for a specific receptor. ...

CCR5-Δ32

CCR5-Δ32 (or CCR5-D32) is a genetic variant of CCR5. It is a deletion mutation of a gene specifically impacting the function of T cells. CCR5-D32 is widely dispersed throughout Northern Europe and in those of European descent. It has been hypothesized that this allele was favored by natural selection during the Black Death, or during smallpox outbreaks, which is, however, unlikely, given that the frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in Bronze Age samples is similar to that seen today.^[1] The allele has a negative effect upon T cell function, but appears to protect against smallpox, plague and HIV. Individuals with the Δ32 allele of CCR5 are healthy, suggesting that CCR5 is largely dispensable. However, CCR5 plays a role in mediating resistance to West Nile virus infection in humans, as CCR5Δ32 individuals are enriched in cohorts of West Nile virus symptomatic patients, indicating that all of the functions of CCR5 may not be compensated by other receptors. A gene deletion, or deletion mutation is a genetic mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. ... T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... For the hard rock band, see Allele (band). ... Darwins illustrations of beak variation in the finches of the Galápagos Islands, which hold 13 closely related species that differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. ... Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411) The Dead Man, or Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Bubonic plague is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. ...

While CCR5 has multiple variants in its coding region, the deletion of a 32-bp segment results in a nonfunctional receptor, thus preventing HIV R5 entry; two copies of this allele provide strong protection against HIV infection. ^[2] This allele is found in 5-14% of Europeans but is rare in Africans and Asians.^[3] Multiple studies of HIV-infected persons have shown that presence of one copy of this allele delays progression to the condition of AIDS by about 2 years. It is possible that a person with the CCR5-Δ32 receptor allele will not be infected with HIV R5 strains. World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... The term Asian can refer to something or someone from Asia. ... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ...

References

1. ^ Philip W. Hedrick; Brian C. Verrelli (Jun 2006). "‘Ground truth’ for selection on CCR5-Δ32". Trends in Genetics 22 (6): 293-6. PMID 16678299. 
2. ^ Biologists discover why 10 percent of Europeans are safe from HIV infection, PhysOrg.com, March 10, 2005, retrieved September 30, 2006
3. ^ Pardis C. Sabeti; Emily Walsh, Steve F. Schaffner, Patrick Varilly, Ben Fry, Holli B. Hutcheson, Mike Cullen, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Jessica Roy, Nick Patterson, Richard Cooper, David Reich, David Altshuler, Stephen O’Brien, Eric S. Lander (Nov 2005). "The case for selection at CCR5-Delta32". PLoS Biology 3 (11): e378. PMID 16248677. 

This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (70th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

External links

• IUPHAR GPCR Database - CCR5 Chemokine Receptor
• CDC fact sheet: CCR5 receptor gene and HIV infection - note, author is not a CDC employee, and there is no public domain notice on the page, so this cannot be assumed to be public domain
• Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele
• Dating the Origin of the CCR5-D32 AIDS-Resistance Allele by the Coalescence of Haplotypes