Structure of human CD28.

The antigen CD28 is one of the molecules that provide co-stimulatory signals, which are required for T cell activation. The molecular structure of CD28 was solved by the German biotech company TeGenero in 2005. Image File history File links CD28_structure. ... Image File history File links CD28_structure. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ... In general, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its composition and chemical properties. ... During the activation of T cells, co-stimulation of molecules is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response. ... T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... TeGenero AG is a pharmaceutical research company in Würzburg, Germany. ...

Cross-linking CD28 with monoclonal antibodies can provide a potent co-stimulatory signal to T cells for the production of various interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6 in particular). It has been shown that ligation of CD28 on resting T cells by the B7 ligand on antigen presenting cells (APCs) results in the induction of T helper cytokines (types one and two). [1] Vulcanization is an example of cross-linking. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ... Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune... Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of biological response modifier, a substance that can improve the bodys natural response to disease. ... Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune... In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyse the joining of two molecules (ligation or gluing together) by forming a new chemical bond, with accompanying hydrolysis of ATP or other similar molecules. ... B7 is a type of peripheral membrane protein found on activated antigen presenting cells (APC) that, when paired with either a CD28 or CD154 (CD40L) surface protein on a T cell, can produce a costimulatory signal to enhance the activity of a MHC-TCR signal between the APC and the... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ligand. ... An antigen presenting cell (APC) is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. ... A T helper cell (sometimes also known as effector T cells or TH cells) are a group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte) that play a cornerstone role in establishing and maximising the ability of the immune system. ... Cytokines are small protein molecules that regulate communication among immune system cells and between immune cells and those of other tissue types. ...

The drug TGN1412, also produced by TeGenero, which unexpectedly caused multiple organ failure in trials, is a superagonist of CD28 receptors. TGN1412 (also known as CD28-SuperMAB®) is the working name of an immunomodulatory drug intended for the treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and rheumatoid arthritis. ... Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - M.O.D.S. (previously known as multiple organ failure) is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to maintain homeostasis. ...

See also

• List of human clusters of differentiation