NationMaster - Encyclopedia: CRYPTREC

CRYPTREC is the Cryptography Research and Evaluation Committee set up by the Japanese Government to evaluate and recommend cryptographic techniques for government and industrial use. It is comparable in many respects to the European Union's NESSIE project and to the Advanced Encryption Standard process run by NIST in the U.S.. Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ... NESSIE (New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity and Encryption) was a European research project funded from 2000–2003 to identify secure cryptographic primitives. ... The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), was chosen using a process markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the ageing Data Encryption Standard (DES). ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... United States is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ...

Comparison with NESSIE

There is some overlap, and some conflict, between the NESSIE selections and the CRYPTREC draft recommendations. Both efforts include some of the best cryptographers in the world, and actual (or apparent) conflicts in their selections and recommendations should be examined very carefully. For instance, CRYPTREC recommends several 64 bit block cyphers while NESSIE selected none, but CRYPTREC was obliged by its terms of reference to take into account existing standards and practices, while NESSIE was not. Similar differences in terms of reference account for CRYPTREC recommending at least one stream cypher, RC4, while the NESSIE report specifically said that it was notable that they had not selected any of those considered. RC4 is widely used in the SSL/TLS protocols; nevertheless, CRYPTREC recommended that it only be used with 128-bit keys. Essentially the same consideration led to CRYPTREC's inclusion of 160-bit message digest algorithms, despite their suggestion that they be avoided in new system designs. Also, CRYPTREC was unusually careful to examine variants and modifications of the techniques, or at least to discuss their care in doing so; this resulted in particularly detailed recommendations regarding them. The operation of A5/1, a LFSR-based stream cipher used to encrypt mobile phone conversations. ... Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. ...

Background and sponsors

CRYPTREC includes members from Japanese academia, industry, and government. It was started in May 2000 by combining efforts from several agencies who were investigating methods and techniques for implementing 'e-Government' in Japan. Presently, it is sponsored by Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...

Responsibilities

It is also the organization providing technical evaluation and recommendations in regard to regulations implementing Japanese laws: examples include that on Electronic Signatures and Certification Services (Law 102 of FY2000, taking effect as from April 2001), the Basic Law on the Formulation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society of 2000 (Law 144 of FY2000), and the Public Individual Certification Law of December 2002. Furthermore, CRYPTEC has responsibilities with regard to the Japanese contribution to the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC27 standardization effort. ISO has many meanings: Iso is the stem of the Latin transliteration of the Greek word Î¯ÏƒÎ¿Ï‚ (Ãsos, meaning equal). The iso- prefix in English derives from this and means equality or similarity. ... The initials IEC can stand for: Independent Electoral Commission Industrial Emergency Council Inertial electrostatic confinement (in fusion energy) Institut des Experts-comptables et des Conseils fiscaux Institut dEstudis Catalans, Catalan Studies Institute Interactive Evolutionary Computation International Education Centre International Electrical Congress International Electrotechnical Commission See also IEC connector for...

Techniques evaluated

The Committee issued public calls for submissions in June 2000 and in August 2001, and received a total of 63 submissions. In addition it compiled a list of techniques which were not directly submitted but which have been adopted as recommended techniques elsewhere and judged important (called indispensable cryptographic techniques), or whose evaluation was requested by other organizations or which had special legal significance in Japan (called specific evaluation target techniques).

The Committee has issued reports on its progress in 2001, 2002, and 2003, and produced a draft report and recommendation in August of 2003. The draft report recommends many cryptographic algorithms, protocols, and techniques, but some of them are recommended only conditionally. The list below includes the conditions noted (in italics).

Evaluated techniques (as of 2002)

NB: there is overlap between the two 'not submitted' groups. This arose from the history and has no other meaning.

specific evaluation targets (not submitted to CRYPTREC): DSA may stand for: Driving Standards Agency, an Executive Agency of the British Department for Transport Das Schwarze Auge (German adventure role-playing game) Democratic Socialists of America Direct Selling Association Digital Signature Algorithm Directory System Agent, part of X.500 Directory Service Agent, part of Microsoft Exchange Distributed Systems... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... Elliptic Curve DSA (EC-DSA) is a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm which operates on elliptic curve groups. ... Diffie-Hellman key exchange is a cryptographic protocol which allows two parties to agree on a secret key over an insecure communication channel. ... General Designer(s) IBM First published 1975 (January 1977 as the standard) Derived from Lucifer (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 56 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best... NBS can stand for: Nash Bargaining Solution in Economics National Banking System in Economics National Bureau of Standards which is, today, called NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... NSA can stand for: National Security Agency of the USA The British Librarys National Sound Archive This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In cryptography, Triple DES (also 3DES) is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher. ... In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the U.S. government. ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... In cryptography, MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely-used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. ... RIPEMD-160 (RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest) is a 160-bit message digest algorithm (and cryptographic hash function) developed in Europe by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers and Bart Preneel, and first published in 1996. ... The SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) family is a set of related cryptographic hash functions designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... NSA can stand for: National Security Agency of the USA The British Librarys National Sound Archive This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) family is a set of related cryptographic hash functions designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). ... The SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) family is a set of related cryptographic hash functions designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). ... The SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) family is a set of related cryptographic hash functions designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). ... DSA may stand for: Driving Standards Agency, an Executive Agency of the British Department for Transport Das Schwarze Auge (German adventure role-playing game) Democratic Socialists of America Direct Selling Association Digital Signature Algorithm Directory System Agent, part of X.500 Directory Service Agent, part of Microsoft Exchange Distributed Systems... FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ... The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ... FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ...

submitted techniques: General Designer(s) IBM First published 1975 (January 1977 as the standard) Derived from Lucifer (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 56 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best... In cryptography, Triple DES (also 3DES) is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher. ... General Designer(s) Ron Rivest First published source code leaked 1996 (designed 1987) Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 8â€“128 bits, in steps of eight bits; default 64 bits Structure Source-heavy Feistel network Number of rounds... A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... For the Vietnam road named RC4, see Route Coloniale 4. ...

RSA-PSS is a new signature scheme that is based on the RSA cryptosystem and provides increased security assurance. ... In cryptography, MISTY1 (or MISTY-1) is a block cipher designed in 1995 by Mitsuru Matsui and others for Mitsubishi Electric. ... In cryptography, Camellia is a block cipher that has been evaluated favorably by several organisations, including the European Unions NESSIE project (a selected algorithm), and the Japanese CRYPTREC project (a recommended algorithm). ... In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. ... In cryptography, MUGI is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use as a stream cipher. ... In cryptography, MULTI-S01 (pronounced multi-ess-zero-one), is an encryption algorithm based on a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). ...

Recommended techniques (as of Nov 2002, pub in Aug 2003 draft report)

NB: italics denote contingent recommendation condition(s)
Public Key Algorithms (aka asymmetric key algorithms w/ public/private key property)

Cryptographic Hash Algorithms (256-bit or larger digests are to be preferred in new designs. The two 160-bit digest algorithms listed are acceptable if already included in a current public key specification)

Cryptographic Pseudo-Random Number Generators -- those listed are examples only, none are recommended

External links

Category: Cryptography standards Encryption Decryption In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. ... In cryptography, 3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen, who also (with Vincent Rijmen) designed Rijndael, the winner of NISTs Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest. ... In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the U.S. government. ... Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, and combined features from IDEA and RC5. ... Anubis is a block cipher designed by Vincent Rijmen and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto as an entrant in the NESSIE project. ... General Designer(s) Bruce Schneier First published 1993 Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design Twofish Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 32-448 bits in steps of 8 bits; default 128 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best cryptanalysis Four rounds of... The Cryptomeria cipher, commonly refered to as C2 is a proprietary block cipher defined and licensed by the 4C Entity. ... In cryptography, Camellia is a block cipher that has been evaluated favorably by several organisations, including the European Unions NESSIE project (a selected algorithm), and the Japanese CRYPTREC project (a recommended algorithm). ... Three rounds of the CAST-128 block cipher In cryptography, CAST-128 (alternatively CAST5) is a block cipher used in a number of products, notably as the default cipher in some versions of GPG and PGP. It has also been approved for Canadian government use by the Communications Security Establishment. ... In cryptography, CAST-256 (or CAST6) is a block cipher published in June 1998 and submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). ... In cryptography, Cobra is the general name of a family of data-dependent permutation based block ciphers: Cobra-128, Cobra-F64a, Cobra-F64b, Cobra-H64 and Cobra-H128. ... In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States. ... In cryptography, the CS-Cipher is a block cipher invented by Jacques Stern and Serge Vaudenay in 1998. ... Deal can refer to: an agreement reached after negotiation, for example a contract to sell as a dealer or dealership a bargain a situation, as in whats the deal with the Johnson account ?. a problem, as in whats your deal ?. Deal$, a U.S. dollar store a Deal... General Designer(s) IBM First published 1975 (January 1977 as the standard) Derived from Lucifer (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 56 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best... In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called key whitening. ... General Designer(s) Akihiro Shimizu and Shoji Miyaguchi (NTT) First published FEAL-4 in 1987; FEAL-N/NX in 1990 Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 64 bits (128 bits for FEAL-NX) Structure Feistel network Number of... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frog is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail). ... In cryptography, the Generalized DES Scheme (G-DES or GDES) is a variant of the DES block cipher designed to speed-up the encryption. ... Diagram of GOST In cryptography, GOST (Russian Ð“ÐžÐ¡Ð¢) (GOsudarstvennyi STandard, Russian for Government Standard) is a symmetric key block cipher published in 1990 as the Soviet standard (GOST 28147-89). ... The Hasty Pudding Cipher (abbreviated HPC) is a variable-block-size block cipher which was an unsuccessful candidate in the competition for selecting the U.S. Advanced Encryption Standard. ... General Designer(s) Matthew Kwan First published 1997 Derived from (DES) Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 64 bits for ICE, 64n for ICE-n Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 for ICE, 8 for Thin-ICE, 16n for... General Designer(s) James Massey, Xuejia Lai First published 1991 Derived from PES Cipher(s) based on this design MESH, Akelarre, FOX (IDEA NXT) Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 128 bits Structure Substitution-permutation network Number of rounds 8. ... In cryptography, the IDEA NXT algorithm (previously known as FOX) is a block cipher designed by Pascal Junod and Serge Vaudenay of EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland). ... In cryptography, KASUMI, also termed A5/3, is a block cipher used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms (f9) for 3GPP mobile communications. ... In cryptography, KHAZAD is a block cipher designed by Paulo S. L. M. Barreto together with Vincent Rijmen, one of the designers of the Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael). ... In cryptography, Khufu and Khafre are two block ciphers designed by Ralph Merkle in 1989 while working at Xeroxs Palo Alto Research Center. ... Libelle is a German cipher system, developed by the Federal Office for Information Security. ... This picture, from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript, shows Loki with his invention - the fishing net. ... General Designer(s) Lawrie Brown, assisted by Jennifer Seberry and Josef Pieprzyk First published 1998 Derived from LOKI91 Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 128 bits Key size(s) 128, 192 or 256 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best cryptanalysis Linear cryptanalysis... In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a direct precursor to the Data Encryption Standard. ... In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop. ... In cryptography, Madryga is a block cipher created in 1984 by W. E. Madryga. ... Magenta is a color made up of red and blue light. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... In cryptography, MISTY1 (or MISTY-1) is a block cipher designed in 1995 by Mitsuru Matsui and others for Mitsubishi Electric. ... In cryptography, MMB (Modular Multiplication-based Block cipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher. ... In cryptography, NewDES is a symmetric key block cipher. ... Noekeon is a block cipher with a block and key length of 128 bits. ... General Designer(s) Ron Rivest First published source code leaked 1996 (designed 1987) Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 8â€“128 bits, in steps of eight bits; default 64 bits Structure Source-heavy Feistel network Number of rounds... General Designer(s) Ron Rivest First published 1994 Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design RC6, Akelarre Algorithm detail Block size(s) 32, 64 or 128 bits (64 suggested) Key size(s) 0 to 2040 bits (128 suggested) Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 12 suggested originally Best cryptanalysis... In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. ... In cryptography, REDOC II and REDOC III are block ciphers designed by Michael Wood for Cryptech Inc and are optimised for use in software. ... Red Pike is a classified United Kingdom government cipher, proposed for use by the National Health Service by GCHQ, but designed for a broad range of applications in the British government [1]. Little is publicly known about Red Pike, except that it is a block cipher with a 64-bit... Uplandia Regiment, or Upplands regemente, also S 1, is a Swedish Army signaling regiment that traces its origins back to the 19th Century. ... This article is about the encryption algorithm. ... A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher which was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, where it came second to Rijndael. ... SHACAL-1 and SHACAL-2 are block ciphers based on cryptographic hash function from the SHA family. ... Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes Sharks are groups (superorder Selachimorpha) of fish, with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a streamlined body. ... In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher â€” an algorithm for encryption â€” developed by the US National Security Agency (NSA). ... SMS4 is a block cipher used in Chinese National Standard for Wireless LAN WAPI (Wired Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure). ... In cryptography, Square (sometimes written SQUARE) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. ... General Designer(s) Roger Needham and David Wheeler First published 1994 Derived from - Cipher(s) based on this design XTEA Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 128 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds variable; recommended 64 Feistel rounds; 32 cycles Best cryptanalysis TEA suffers from... In cryptography, Triple DES (also 3DES) is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher. ... In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. ... General Designer(s) Roger Needham and David Wheeler First published 1997 Derived from Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 128 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds variable; recommended 64 Feistel rounds; 32 cycles Best cryptanalysis... In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network. ... The key-schedule of DES In cryptography, the algorithm for computing the subkeys for each round in a product cipher from the encryption (or decryption) key is called the key schedule. ... In cryptography, a product cipher is a popular type of block cipher that works by executing in sequence a number of simple transformations such as substitution, permutation, and modular arithmetic. ... In cryptography, a substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms. ... In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution-permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES. These networks consist of S-boxes and P-boxes that transform blocks of input bits into output bits. ... The EFFs US$250,000 DES cracking machine contained over 1,800 custom chips and could brute force a DES key in a matter of days â€” the photograph shows a DES Cracker circuit board fitted with several Deep Crack chips In cryptanalysis, a brute force attack is a method... In cryptography, linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher. ... Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptÃ³s, hidden, and analÃ½ein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... In cryptography, mod n cryptanalysis is an attack applicable to block and stream ciphers. ... In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker. ... New Scientist magazine featured the XSL attack in June 2003 with an article billed as Cipher crisis: the end of internet privacy. In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. ... The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), was chosen using a process markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the ageing Data Encryption Standard (DES). ... NESSIE (New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity and Encryption) was a European research project funded from 2000–2003 to identify secure cryptographic primitives. ... This article is about cryptography; for other meanings, see snowball effect. ... In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. ... In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) is a block of bits that is required to allow a stream cipher or a block cipher executed in any of several streaming modes of operation to produce a unique stream independent from other streams produced by the same encryption key, without having to... In cryptography, the key size (alternatively key length) is a measure of the number of possible keys which can be used in a cipher. ... In cryptography, a block cipher operates on blocks of fixed length, often 64 or 128 bits. ... In cryptanalysis, the piling-up lemma is a principle used in linear cryptanalysis to construct linear approximations to the action of block ciphers. ... In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek ÎºÏÏ…Ï€Ï„ÏŒÏ‚ kryptÃ³s hidden, and Î³ÏÎ¬Ï†ÎµÎ¹Î½ grÃ¡fein to write) is the study of message secrecy. ... The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptÃ³s, hidden, and analÃ½ein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... This article is intended to be an analytic glossary, or alternatively, an organized collection of annotated pointers. ... Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use trivially related cryptographic keys for both decryption and encryption. ... Encryption Decryption In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. ... The operation of A5/1, a LFSR-based stream cipher used to encrypt mobile phone conversations. ... Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key. ... In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. ... A cryptographic message authentication code (MAC) is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message. ... A cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. ...

Contents

Comparison with NESSIE var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};