Depiction of Cædmon carved on a stone memorial cross on the grounds of St Mary's Church in Whitby. The inscription reads: "To the Glory of God and in memory of Cædmon the father of English sacred song fell asleep hard by 680".

Cædmon (IPA: [kædmɒn]) is the earliest English poet whose name is known. An Anglo-Saxon herdsman attached to the double monastery of Streonæshalch (Whitby Abbey) during the abbacy of St. Hilda (657–680), he was originally ignorant of "the art of song" but supposedly learned to compose one night in the course of a dream. He later became a zealous monk and an accomplished and inspirational religious poet. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (729x1304, 229 KB) Permission to use this photograph in the Cædmon article on Wikipedia has been granted to me in a letter by the photographer, Peter Green. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (729x1304, 229 KB) Permission to use this photograph in the Cædmon article on Wikipedia has been granted to me in a letter by the photographer, Peter Green. ... Whitby is a historic town in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... The English are an ethnic group originating in the lowlands of Great Britain and are descendent primarily from the Anglo-Saxons, the Celts with minor influences from the Scandanavians and other groups. ... Many regard William Shakespeare as the greatest English poet. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... A herder is a worker who lives a semi-nomadic life, caring for various domestic animals, especially in places where these animals wander unfenced pasture lands. ... Monastery of St. ... The ruins of Whitby Abbey Illustration of the ruins of Whitby Abbey Whitby Abbey from pond Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine abbey sited on Whitbys East Cliff in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ... Hilda of Whitby is a Christian Saint. ... Events June 2 - Pope Eugene I dies and is subsequently canonized. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Munichs city symbol celebrates its founding by Benedictine monks—and the origin of its name A monk is a person who practices religious asceticism, the conditioning of mind and body in favor of the spirit. ... Christian poetry is any poetry that contains Christian teachings, themes, or references. ...

Cædmon is one of twelve Anglo-Saxon poets identified in medieval sources, and one of only three for whom both roughly contemporary biographical information and examples of literary output have survived.^[1] His story is related in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ("Ecclesiastical History of the English People") by St. Bede who wrote, "[t]here was in the Monastery of this Abbess a certain brother particularly remarkable for the Grace of God, who was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of scripture, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in English, which was his native language. By his verse the minds of many were often excited to despise the world, and to aspire to heaven." The initial page of the Peterborough Chronicle, likely scribed around 1150, is one of the major sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Folio 3v from Codex Beda Petersburgiensis (746) The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the Venerable Bede on the history of the Church in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict between Roman... Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Cædmon's only known surviving work is Cædmon's Hymn, the nine-line alliterative vernacular praise poem in honour of God he supposedly learned to sing in his initial dream. The poem is one of the earliest attested examples of Old English and is, with the runic Ruthwell Cross and Franks Casket inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry. It is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The Old English epic poem Beowulf is written in alliterative verse. ... Look up Vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... One or more images would improve this articles quality. ... The Franks Casket (or the Auzon Runic Casket) is a little whalebone chest, dateable from its pagan elements to the early 7th century, decorated with images and Futhorc runic inscriptions. ... The initial page of the Peterborough Chronicle, likely scribed around 1150, is one of the major sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. ... The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ...

Life

Bede's account

The sole source of original information about Cædmon's life and work is Bede's Historia ecclesiastica.^[2] According to Bede, Cædmon was a lay brother who worked as a herdsman at the monastery Streonæshalch (now known as Whitby Abbey). One evening, while the monks were feasting, singing, and playing a harp, Cædmon left early to sleep with the animals because he knew no songs. While asleep, he had a dream in which "someone" (quidem) approached him and asked him to sing principium creaturarum, "the beginning of created things." After first refusing to sing, Cædmon subsequently produced a short eulogistic poem praising God as the creator of heaven and earth. Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... Historia Ecclesiastica is the name of many different writings by different authors, usually documenting the history of Christianity. ... Lay brothers are Catholic religious occupied solely with manual labour and with the secular affairs of a monastery or friary. ... For the a German literary figure see Johann Gottfried Herder A herder is a worker who lives a semi-nomadic life, caring for various domestic animals, especially in places where these animals wander unfenced pasture lands. ... The ruins of Whitby Abbey Illustration of the ruins of Whitby Abbey Whitby Abbey from pond Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine abbey sited on Whitbys East Cliff in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ... Look up eulogy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Whitby is a town on the North Sea, on the northeast coast of North Yorkshire.

Upon awakening the next morning, Cædmon remembered everything he had sung and added additional lines to his poem. He told his foreman about his dream and gift and was taken immediately to see the abbess. The abbess and her counsellors asked Cædmon about his vision and, satisfied that it was a gift from God, gave him a new commission, this time for a poem based on “a passage of sacred history or doctrine”, by way of a test. When Cædmon returned the next morning with the requested poem, he was ordered to take monastic vows. The abbess ordered her scholars to teach Cædmon sacred history and doctrine, which after a night of thought, Bede records, Cædmon would turn into the most beautiful verse. According to Bede, Cædmon was responsible for a large oeuvre of splendid vernacular poetic texts on a variety of Christian topics. Image File history File links Dot4gb. ... Image File history File links Gb4dot. ... Whitby is a historic town in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county, located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England in the United Kingdom, and a ceremonial county in that region and also partly in North East England. ... An Abbess (Latin abbatissa, fem. ... Monastic vows are the public vows of poverty, chastity and obedience professed by the monks in the Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox tradition. ...

After a long and zealously pious life, Cædmon died like a saint: receiving a premonition of death, he asked to be moved to the abbey’s hospice for the terminally ill where, having gathered his friends around him, he expired just before nocturns. Although often listed as a saint, this is not confirmed by Bede and it has recently been argued that such assertions are incorrect.^[3] In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are usually depicted as having halos. ... Palliative care is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of the symptoms of a disease or slows its progress rather than providing a cure. ... Terminal illness is a medical term popularized in the 20th century for an active and progressive disease which cannot be cured and is expected to lead to death and or death due to symptoms of disease. ... Nocturns (Latin: Nocturni or Nocturna) are an ancient form of Christian night prayer. ...

Dates

Bede gives no specific dates in his story. Cædmon is said to have taken holy orders at an advanced age and it is implied that he lived at Streonæshalch at least in part during Hilda’s abbacy (657–680). Book IV Chapter 25 of the Historia ecclesiastica appears to suggest that Cædmon’s death occurred at about the same time as the fire at Coldingham Abbey, an event dated in the E text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to 679, but after 681 by Bede.^[4] The reference to his temporibus ‘at this time’ in the opening lines of Chapter 25 may refer more generally to Cædmon’s career as a poet. However, the next datable event in the Historia ecclesiastica is King Ecgfrith’s raid on Ireland in 684 (Book IV, Chapter 26). Taken together, this evidence suggests an active period beginning between 657 and 680 and ending between 679 and 684. Catholic deacon candidates prostrate before the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles during a 2004 diaconate ordination liturgy Holy Orders in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and Independent Catholic churches includes three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons and their settlement in Great Britain. ... Events Adamnan becomes abbot of the monastery on Iona. ... Ecgfrith (645–May 20, 685) was the King of Northumbria from 670 until his death. ... Events Wu Ze Tian took power in China. ...

Modern discoveries

The only biographical or historical information that modern scholarship has been able to add to Bede’s account concerns the Brittonic origins of the poet’s name. Although Bede specifically notes that English was Cædmon’s “own” language, the poet’s name is of Celtic origin: from Proto-Welsh *Cadṽan and Brittonic *Catumandos.^[5] Several scholars have suggested that Cædmon himself may have been bilingual on the basis of this etymology, Hilda’s close contact with Celtic political and religious hierarchies, and some (not very close) analogues to the Hymn in Old Irish poetry.^[6] Other scholars have noticed a possible onomastic allusion to ‘Adam Kadmon’ in the poet’s name, perhaps suggesting that the entire story is allegorical.^[7] Celts redirects here. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language which can be more or less fully reconstructed from extant sources. ... Onomastics (Onomatology) is the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. ... In the religious writings of Kabbalah, Adam Kadmon is a phrase meaning Primordial Man, or Primal Man, comparable to the Anthropos of Gnosticism and Manichaeism. ...

Other medieval sources

Ruins of Streonæshalch (Whitby Abbey) in North Yorkshire, England — founded in 657 by St. Hilda, the abbey fell to a viking attack in 867 and was abandoned. It was re-built in 1078 and flourished until 1540 when it was destroyed by Henry VIII.

No other independent accounts of Cædmon’s life and work are known to exist. The only other reference to Cædmon in English sources before the 12^th century is found in the 10^th century Old English translation of Bede's Latin Historia. Otherwise, no mention of Cædmon is found in the corpus of surviving Old English. The Old English translation of the Historia ecclesiastica does contain several minor details not found in Bede’s Latin original account. Of these, the most significant is that Cædmon felt “shame” for his inability to sing vernacular songs before his vision, and the suggestion that Hilda’s scribes copied down his verse æt muðe “from his mouth”.^[8] These differences are in keeping with the Old English translator’s practice in reworking Bede’s Latin original,^[9] however, and need not, as Wrenn argues, suggest the existence of an independent English tradition of the Cædmon story.^[10] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1530x1104, 248 KB) Summary Whitby Abbey - Project Gutenberg eText 16785 From The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Catholic Heritage in English Literature of Pre-Conquest Days, by Emily Hickey http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1530x1104, 248 KB) Summary Whitby Abbey - Project Gutenberg eText 16785 From The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Catholic Heritage in English Literature of Pre-Conquest Days, by Emily Hickey http://www. ... The ruins of Whitby Abbey Illustration of the ruins of Whitby Abbey Whitby Abbey from pond Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine abbey sited on Whitbys East Cliff in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. ... North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county, located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England in the United Kingdom, and a ceremonial county in that region and also partly in North East England. ... Events June 2 - Pope Eugene I dies and is subsequently canonized. ... Hilda of Whitby is a Christian Saint. ... The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of the British Isles, France and other parts of Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late... Events September - Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. ... Events Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain Anselm of Canterbury becomes abbot of Le Bec William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built Births Deaths Categories: 1078 ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Silver groat of Henry VIII, minted ca. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ...

The Heliand

A second, possibly pre-12^th century allusion to the Cædmon story is found in two Latin texts associated with the Old Saxon Heliand poem. These texts, the Praefatio (Preface) and Versus de Poeta (Lines about the poet), explain the origins of an Old Saxon biblical translation (for which the Heliand is the only known candidate)^[11] in language strongly reminiscent of, and indeed at times identical to, Bede’s account of Cædmon’s career.^[12] According to the prose Praefatio, the Old Saxon poem was composed by a renowned vernacular poet at the command of the emperor Louis the Pious; the text then adds that this poet had known nothing of vernacular composition until he was ordered to translate the precepts of sacred law into vernacular song in a dream. The Versus de Poeta contain an expanded account of the dream itself, adding that the poet had been a herdsman before his inspiration and that the inspiration itself had come through the medium of a heavenly voice when he fell asleep after pasturing his cattle. While our knowledge of these texts is based entirely on a 16^th century edition by Flacius Illyricus,^[13] both are usually assumed on semantic and grammatical grounds to be of medieval composition.^[14] This apparent debt to the Cædmon story agrees with semantic evidence attested to by Green demonstrating the influence of Anglo Saxon biblical poetry and terminology on early continental Germanic literatures.^[15] Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a Germanic language. ... The Heliand (IPA , ) is an epic poem in Old Saxon, written about 825. ... Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Matthias Flacius taught a strong view of what later theologians would call total depravity. ...

Sources and analogues

In contrast to his usual practice elsewhere in the Historia ecclesiastica, Bede provides no information about his sources for the Cædmon story. Since a similar paucity of sources is also characteristic of other stories from Whitby Abbey in his work, this may indicate that his knowledge of Cædmon's life was based on tradition current at his home monastery in (relatively) nearby Wearmouth-Jarrow. Wearmouth-Jarrow Abbey is a twin-founation abbey located on the River Wear at Wearmouth and the River Don at Jarrow respectively, in the Kingdom of Northumbria (now in County Durham). ...

Perhaps as a result of this lack of documentation, scholars have devoted considerable attention since the 1830s to tracking down possible sources or analogues to Bede's account. These parallels have been drawn from all around the world, including biblical and classical literature, stories told by the aboriginal peoples of Australia, North America and the Fiji Islands, mission-age accounts of the conversion of the Xhosa in Southern Africa, the lives of English romantic poets, and various elements of Hindu and Muslim scripture and tradition.^[16] Although the search was begun by scholars such as Sir Francis Palgrave, who hoped either to find Bede’s source for the Cædmon story or to demonstrate that that its details were so commonplace as to hardly merit consideration as legitimate historiography,^[17] subsequent research has instead ended up demonstrating the uniqueness of Bede’s version: as Lester shows, no “analogue” to the Cædmon story found before 1974 parallels Bede’s chapter in more than about half its key features;^[18] the same observation can be extended to cover all analogues since identified.^[19] Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... A Hupa man. ... Indigenous Fijians are the major indigenous people of the Fiji Islands. ... The Xhosa (IPA ) people are a group of peoples of Bantu origins living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two centuries throughout the southern and central southern parts of the country. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Romantic poetry was part of the Romantic movement of European literature during the 18th-19th centuries. ... Hindu scripture is overwhelmingly written in Sanskrit. ... The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎, literally the recitation; also called The Noble Qurān; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Sir Francis Palgrave, born Francis Cohen, (1788 - 1861) was a historian. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Work

General corpus

Bede’s account indicates that Cædmon was responsible for the composition of a large oeuvre of vernacular religious poetry. In contrast to Saints Aldhelm and Dunstan,^[20] Cædmon’s poetry is said to have been exclusively religious. Bede reports that Cædmon “could never compose any foolish or trivial poem, but only those which were concerned with devotion” and his list of Cædmon’s output includes work on religious subjects only: accounts of creation, translations from the Old and New Testaments, and songs about the “terrors of future judgment, horrors of hell, … joys of the heavenly kingdom, … and divine mercies and judgments.” Of this corpus, only the opening lines of his first poem survive. While vernacular poems matching Bede’s description of several of Cædmon’s later works are found in London, British Library, Junius 11 (traditionally referred to as the “Junius” or “Cædmon” manuscript), the older traditional attribution of these texts to Cædmon or Cædmon’s influence cannot stand. The poems show significant stylistic differences both internally and with Cædmon’s original Hymn,^[21] and there is nothing about their order or content to suggest that they could not have been composed and anthologised without any influence from Bede’s discussion of Cædmon’s oeuvre: the first three Junius poems are in their biblical order and, while Christ and Satan could be understood as partially fitting Bede’s description of Cædmon’s work on future judgment, pains of hell and joys of the heavenly kingdom,^[22] the match is not exact enough to preclude independent composition. As Fritz and Day have shown, indeed, Bede’s list itself may owe less to direct knowledge of Cædmon’s actual output than to traditional ideas about the subjects fit for Christian poetry^[23] or the order of the catechism.^[24] Similar influences may, of course, also have affected the makeup of the Junius volume.^[25] Saint Aldhelm (c. ... Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was an Archbishop of Canterbury (961–988) who was later canonized as a saint. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Categories: Art stubs | Literature stubs | Illuminated manuscripts ... MS Junius 11 (Caedmon or Junius manuscript) is one of the four major Anglo-Saxon poetical codices. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ...

Cædmon's Hymn

One of two candidates for the earliest surviving copy of Cædmon's Hymn is found in "The Moore Bede" (ca. 737) which is held by the Cambridge University Library (Kk. 5. 16, often referred to as M). The other candidate is St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18 (P)

The only known survivor from Cædmon’s oeuvre is his Hymn (audio version^[26]). The poem is known from twenty-one manuscript copies,^[27] making it the best-attested Old English poem after Bede’s Death Song (35 witnesses) and the best attested in the poetic corpus in manuscripts copied or owned in the British Isles during the Anglo-Saxon period.^[28] The Hymn also has by far the most complicated known textual history of any surviving Anglo-Saxon poem. It is found in two dialects and five distinct recensions (Northumbrian aelda, Northumbrian eordu, West-Saxon eorðan, West-Saxon ylda, and West-Saxon eorðe), all but one of which are known from three or more witnesses.^[29] It is one of the earliest attested examples of written Old English and one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language.^[30] Together with the runic Ruthwell Cross and Franks Casket inscriptions, Cædmon's Hymn is one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry.^[31] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (878x117, 41 KB) Summary Image of Cædmons Hymn in the Moore manuscript (737), Cambridge, Kk. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (878x117, 41 KB) Summary Image of Cædmons Hymn in the Moore manuscript (737), Cambridge, Kk. ... Cambridge University Library The Cambridge University Library is the centrally-administered library of the University of Cambridge in England. ... A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ... Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts. ... Recension is the name given to the critical revision of the text of an author, or the revised text itself. ... The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ... One or more images would improve this articles quality. ... The Franks Casket (or the Auzon Runic Casket) is a little whalebone chest, dateable from its pagan elements to the early 7th century, decorated with images and Futhorc runic inscriptions. ... The initial page of the Peterborough Chronicle, likely scribed around 1150, is one of the major sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. ...

Manuscript evidence

All copies of Hymn are found in manuscripts of the Historia ecclesiastica or its translation, where they serve as either a gloss to Bede’s Latin translation of the Old English poem, or, in the case of the Old English version, a replacement for Bede's translation in the main text of the History. Despite this close connection with Bede’s work, the Hymn does not appear to have been transmitted with the Historia ecclesiastica regularly until relatively late in its textual history. Scribes other than those responsible for the main text often copy the vernacular text of the Hymn in manuscripts of the Latin Historia. In three cases, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 243, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 43, and Winchester, Cathedral I, the poem is copied by scribes working a quarter-century or more after the main text was first set down.^[32] Even when the poem is in the same hand as the manuscript’s main text, there is little evidence to suggest that it was copied from the same exemplar as the Latin Historia: nearly identical versions of the Old English poem are found in manuscripts belonging to different recensions of the Latin text; closely related copies of the Latin Historia sometimes contain very different versions of the Old English poem. With the exception of the Old English translation, no single recension of the Historia ecclesiastica is characterised by the presence of a particular recension of the vernacular poem.^[33] A gloss is a note made in the margins or between the lines of a book, in which the meaning of the text in its original language is explained in another language. ...

Earliest text

The oldest known version of the poem is the Northumbrian aelda recension.^[34] The surviving witnesses to this text, Cambridge, University Library, Kk. 5. 16 (M) and St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18 (P), date to at least the mid-8^th century. M in particular is traditionally ascribed to Bede's own monastery and life time, though there is little evidence to suggest it was copied much before the mid-8^th century.^[35] Northumbria is primarily the name of an Anglian or Anglo-Saxon kingdom which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, and of the earldom which succeeded the kingdom. ... Recension is the name given to the critical revision of the text of an author, or the revised text itself. ... The Moore Bede (Cambridge, University Library, Kk. ... The Leningrad manuscript, sometimes called the Leningrad Bede, is an early surviving manuscript of Bedes 8th century history, the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiatical History of the English People). ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...

The following text has been transcribed from M (mid-8^th century; Northumbria). Text has been normalised to show modern punctuation and line- and word-division:

Notes

Saint Aldhelm (c. ... In English The meaning of the name Alfred is: Sage; wise; elvin. ... Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... Canute (sometimes Cnut; Danish Knud) is the name of several kings of Denmark, two of whom reigned also over England during the first half of the 11th century. ... I wont stop until Dat dere cell-tech is on the English language article: Ronnie coleman! ... Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was an Archbishop of Canterbury (961–988) who was later canonized as a saint. ... Hereward the Wake was an 11th century English, Anglo Saxon, leader who led resistance to the Norman Conquest and was consequently labelled an outlaw. ... The most well known people called Wulfstan in history are: St. ... In English The meaning of the name Alfred is: Sage; wise; elvin. ... Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... Image File history File links Loudspeaker. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The term sigil may refer to: A seal (device) or signet ring. ... The Moore Bede (Cambridge, University Library, Kk. ... The Leningrad manuscript, sometimes called the Leningrad Bede, is an early surviving manuscript of Bedes 8th century history, the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiatical History of the English People). ...

References

Sir Israel Gollancz (1864 - 1930) was the studier of early English literature, Shakespeare. ... Sir Francis Palgrave, born Francis Ephraim Cohen, (1788 - 1861) was a historian. ... Charles Plummer (1851-1927) was an English historian, best known for editing Sir John Fortescues The Governance of England, and for coining the term bastard feudalism. He is the best-known editor of Bede, and also edited numerous Irish and Hiberno-Latin texts, including the two volume Vitae Sanctae... Charles Leslie Wrenn was a British scholar. ...

External links

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:

Cædmon

• Bede's Story of Caedmon
• Bede's World
• Caedmon at Whitby Attractions
• St. Hilda and Caedmon Page at St. Wilfrid's
• Early British Kingdoms: St. Caedmon