| Caffeine |
 |
 | | IUPAC name | 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione | | Other names | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, trimethylxanthine,
theine, methyltheobromine | | Identifiers | | CAS number | [58-08-2] | | RTECS number | EV6475000 | | SMILES | C[n]1cnc2N(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)c12 | | Properties | | Molecular formula | C8H10N4O2 | | Molar mass | 194.19 g·mol−1 | | Appearance | Odorless, white needles or powder | | Density | 1.2 g·cm−3, solid | | Melting point | 237 °C (non-equilibrium, superheated) Caffeine can mean: - Caffeine is the name of an alkaloid present in certain plants, e. ...
Image File history File links Caffeine. ...
Image File history File links Caffeine-3D-QuteMol. ...
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ...
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ...
A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ...
For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...
The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
| | Boiling point | 178 °C (sublimes) Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
| | Solubility in water | 22 mg·mL−1 (25 °C)
180 mg·mL−1 (80 °C)
670 mg·mL−1 (100 °C) | | Hazards | | MSDS | External MSDS | | Main hazards | May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed
or absorbed through the skin. | | NFPA 704 | | | Flash point | N/A | | LD50 | 192 mg/kg (rat, oral)[1] | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references | Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic[2] in humans and other animals. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819. He coined the term "kaffein", a chemical compound in coffee, which in English became caffeine. [3] Caffeine is also called guaranine when found in guarana, mateine when found in mate, and theine when found in tea; all of these names are synonyms for the same chemical compound. Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
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The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ...
Image File history File links NFPA_704. ...
For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the toxicological term. ...
The plimsoll symbol as used in shipping In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). ...
Xanthines are a group of alkaloids that are commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. ...
Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ...
A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...
Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ...
For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation). ...
This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. ...
Binomial name Kunth Guarana (Brazillian name guaraná) (IPA: , or ), Paullinia cupana (syn. ...
Mate Mate (pronounced ) is a caffeinated infusion prepared by steeping dried leaves of erva-mate (Portuguese) / yerba mate (Spanish) (Ilex paraguariensis) in hot water. ...
For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the beans, leaves, and fruit of over 60 plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the beans of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut or from cacao. Other sources include yerba mate, guarana berries, and the Yaupon Holly. Green beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) used for food or feed. ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...
u fuck in ua ...
A cropduster spreading pesticide. ...
Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
Coffee beans and a cup of coffee Coffee as a drink, usually served hot, is prepared from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. ...
Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ...
Binomial name (L.) Kuntze Camellia sinensis is the tea plant, the plant species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. ...
Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ...
For the town in French Guiana, see Cacao, French Guiana. ...
Binomial name A. St. ...
Binomial name Kunth Guarana (Brazillian name guaraná) (IPA: , or ), Paullinia cupana (syn. ...
Binomial name Ilex vomitoria Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria), also called cassina (a name shared with the Dahoon Holly), is an evergreen holly found in the southeast United States. ...
In humans, caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, having the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks enjoy great popularity. Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, but unlike most other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all jurisdictions. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily.[4] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists caffeine as a "Multiple Purpose Generally Recognized as Safe Food Substance".[5] Recent research, however, suggests that regular caffeine use during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage.[6] A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ...
Somnolence (or drowsiness, or hypersomnia) is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping unusually long periods. ...
For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...
A variety of energy drinks are available; the skinny bullet can shape is popular. ...
A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...
Occurrence
 Roasted coffee beans, the world's primary source of caffeine Caffeine is a plant alkaloid, found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide, with high caffeine levels being reported in seedlings that are still developing foliages, but are lacking mechanical protection;[7] caffeine paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon the plant.[8] High caffeine levels have also been found in the surrounding soil of coffee bean seedlings. It is therefore understood that caffeine has a natural function in both a natural pesticide and as an inhibitor of seed germination of other nearby coffee seedlings[9] thus giving it a better chance of survival. Download high resolution version (525x700, 91 KB)Coffee beans. ...
Download high resolution version (525x700, 91 KB)Coffee beans. ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ...
A cropduster spreading pesticide. ...
Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
The most commonly used caffeine-containing plants are coffee, tea, and to a lesser extent cocoa. Other, less commonly used, sources of caffeine include the yerba mate[10] and guarana plants, which are sometimes used in the preparation of teas and energy drinks. Two of caffeine's alternative names, mateine[11] and guaranine,[12] are derived from the names of these plants. Some yerba mate enthusiasts assert that mateine is a stereoisomer of caffeine, which would make it a different substance altogether.[10] However, caffeine is an achiral molecule, and therefore has no enantiomers; nor does it have other stereoisomers. Many natural sources of caffeine also contain widely varying mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine and other substances such as polyphenols which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.[13] For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name A. St. ...
Binomial name Kunth Guarana (Brazillian name guaraná) (IPA: , or ), Paullinia cupana (syn. ...
Stereoisomerism is the arrangement of atoms in molecules whose connectivity remains the same but their arrangement in space is different in each isomer. ...
The term chiral (pronounced ) is used to describe an object which is non-superimposable on its mirror image. ...
In chemistry, enantiomers (from the Greek á¼Î½Î¬Î½Ï„ιος, opposite, and μÎÏος, part or portion) are stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable complete mirror images of each other, much as ones left and right hands are the same but opposite. ...
Xanthines are a group of alkaloids that are commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. ...
Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ...
This page is about the muscular organ, the Heart. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Polyphenols are a group of vegetable chemical substances, characterized by the presence of more than one phenolic group. ...
The world's primary source of caffeine is the coffee bean (the seed of the coffee plant), from which coffee is brewed. Caffeine content in coffee varies widely depending on the type of coffee bean and the method of preparation used;[14] even beans within a given bush can show variations in concentration. In general, one serving of coffee ranges from 40 milligrams, for a single shot (30 milliliters) of arabica-variety espresso, to about 100 milligrams for a cup (120 milliliters) of drip coffee. Generally, dark-roast coffee has less caffeine than lighter roasts because the roasting process reduces the bean's caffeine content.[15][16] Arabica coffee normally contains less caffeine than the robusta variety.[14] Coffee also contains trace amounts of theophylline, but no theobromine. Species Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family...
For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
Coffee beans and a cup of coffee Coffee as a drink, usually served hot, is prepared from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. ...
Espresso brewing, with a dark reddish-brown foam, called crema or schiuma. ...
Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ...
Binomial name Coffea canephora L. Coffea canephora (Robusta Coffee; syn. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Tea is another common source of caffeine. Tea usually contains about half as much caffeine per serving as coffee, depending on the strength of the brew. Certain types of tea, such as black and oolong, contain somewhat more caffeine than most other teas. Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of theophylline than coffee. Preparation has a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content.[17] Teas like the pale Japanese green tea gyokuro, for example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like lapsang souchong, which has very little. For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
Black tea Black tea is more oxidized than the green, oolong and white varieties; all four varieties are made from leaves of Camellia sinensis. ...
Rolled Oolong tea leaves Oolong (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a traditional Chinese tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Green tea (绿茶) is tea that has undergone minimal oxidation during processing. ...
Gyokuro is a fine Green tea from Japan. ...
Lapsang souchong is a black tea originally from the Zheng Shan part of Mount Wuyi in the Fujian province of China[1]. The tea leaves have been withered over pine or cedar fires, pan-fried, rolled and oxidized before being fully dried in bamboo baskets over burning pine. ...
Caffeine is also a common ingredient of soft drinks such as cola, originally prepared from kola nuts. Soft drinks typically contain about 10 to 50 milligrams of caffeine per serving. By contrast, energy drinks such as Red Bull contain as much as 80 milligrams of caffeine per serving. The caffeine in these drinks either originates from the ingredients used or is an additive derived from the product of decaffeination or from chemical synthesis. Guarana, a prime ingredient of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with small amounts of theobromine and theophylline in a naturally occurring slow-release excipient.[18] A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...
For other uses, see Cola (disambiguation). ...
Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ...
A variety of energy drinks are available; the skinny bullet can shape is popular. ...
For other uses, see Red Bull (disambiguation). ...
Decaffeination is the act of removing caffeine from coffee beans and tea. ...
Binomial name Kunth Guarana (Brazillian name guaraná) (IPA: , or ), Paullinia cupana (syn. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Slow-release is a strategy in material science in which a chemical compound is introduced into a system at a reduced speed. ...
An excipient is an inactive substance used as a vehicle for medication, or an active ingredient. ...
Chocolate derived from cocoa contains a small amount of caffeine. The weak stimulant effect of chocolate may be due to a combination of theobromine and theophylline as well as caffeine.[19] Chocolate contains too little of these compounds for a reasonable serving to create effects in humans that are on par with coffee. A typical 28-gram serving of a milk chocolate bar has about as much caffeine as a cup of decaffeinated coffee. For other uses, see Chocolate (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
Candy bar redirects here. ...
In recent years various manufacturers have begun putting caffeine into shower products such as shampoo and soap, claiming that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin.[20] However, the effectiveness of such products has not been proven, and they are likely to have little stimulatory effect on the central nervous system because caffeine is not readily absorbed through the skin.[21] Shampoo is a common hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. ...
For other uses, see Soap (disambiguation). ...
History
 A coffeehouse in Palestine, circa 1900 - Main articles: History of cocoa, History of coffee, Origin and early history of tea
Humans have consumed caffeine since the Stone Age.[22] Early peoples found that chewing the seeds, bark, or leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and elevating mood. Only much later was it found that the effect of caffeine was increased by steeping such plants in hot water. Many cultures have legends that attribute the discovery of such plants to people living many thousands of years ago. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (597x635, 108 KB) A Coffee-house in Palestine. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (597x635, 108 KB) A Coffee-house in Palestine. ...
For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that Origins of coffee be merged into this article or section. ...
For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
Stone Age fishing hook. ...
According to one popular Chinese legend, the Emperor of China Shennong, reputed to have reigned in about 3,000 BCE, accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and restorative drink resulted.[23] Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's Cha Jing, a famous early work on the subject of tea.[24] The history of coffee has been recorded as far back as the ninth century. During that time, coffee beans were available only in their native habitat, Ethiopia. A popular legend traces its discovery to a goatherder named Kaldi, who apparently observed goats that became elated and sleepless at night after browsing on coffee shrubs and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same vitality. The earliest literary mention of coffee may be a reference to Bunchum in the works of the 9th century Persian physician al-Razi. In 1587, Malaye Jaziri compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee, entitled "Undat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa". In this work, Jaziri recorded that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee in 1454, and that in the 15th century the Sufis of Yemen routinely used coffee to stay awake during prayers. For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ...
Shennong‎ Shennong (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Yan Emperor (ç‚Žå¸) or the Emperor of the Five Grains (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), is a legendary ruler of China and culture hero of Chinese mythology who is believed to had lived some 5,000 years ago, and taught...
A caffeinated drink is a drink which contains caffeine, a stimulant which is legal and popular in most developed countries. ...
A man herding goats in Tunisia A goatherd or a goatherder is a person who herds goats for a living. ...
Kaldi is apparently the legendary name of an Ethiopian goatherd who discovered the coffee plant when he found his goats temperaments to be greatly excited after feasting on the ripe red cherries of a small tree that grew on the side of a mountain. ...
This article is about the Persian people, an ethnic group found mainly in Iran. ...
For other uses, see Razi. ...
Malaye Jaziri (or Melayê Cizîrî),(1570-1640) was a Kurdish writer , poet and mystic. ...
For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ...
A Mufti (Arabic: Ù…Ùتى ) is an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa (plural of fatwa). // Role of a Mufti in governments In theocracies like Saudi Arabia and Iran, and in some countries where the constitution is based on sharia law, such...
Port of Aden (around 1910). ...
Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to Divine love and the cultivation of the elements of the Divine within the individual human being. ...
Towards the close of the 16th century, the use of coffee was recorded by a European resident in Egypt, and about this time it came into general use in the Near East. The appreciation of coffee as a beverage in Europe, where it was first known as "Arabian wine," dates from the 17th century. During this time "coffee houses" were established, the first being opened in Constantinople and Venice. In Britain, the first coffee houses were opened in London in 1652, at St Michael's Alley, Cornhill. They soon became popular throughout Western Europe, and played a significant role in social relations in the 17th and 18th centuries.[25] For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
Inhabitants of the Near East, late nineteenth century. ...
A Street Cafe, Jerusalem, Henry Fenn (1838- ): steel engraving in Picturesque Palestine, ca 1875 A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or caf shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. ...
This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ...
For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
, Cornhill is one of the principal streets of the City of London, the historic nucleus of modern London. ...
A current understanding of Western Europe. ...
Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role. ...
The kola nut, like the coffee berry and tea leaf, appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a social setting, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs. In 1911, kola became the focus of one of the earliest documented health scares when the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee, alleging that the caffeine in its drink was "injurious to health".[26] On March 13, 1911, the government initiated The United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula by making claims, such as that the excessive use of Coca-Cola at one girls' school led to "wild nocturnal freaks, violations of college rules and female proprieties, and even immoralities."[27] Although the judge ruled in favor of Coca-Cola, two bills were introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1912 to amend the Pure Food and Drug Act, adding caffeine to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label. Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ...
Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ...
The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...
Chattanooga redirects here. ...
is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
The United States v. ...
Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party...
This is an article about the United States Food and Drug Act; for the Canadian version see Food and Drugs Act. ...
The earliest evidence of cocoa use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. In the New World, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called xocoatl, often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. Xocoatl was believed to fight fatigue, a belief that is probably attributable to the theobromine and caffeine content. Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cocoa beans were often used as currency. For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ...
For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ...
The chile pepper, chili pepper, or chilli pepper, or simply chile, is the fruit of the plant Capsicum from the nightshade family, Solanaceae. ...
Binomial name Bixa orellana L. Achiote, or Achiotl, (Bixa orellana) is a shrub or small tree from the tropical regions of the Americas, also known also by its Tupi name of urucum. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ...
This article is about the culture area. ...
Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular beverage by 1700. They also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines. It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
For the town in French Guiana, see Cacao, French Guiana. ...
The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...
For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ...
In 1819, the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge isolated relatively pure caffeine for the first time. According to Runge, he did this at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[28] In 1927, Oudry isolated "theine" from tea, but it was later proved by Mulder and Jobat that theine was the same as caffeine.[28] The structure of caffeine was elucidated near the end of the 19th century by Hermann Emil Fischer, who was also the first to achieve its total synthesis.[29] This was part of the work for which Fischer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902. Friedrich (or Friedlieb/Friedlob) Ferdinand Runge (born near Hamburg on 8 February 1795, died in Oranienburg on 25 March 1867) was an analytical chemist. ...
Goethe redirects here. ...
Gerardus Johannes Mulder (1802 - 1880) was a Dutch biochemist. ...
Hermann Emil Fischer (October 9, 1852 - July 15, 1919) was a German chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1902. ...
A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) precursors. ...
Today, global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tons per annum,[30] making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. This number equates to one serving of a caffeine beverage for every person, per day. In North America, 90% of adults consume some amount of caffeine daily.[4]
Pharmacology Caffeine is a central nervous system and metabolic stimulant,[31] and is used both recreationally and medically to reduce physical fatigue and restore mental alertness when unusual weakness or drowsiness occurs. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system first at the higher levels, resulting in increased alertness and wakefulness, faster and clearer flow of thought, increased focus, and better general body coordination, and later at the spinal cord level at higher doses.[32] Once inside the body, it has a complex chemistry, and acts through several mechanisms as described below. A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Metabolism Caffeine is completely absorbed by the stomach and small intestine within 45 minutes of ingestion. After ingestion it is distributed throughout all tissues of the body and is eliminated by first-order kinetics.[33] Image File history File links Caffeine_metabolites. ...
Image File history File links Caffeine_metabolites. ...
Paraxanthine, or 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is a dimethylxanthine compound structurally related to caffeine. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
For a chemical reaction, the rate law or rate equation is an equation which links the reaction rate with concentrations or pressures of reactants. ...
The half-life of caffeine—the time required for the body to eliminate one-half of the total amount of caffeine consumed at a given time—varies widely among individuals according to such factors as age, liver function, pregnancy, some concurrent medications, and the level of enzymes in the liver needed for caffeine metabolism. In healthy adults, caffeine's half-life is approximately 3–4 hours. In women taking oral contraceptives this is increased to 5–10 hours,[34] and in pregnant women the half-life is roughly 9–11 hours.[35] Caffeine can accumulate in individuals with severe liver disease when its half-life can increase to 96 hours.[36] In infants and young children, the half-life may be longer than in adults; half-life in a newborn baby may be as long as 30 hours. Other factors such as smoking can shorten caffeine's half-life.[37] The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
Caffeine is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 oxidase enzyme system (specifically, the 1A2 isozyme) into three metabolic dimethylxanthines,[38] which each have their own effects on the body: The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body, and is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ...
Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2E1) Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...
Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ...
Xanthines are a group of alkaloids that are commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. ...
Each of these metabolites is further metabolized and then excreted in the urine. Paraxanthine, or 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is a dimethylxanthine compound structurally related to caffeine. ...
Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells. ...
Glycerine, Glycerin redirects here. ...
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ...
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
f you all The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
This article is about the urine of animals generally. ...
For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Chocolate (disambiguation). ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Smooth muscle Layers of Esophageal Wall: 1. ...
A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ...
Mechanism of action
 Caffeine's principal mode of action is as an antagonist of adenosine receptors in the brain. They are presented here side by side for comparison. Caffeine acts through multiple mechanisms involving both action on receptors and channels on the cell membrane, as well as intracellular action on calcium and cAMP pathways. By virtue of its purine structure it can act on some of the same targets as adenosine related nucleosides and nucleotides, like the cell surface P1 GPCRs for adenosine, as well as the intracellular Ryanodine receptor (RyR) which is the physiological target of cADPR (cyclic ADP-ribose), and cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE). Although the action is agonistic in some cases, it is antagonistic in others. Physiologically, however, caffeine action is unlikely due to increased RyR opening, as it requires plasma concentration above lethal dosage. The action is most likely through adenosine receptors.[citation needed] Image File history File links Caffeine_and_adenosine. ...
Image File history File links Caffeine_and_adenosine. ...
Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor-agonist coupling. ...
Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ...
Structure of cAMP cAMP represented in three ways, the left with sticks-representation, the middle with structure formula, and the right with space filled representation. ...
Purine (1) is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ...
In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors (also known as GPCRs, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors) are transmembrane receptors that transduce an extracellular signal (ligand binding) into an intracellular signal (G protein activation). ...
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of calcium channels in various forms of muscle and other excitable animal tissue. ...
Cyclic ADP Ribose popularly known as cADPR is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5 OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5 position which in turn closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the...
A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds. ...
Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. ...
Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor-agonist coupling. ...
Like alcohol, nicotine, and antidepressants, caffeine readily crosses the blood brain barrier. Once in the brain, the principal mode of action of caffeine is as an antagonist of adenosine receptors found in the brain.[39] The caffeine molecule is structurally similar to adenosine, and binds to adenosine receptors on the surface of cells without activating them (an "antagonist" mechanism of action). Therefore, caffeine acts as a competitive inhibitor. The reduction in adenosine activity results in increased activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, largely accounting for the stimulatory effects of caffeine. Caffeine can also increase levels of epinephrine/adrenaline,[40] possibly via a different mechanism. Acute usage of caffeine also increases levels of serotonin, causing positive changes in mood.[41] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about the chemical compound. ...
Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ...
The blood-brain barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels in the central nervous system, and the central nervous system itself. ...
Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor-agonist coupling. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ...
In biochemistry there are three ways in which certain chemical substances may reduce or prevent the activities of enzymes: competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition. ...
Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ...
For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ...
Adrenaline redirects here. ...
For the professional wrestling stable, see Ravens Nest#Serotonin. ...
Caffeine is also a known competitive inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE), which converts cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cells to its noncyclic form, allowing cAMP to build up in cells. Cyclic AMP participates in activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA) to begin the phosphorylation of specific enzymes used in glucose synthesis. By blocking its removal caffeine intensifies and prolongs the effects of epinephrine and epinephrine-like drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, or methylphenidate. Increased concentrations of cAMP in parietal cells causes an increased activation of protein kinase A (PKA) which in turn increases activation of H+/K+ ATPase, resulting finally in increased gastric acid secretion by the cell. A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds. ...
Structure of cAMP cAMP represented in three ways, the left with sticks-representation, the middle with structure formula, and the right with space filled representation. ...
In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA)(EC 2. ...
Adrenaline redirects here. ...
Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ...
This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ...
Vitamin R redirects here. ...
Human parietal cells - stomach Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor. ...
In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA, EC 2. ...
Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase also know as H+/K+ ATPase // Function and location The gastric hygrogen potassium ATPase or H+/K+ ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach and as such is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents. ...
Gastric acid is, together with several enzymes and the intrinsic factor, one of the main secretions of the stomach. ...
Caffeine (and theophylline) can freely diffuse into cells and causes intracellular calcium release (independent of extracellular calcium) from the calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER). This release is only partially blocked by Ryanodine receptor blockade with ryanodine, dantrolene, ruthenium red, and procaine (thus may involve ryanodine receptor and probably some additional calcium channels), but completely abolished after calcium depletion of ER by SERCA inhibitors like Thapsigargin (TG) or cyclopiazonic acid (CPA).[42] The action of caffeine on the ryanodine receptor may depend on both cytosolic and the luminal ER concentrations of Ca2+. At low millimolar concentration of caffeine, the RyR channel open probability (Po) is significantly increased mostly due to a shortening of the lifetime of the closed state. At concentrations >5 mM, caffeine opens RyRs even at picomolar cytosolic Ca2+ and dramatically increases the open time of the channel so that the calcium release is stronger than even an action potential can generate. This mode of action of caffeine is probably due to mimicking the action of the physiologic metabolite of NAD called cADPR (cyclic ADP ribose) which has a similar potentiating action on Ryanodine receptors. The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e. ...
Ryanodine is a poisonous alkaloid found in the South American plant Ryania speciosa. ...
Dantrolene sodium is a muscle relaxant that is currently the only specific and effective treatment for malignant hyperthermia. ...
Ruthenium red is a Ruthenium containing red dye. ...
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. ...
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of calcium channels in various forms of muscle and other excitable animal tissue. ...
SERCA stands for Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase SERCA resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within muscle cells. ...
Thapsigargin is a tightly-binding inhibitor of a class of enzymes known by the acronym SERCA, which stands for sarco / endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase. ...
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a toxic fungal secondary methabolite. ...
Cyclic ADP Ribose popularly known as cADPR is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5 OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5 position which in turn closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the...
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of calcium channels in various forms of muscle and other excitable animal tissue. ...
Caffeine may also directly inhibit delayed rectifier and A-type K+ currents and activate plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx in certain vertebrate and invertebrate neurons.
The metabolites of caffeine contribute to caffeine's effects. Theobromine is a vasodilator that increases the amount of oxygen and nutrient flow to the brain and muscles. Theophylline, the second of the three primary metabolites, acts as a smooth muscle relaxant that chiefly affects bronchioles and acts as a chronotrope and inotrope that increases heart rate and efficiency. The third metabolic derivative, paraxanthine, is responsible for an increase in the lipolysis process, which releases glycerol and fatty acids into the blood to be used as a source of fuel by the muscles.[43] The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
A muscle relaxant is a drug which decreases the tone of a muscle. ...
The bronchioles are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. ...
Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time) are those that change the heart rate. ...
An inotrope is an agent which increases or decreases the force or energy of muscular contractions. ...
Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells. ...
Glycerine, Glycerin redirects here. ...
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ...
 Caffeine has a significant effect on spiders, which is reflected in their web construction Image File history File links Caffeinated_spiderwebs. ...
Image File history File links Caffeinated_spiderwebs. ...
For other uses, see Spider (disambiguation). ...
Spiders web redirects here. ...
Effects when taken in moderation The precise amount of caffeine necessary to produce effects varies from person to person depending on body size and degree of tolerance to caffeine. It takes less than an hour for caffeine to begin affecting the body and a mild dose wears off in three to four hours.[32] Consumption of caffeine does not eliminate the need for sleep: it only temporarily reduces the sensation of being tired.
With these effects, caffeine is an ergogenic: increasing the capacity for mental or physical labor. A study conducted in 1979 showed a 7% increase in distance cycled over a period of two hours in subjects who consumed caffeine compared to control tests.[44] Other studies attained much more dramatic results; one particular study of trained runners showed a 44% increase in "race-pace" endurance, as well as a 51% increase in cycling endurance, after a dosage of 9 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight.[45] The extensive boost shown in the runners is not an isolated case; additional studies have reported similar effects. Another study found 5.5 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body mass resulted in subjects cycling 29% longer during high intensity circuits.[46] Ergogenic aids are any external influences which can positively affect physical or mental performance. ...
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