Calculating Space is the title of MITīs English Translation of Konrad Zuseīs book Rechnender Raum (published in Germany in 1969), the first book on digital physics. Zuse proposed that the universe is being computed on some sort of discrete computing machinery, challenging the long-held view that some physical laws are continuous by nature. He focused on cellular automata as a possible substrate of the computation, and pointed out (among other things) that the classical notion of entropy growth does not make sense in deterministically computed universes.
Bell's theorem is sometimes thought to contradict Zuseīs hypothesis, but it is not applicable to deterministic universes, as Bell himself has pointed out. Similarly, although Heisenbergīs uncertainty principle says something about the fundamental limitations of an observer trying to observe the universe in which they are living, the uncertainty principle does not rule out Zuseīs hypothesis, which views the observer as part of the deterministic process. So far there is no unambiguous physical evidence against the possibility that everything is just a computation, which is one of the reasons why recent years have seen a resurgence of the field.
In the late 1960s, Zuse suggested the concept of a CalculatingSpace (a computation-based universe).
Working in his parents' apartment in 1938, his first attempt, called the Z1, was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched tape.
It was a binary calculator featuring programmability with loops but without conditional jumps, with memory and a calculation unit based on telephone relays.
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