Look up Calculus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Calculus is Latin for pebble, and has a number of meanings in English: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (from wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... Pebbles A pebble is a rock with a size of 4 to 75 millimeters (some say 64 millimeters). ...

Mathematical meanings

Calculus in its most general sense can mean any method or system of calculation. A calculation is a deliberate process for transforming one or more inputs into one or more results. ...

• Calculus most commonly refers to mathematical analysis, which investigates motion and rates of change. The denotation "the calculus" is sometimes used to distinguish this from other mathematical meanings.
• In symbolic logic:
  • the propositional calculus specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions.
  • the predicate calculus specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates.
  • a proof calculus is a framework for expressing systems of logical inference.
• Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions with deep connections to computational theory; due in final form to Alonzo Church of Princeton University.
• Modal μ-calculus, is a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods like model checking.
• Pi-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes, invented by Robin Milner.
• Join calculus, a theoretical model for distributed programming.
• Tuple calculus, a calculus for the relational data model, inspired the SQL language.
• Domain relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model.
• Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting and lambda calculus.
• the calculus of sums and differences, also called the finite-difference calculus.
• Precalculus is a family of mathematical topics that prepare students to begin to study differential and integral calculus.

Calculus (from Latin, pebble or little stone) is a major area in mathematics where infinitesimal data yields global information. ... Analysis is the branch of mathematics most explicitly concerned with the notion of a limit, either the limit of a sequence or the limit of a function. ... In logic and mathematics, a propositional calculus (or a sentential calculus) is a formal system in which formulas representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives, and a system of formal proof rules allows to establish that certain formulas are theorems of the formal system. ... First-order predicate calculus or first-order logic (FOL) permits the formulation of quantified statements such as there exists an x such that. ... Informally, we may say that a proof calculus determines a family of formal systems which specify inference rules that characterise a logical system. ... The lambda calculus is a formal system designed to investigate function definition, function application, and recursion. ... The μ-calculus (also modal μ calculus) is a class of temporal logics with a least fixpoint operator μ. It is used to describe properties of labelled transition systems and for verifying these properties. ... In logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time. ... Model checking is a method to algorithmically verify formal systems. ... In theoretical computer science, the π-calculus is a notation originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker to model concurrency (just as the λ-calculus is a simple model of sequential programming languages). ... The join-calculus is a process calculus developed at INRIA. It is based on the homonymous process calculus and supports statically typed distributed programming, transparent remote communication, agent-based mobility, and failure-detection. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... In computer science, domain relational calculus (DRC) is a calculus that was introduced by Edgar F. Codd as a declarative database query language for the relational data model. ... The rho-calculus is a formalism intended to combine the higher-order facilities of lambda calculus with the pattern matching of term rewriting. ... In mathematics, a difference operator maps a function f(x) to another function f(x + a) − f(x + b). ... In mathematics education, pre-calculus, in reality just advanced secondary school algebra, is a foundational mathematical discipline. ...

Other meanings

• Calculus (dental) consists of deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar.
• Calculus (medicine) is a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone.
• In The Adventures of Tintin, Cuthbert Calculus is a hard-of-hearing professor and inventor and is a dear friend of Tintin, Captain Haddock, and others.
• Refinement calculus is a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs.
• Calculus is a spider genus (Oonopidae).

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