The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.

Caldera OpenLinux is a defunct Linux distribution that was created by the former Caldera Systems (now SCO Group) corporation. It was the early "business oriented distribution" and foreshadowed the direction of developments that came to most other distributions and the GNU/Linux community generally. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ...

Novell and Corsair

Corsair was a project founded inside of the Novell corporation. To quote the press release: Depending on context, Corsair can refer to: a pirate who used to operate with a commission from a government (see privateer). ... Novell was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ...

Corsair, as a new user interface for Netware. Corsair is what CEO Robert Frankenberg likes to call a "net top", a user-friendly interface for navigating around computer networks — and the Internet — that is icon-based, uses 3D graphics, and photographic-quality images, a more sophisticated approach than the cartoon figures in Microsoft's Bob interface. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the job of having the ultimate executive responsibility or authority within an organization or corporation. ... Usability is a term used to denote the ease with which people can employ a particular tool or other human-made object in order to achieve a particular goal. ... An interface defines the communication boundary between separate computer components. ... In its most general meaning, the term navigation refers to planning of motion. ... Network cards such as this one can transmit data at high rates over ethernet cables. ... Mac OS X Panther allows continuous scaling of icons up to 128x128 pixels A computer icon is a small pictogram, usually ranging from 16 by 16 pixels up to 128 by 128 pixels, which represents a file, folder, application or device on a computer operating system. ... The rewrite of this article is being devised at Talk:3D computer graphics/Temp. ... Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. ... Image of the Wikimedia Commons logo. ... A picture of the Microsoft Bob start up screen. ...

This was being developed by a group inside of Novell called the Advanced Technology Group. They wanted an Internet desktop and were doing research on how to better and more easily integrate and manage network access for users. Windows networking support was terrible^[1], the internet was dominated by UNIX based operating systems. Relative to their needs, Novell deemed the Unixes of the day [2]: In graphical computing, a desktop environment (DE) offers graphical user interface (GUI) solution to operate a computer. ... Digital integration is the idea that data or information on any given electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format. ... Windows 3. ... Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ...

• Too hardware intensive
• Too large
• Charged too much in license fees

This group became convinced that Linux offered the best possible answer for the OS component. There were many other components as well, of particular interest were It has been suggested that Licensing (strategic alliance) be merged into this article or section. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Software component representations: above the representation used in UML, below the representation commonly used by Microsofts COM objects. ...

• Willows, a Windows API for Unix systems (essentially a predecessor of QT)
• The Ferret meeting browser
• WordPerfect, a (at this time) cross platform wordprocessing application
• Wine, Windows emulation software and DOS emulation software

On April 5th 1994 the Board of Novell brought in Robert Frankenberg, the general manager of Hewlett-Packard Personal Information Products Group to replace Ray Noorda as CEO of Novell. Novell's stock price had performed poorly recently due to flagging growth. There were 3 divisions within Novell: An application programmatic interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in order to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. ... In computer programming, Qt is a cross-platform graphical widget toolkit for the development of GUI programs. ... A screenshot of WordPerfect X3 running on Windows XP WordPerfect was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into word processor. ... Application software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... The Wine project aims to allow a PC running a Unix-like operating system and the X Window System to execute x86 programs for Microsoft Windows. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... This article is about emulation in computer science. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Raymond Noorda (born 1924) was a U.S. computer businessman. ... Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the job of having the ultimate executive responsibility or authority within an organization or corporation. ... Novell was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... See stock (disambiguation) for other meanings of the term stock In financial terminology, stock is the capital raised by a corporation, through the issuance and sale of shares. ...

• The Network division growing at 19% per year
• The UNIX business division which was flat
• The Desktop Applications division which was shrinking at a rate of $400 million per year

Frankenberg's initiative was to refocus the company on networking and networking services. In terms of the Corsair that meant shedding most of the pieces. Negotiations started which would eventually lead to Wordperfect being sold off to Corel. The advanced technology group was disbanded which shut down Willow and the OS project. Ferret was in line with the new direction and this component was kept within Novell. Ray Noorda had founded a venture capital investment group called the Canopy Group two years earlier. He felt there was substantial promise in both the OS project and the Willow project. He created two companies, to continue the work started at Novell. The OS company was called Caldera System, and the API company Willows Software. A screenshot of WordPerfect X3 running on Windows XP WordPerfect was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... Corel Corporation is a computer software company headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ... Venture capital is a general term to describe financing for startup and early stage businesses as well as businesses in turn around situations. ... The Canopy Group is an investment firm founded by Ray Noorda, headquartered in Lindon, Utah. ...

Noorda's early vision for Caldera was to create an IPX based version of Linux which would license the key components, resell this technology back to Novell to continue the "Internet Desktop", to quote Noorda, "Caldera Network Desktop for Internet Access, a commercial grade implementation of Linux with built-in IPX, Windows for Workgroup and Internet protocol support and support for DOS/Windows/Unix applications". In effect Caldera started life as an outsourcing project for Novell. Caldera started with ten employees and most were from Novell: Bryan Sparks, founder/president (Novell); Bryce Burns, chief operations officer (Novell); Ransom Love, VP marketing (Novell); Greg Page, VP engineering (Bell Labs, AT&T); Craig Bradley, VP Sales (Lotus, Word Perfect). Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) is at the Network layer of the OSI model and is part of the IPX/SPX protocol stack. ... Paper shredding can be contracted out Outsourcing (or contracting out) is often defined as the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production within a business to an external entity (such as a subcontractor) that specializes in that operation. ... Ransom Love is the co-founder and former chief executive officer of Caldera, now the SCO Group. ...

Caldera Desktop Linux

Back of Network Desktop 1 box

At this point Ransom Love and Noorda took note of the technologies that Caldera put together. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (742x965, 125 KB) Summary Back of the Caldera Network Desktop 1. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (742x965, 125 KB) Summary Back of the Caldera Network Desktop 1. ...

• Because Caldera was built on the Linux kernel it ran on x86, PowerPC and DEC Alpha processors
• Because Caldera was Unix-like its Wide area networking was far more advanced than the Microsoft Networked OSes at the time Windows for Workgroups and Windows NT 3.51
• Because of the IPX support Caldera worked perfectly inside of the most common local area network
• Because of the Willows API code written for the Caldera OS would run on Unix, Windows Macintosh as well as Caldera itself

More than just a component for Novell, Caldera has assembled the components needed to create a VAR platform. Caldera faced a chicken and egg problem. OEM VAR applications often depended crucially on other company's commercial applications. Since these other applications hadn't been ported to Linux yet they couldn't meaningfully port their own applications. Caldera responded by creating a binary applications package which allowed Linux to run Unixware and OpenServer applications, the Linux ABI project, and assisting SCO in creating the LKP(Linux Kernel Personalities). To quote Love, "We worked on Linux Kernel Personalities to bring Linux application compatibility to SCO Unix (formerly UnixWare) and OpenServer. The idea was to enable developers to write for both Unix and Linux with a common Application Programming Interface (API) and common Application Binary Interface (ABI). That way developers didn't have to work so hard, and Unix users, the client base we inherited from SCO, could run Linux applications. We were no longer thinking about mixing code; we were trying to create a common development environment. We were trying to keep the Unix and Linux kernels separate, while tying them to common APIs and ABIs." x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... IBM PowerPC 601 Microprocessor PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple-IBM-Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ... DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor The DEC Alpha, also known as the Alpha AXP, is a 64-bit RISC microprocessor originally developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corp. ... A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a wide geographical area, involving a vast array of computers. ... A typical Windows 3. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with . ... Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) is at the Network layer of the OSI model and is part of the IPX/SPX protocol stack. ... A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small local area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings such as a home, office, or college. ... An application programmatic interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in order to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ... Software component representations: above the representation used in UML, below the representation commonly used by Microsofts COM objects. ... A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds some feature to an existing product, then sells it (usually to end-users) as a new package. ... The question Which came first? - The chicken or the egg? is one of the most debated arguments of all time. ... Commercial software is computer software sold for commercial purposes or that serves commercial purposes. ... Application software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... In computer science, object file or object code is an intermediate representation of code generated by a compiler after it processes a source code file. ... UnixWare is a flavor of the Unix operating system. ... SCO OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO ODT, is a Unix-like computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and now maintained by the SCO Group. ... A software developer is a programmer who is concerned with one or more facets of the software development process, a somewhat broader scope of computer programming. ... In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) describes the low-level interface between an application program and the operating system, between an application and its libraries, or between component parts of the application. ...

Caldera also supported Alan Cox in his work on SMP, "Caldera bought the hardware... the dual P90 board + processors was not exactly cheap. The board btw is alive and well and currently owned by Dave Jones"[3] Intel was supportive of Caldera's strategy. If Linux destroyed the Unix base on Intel then Sun wouldn't have a low-end Unix path. This point becomes more interesting in light of SCO's litigation 8 years later. Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... A strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, as differentiated from tactics or immediate actions with resources at hand. ...

It is worth commenting however that:

• IBM was not the company involved
• The company most directly involved is the company that later became the SCO group

One might conclude SCO is suing IBM for its own acts. Big Blue redirects here. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ... On March 6, 2003, the SCO Group (formerly known as Caldera Systems) filed a $1 billion lawsuit in the US against IBM for allegedly devaluing its version of the UNIX operating system. ...

Here is a review from Linux Journal of a late beta of Linux Desktop 1.0, and the original press release with more information.

During 1996 Caldera continued to be a valuable bit player, for example on May 23, 1996, at the Linux Kongress in Berlin, Germany, Caldera announced its plans to obtain POSIX and FIPS Certifications and the X/Open brand for UNIX 95 and XPG4 BASE 95 for the Linux operating system kernel. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government for use by all (non-military) government agencies and by government contractors. ... X/Open Company, Ltd. ... X/Open Portability Guide Issue 4 Also known as Common Applications Environment Specification Issue 4. ... The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel that was begun by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and subsequently developed with the assistance of developers worldwide. ...

Caldera Open Linux

Caldera Logo

By 1997 Caldera had taken on the form that it would be most remembered for. Caldera had switched over to the high end Linux product, Image File history File links Caldera-logo. ... Image File history File links Caldera-logo. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... High end refers to the best and generally most expensive of a class of goods or services. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ...

• The "business" (as opposed to hobbyist) distribution which was easy to install and configure (relative to the other Linuxes of the time)
• Was more feature rich
• Was bundled with proprietary software
• Was less community oriented
• Released less frequently than other Linuxes did
• Has automated configuration and administration tools
• Had paid technical support staff
• Had a built in consistent default GUI
• Supported a range of applications

In 1995 for example when XFree86 was still very hard to configure and unreliable on most chip sets, Caldera had shipped with MetroLink's Motif and XI Graphic's accelerated X. A hobby is a spare-time recreational pursuit. ... A Linux distribution is a Unix-like operating system comprising the Linux kernel and other assorted free software/open-source software, and possibly proprietary software. ... Installation is the process of putting a program in a computer system such that the program works as desired. ... Proprietary software is software that has restrictions on using and copying it, usually enforced by a proprietor. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... The term system administrator, abbreviated sysadmin, designates an employment position of those people responsible for running technically advanced information systems or some aspect of them. ... Technical support (also tech support) is a range of services providing assistance with computer hardware, software, or other electronic or mechanical goods. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Application software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... XFree86 is an implementation of the X Window System . ... Motif (or capitalized MOTIF) is a graphical widget toolkit for building graphical user interfaces under the X Window System on UNIX and other POSIX-compliant systems. ...

Listing the software for any particular year for a dead product is pointless but over the next 5 years they offered additional commercial extensions to Linux (including but not exclusively):

• They licensed Sun's Wabi (Windows Application Binary Interface) to allow people to run Windows applications under Linux.
• From Novell and later Corel they shipped with Linux versions of Word Perfect and CorelDRAW.
• They felt an integrated office suite was essential and shipped with the integrated StarOffice (the version acquired by Sun not the version produced by Sun).
• Since many of their customers used a dual boot setup and FIPS was unreliable they shipped with PartitionMagic to allow their customers to non destructively repartition their disk.
• They continued to bundle in their Netware Server and Netware clients for Linux.
• They worked with IBM and produced the first Linux distribution which was DB2 compatible. They also shipped with a demo of DB2.
• They worked with the Oracle corporation and were the target platform for the Linux port of the Oracle database.

In addition to other people's apps they created many Linux extensions to fill voids where no other commercial company was. Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... Novell was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... Corel Corporation is a computer software company headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ... WordPerfect is a word processing program; at the height of its popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was the de facto standard word processor, but has since been eclipsed in sales by Microsoft Word. ... CorelDRAW is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation of Ottawa, Canada. ... Digital integration is the idea that data or information on any given electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format. ... In computing, an office suite, sometimes called an office application suite, productivity suite, offimatic suite or integrated offimatic program, is a software suite intended to be used by typical clerical and knowledge workers. ... StarOffice is Sun Microsystems commercial office suite software package. ... Dual booting or dual-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a computer, and choosing which one when it boots. ... FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ... PartitionMagic is a computer program for hard disk drive partitioning originally made by the PowerQuest corporation but now owned by Symantec. ... In computer engineering, hard disk drive partitioning is the creation of logical divisions upon a hard disk that allows one to apply operating system-specific logical formatting. ... Typical hard drives of the mid-1990s. ... NetWare is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. ... Big Blue redirects here. ... IBMs DB2 product is a database management system. ... Oracle Corporation (NASDAQ: ORCL) is one of the major companies developing database management systems, tools for database development, enterprise resource planning software, customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain planning (SCM) software. ... oracle, see Oracle (disambiguation) An Oracle database, strictly speaking, consists of a collection of data managed by an Oracle database management system or DBMS. The term Oracle database sometimes refers — imprecisely — to the DBMS software itself. ... This page talks about the programming concept; for other meanings, see extension. ...

• They began working on a Linux equivalent of replacing Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft Outlook that would eventually become Volution Messaging Server. Volution Messaging Server which was a replacement for exchange server integration with Microsoft's Outlook and offers calendaring/scheduling options with shared busy/free information, SSL support for e-mail and easy configuration, Here is a review of what the product became.
• They created the first fully graphical installer for Linux. Lizard
• They invented browser based UNIX system administration and created the webmin project.
• To help port DOS applications they purchased DR-DOS and used the source code to create OpenDOS.
• They created a full featured GUI system administration tool COAS. The tool was:
  • Unified easy to use administration tool
  • Modular design
  • Portability (specifics encapsulated in a platform repository)
  • Open development model
  • Flexible module licensing
  • Multiple user interfaces (batch processing, ncurses, QT, Java)
  • Scripting interface (Python) for rapid prototyping
  • Backward compatibility (works on native files, "vi admin" friendly)
  • Scalability
  • Broad in scope
  • Community oriented
• They were the first distribution to be pick a specific GUI, and oriented themselves as a KDE distribution long before any other major Linux distribution was doing anything similar. Mandrake followed soon thereafter.
• They started the Blackdown Java project.
• The early on saw the role for Linux in the embedded market space and founded the Embedix distribution, which was an early attempt to create a real time linux. Other Linux vendors generally went for Linux APIs on top of other people's RTOS. For example RedHat was using Linux apis on top of ECOS in its ELIX project.

Politically they also drove Linux in a commercial direction. Microsoft Exchange Server is a messaging and collaborative software product developed by Microsoft. ... Screenshot of Outlook 2003 Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. ... Scheduling is the process of assigning tasks to a set of resources. ... Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, internet faxing, data transfer to/from online poker clients, and so forth. ... Webmin is a system configuration tool for Unix-like systems. ... DR-DOS is a DOS-family-compatible operating system for IBM PC-compatible personal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildalls Digital Research and derived from CP/M-86. ... OpenDOS is a free (though not open source) MS-DOS-compatible operating system. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... In computer science, porting is the adaptation of a piece of software so that it will function in a different computing environment to that for which it was originally written. ... In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which allows software to run. ... Open systems are computer systems that provide either interoperability, portability, or freedom from proprietary standards, depending on users perspective. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Batch processing is the sequential execution of a series of programs (jobs) on a computer. ... Ncurses is a programming library providing an API, allowing the programmer to write text user interfaces in a terminal-independent manner. ... In computer programming, Qt is a cross-platform graphical widget toolkit for the development of GUI programs. ... Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ... Python is an interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ... The correct title of this article is vi. ... In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability indicates the capability of a system to increase total througput under an increased load when resources (typically hardware) are added. ... KDE (K Desktop Environment) is a free desktop environment and development platform built with Trolltechs Qt toolkit. ... Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux, and an acquisition of Conectiva and Lycoris) is a GNU/Linux distribution created by Mandriva, SA (formerly Mandrakesoft, SA). ... Blackdown Java is a port of Suns Java virtual machine to Linux by a group of volunteers. ... Embedded Linux refers to the use of the Linux operating system in embedded systems such as cell phones, PDAs, media player handsets, and other consumer electronics devices. ... A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a class of operating system intended for real-time applications. ... An application programmatic interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in order to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. ... A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a class of operating system intended for real-time applications. ... Alternate meanings: See Red hat Red Hat, Inc. ... eCos (embedded Configurable operating system) is an open source, royalty-free, real-time operating system intended for embedded systems and applications. ...

• They were the first distribution to create certification. More importantly unlike RedHat they were firmly convinced that vendor neutral certification was key and thus they founded the Linux Professional Institute.
• Caldera realized early that vendors needed a binary compatible set of standards for porting. They provided funding for the Linux Standard Base. Further Ralf Flaxa, lead for implementation was a Caldera full time employee [4].
• They ran a full vulnerability assessment against their distributions and had a "no known vulnerabilities at ship time" policy.
• They formed strong partnerships with SCO's VAR market and started laying the ground work for OEM sales of Unix based vertical applications.

By the end Caldera offered 3 versions: A professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation often called simply certification or qualification is a designation earned by a person to certify that he is qualified to perform a job. ... The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is a non-profit organization that provides vendor-independent certification for Linux system administrators. ... In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) describes the low-level interface between an application program and the operating system, between an application and its libraries, or between component parts of the application. ... Open Standards are publicly available and implementable standards. ... In computer science, porting is the adaptation of a piece of software so that it will function in a different computing environment to that for which it was originally written. ... The Linux Standard Base, or LSB, is a joint project by several GNU/Linux distributions under the organizational structure of The Free Standards Group to standardize the internal structure of Linux-based operating systems. ... Vulnerability assessment is the process of identifying and quantifying vulnerabilities in a system. ... A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds some feature to an existing product, then sells it (usually to end-users) as a new package. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ... A vertical application or vertical market application, is software defined by requirements for a single, or narrowly defined, market. ...

• Lite was a freely downloadable version.
• Base was a $99 version with a few extensions.
• Standards was $299 and was their full featured product.

Henry Gleitman had commented that while Freud's theory itself was wrong, "Freud provided a goal for posterity. He showed us the kinds of questions that we have to answer before we can claim to have a full theory of the human personality." The analogous point can be made of Caldera OpenLinux, OpenLinux was not a Microsoft killer, but it showed the Linux community what would be required to create a mainstream desktop OS out of the Linux kernel. In many ways the last 10 years of desktop progress has been to successfully implement what Caldera was attempting to do with the tools they had available. Their technique for this was to utilize commercial software to fill in the largest gaps. This made their product a "value add" and thus they could charge for it, and at the same time it made them the most advanced distribution available. See Wikipedia:Uploading images for information about uploading images to Wikipedia. ... Version is a state of an object or concept that varies from its previous state or condition. ... This page talks about the programming concept; for other meanings, see extension. ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (IPA: []) (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. ... A question is any of several kinds of linguistic expressions normally used by a questioner to request the presentation of information back to the questioner, in the form of an answer, by the audience. ... Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual different processes - that which makes us into a person. ... Analogy is either the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. ... It has been suggested that Criticism of Microsoft be merged into this article or section. ... In graphical computing, a desktop environment (DE) offers graphical user interface (GUI) solution to operate a computer. ...

Lineo and Marketing

Lineo Logo

In July 1999 Caldera decides on a major refocus, on the embedded side where Caldera's technologies that were way ahead, were owned by them. These were: Image File history File links Lineo-Logo. ... Image File history File links Lineo-Logo. ... A router, an example of an embedded system. ...

• Rt-Control provided UCLinux, a version of Linux for microcontrollers such as the Motorola 68k/ColdFire line, i960, ARM7, and ETRAX CRIS chips. Because these chips have no MMU (thus cannot provide multi-tasking capabilities), uClinux is able to run full-featured in as little as 150 KB of RAM with a 1 MB ROM chip.
• FirePlug focuses on specialized Linux-based project such as their Linux firewall. They build these on the ThinLinux product, which runs in as little as 2 MB of disk/flash storage and 8 MB RAM.
• Embedix, Lineo's flagship product, runs a complete multitasking, networked Linux operating system in 2 MB of ROM/flash and 4 MB of RAM.
• Embedix Browser was a fully graphical internet browser for embedded systems, this was in essence the Zenotropix browser.
• Embedix SDK which was the Zentropix SDK.

This combination of technologies allowed Caldera to offer a full Linux operating system with a graphical browser that could run off a floppy disk. More importantly the product was unique, and this came from the fact that Caldera's view on the Linux embedded market was differed from other vendors. All the other vendors believed that Linux was heavily fragmented and that the solution was to offer Linux features for real time OSes, that is a Linux API for some other OSes. Red Hat with its EL/IX created a kernel independent framework (API) which allowed some Linux software to run on the ECOS kernel. Caldera did not agree with this assesment and believed the API was offered far more advantages and allowed for a fully hardened system, that is Caldera utilized a custom Linux kernel. As Bryan Sparks said, "Through the six companies we've acquired, Lineo has been able to extend the same (Linux) technology across multiple chip architectures, and we've also added real-time capabilities. Our acquisitions have given us a broader breadth of Linux support, from very small microcontrollers, through traditional platforms like x86, and up to high end, high availability systems. We see our strategy as a 'breadth strategy': moving a common api (i.e. the Linux api) in multiple directions, to gain broader market share." uClinux (which stands for MicroControllerLinux and is pronounced as you-see-Linux) is a Linux distro operating system for microcontrollers (µCs, embedded systems) without a memory management unit (MMU). ... A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip optimised to control devices. ... The Motorola 680x0/0x0/m68k/68k/68K family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips. ... The Freescale ColdFire is a 68k architecture microprocessor manufactured for embedded systems development by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly the semiconductor sector of Motorola). ... Intels i960 (or 80960) was a RISC-based microprocessor design that became quite popular during the early 1990s as an embedded microcontroller, for some time likely the best-selling CPU in that field, pushing the AMD 29000 from that spot. ... The ARM architecture (originally the Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture that is widely used in a number of embedded designs. ... Axis ETRAX CRIS Family of processors produced by Axis Communications. ... Microprocessors, including an Intel 80486DX2 and an Intel 80386. ... MMU, short for Memory Management Unit, is a class of computer hardware components responsible for handling memory accesses requested by the CPU. Among the functions of such devices are the translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses (i. ... In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is... A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix kilo-, meaning 1000) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to either 1024 or 1000 bytes. ... A four-megabyte RAM card for the VAX 8600 computer (circa 1986). ... Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... In computing, a firewall is a piece of hardware and/or software which functions in a networked environment to prevent some communications forbidden by the security policy, analogous to the function of firewalls in building construction. ... A megabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to approximately one million bytes. ... A megabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to approximately one million bytes. ... A flagship is the ship used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. ... A USB Flash Memory Device. ... A web browser is a software package that enables a user to display and interact with documents hosted by web servers. ... A software development kit (SDK) is typically a set of development tools that allows a software engineer to create applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system or similar. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A 3,5 inch diskette, removed from its casing A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... A router, an example of an embedded system. ... The kernel is the central part in most computer operating systems because of its task, which is the management of the systems resources and the communication between hardware and software components. ... In software development, a framework is a defined support structure in which another software project can be organized and developed. ... An application programmatic interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in order to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. ... eCos (embedded Configurable operating system) is an open source, royalty-free, real-time operating system intended for embedded systems and applications. ... Computer security is a field of computer science concerned with the control of risks related to computer use. ... The former thin client and embedded systems division of Caldera Systems. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip optimised to control devices. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... High end refers to the best and generally most expensive of a class of goods or services. ... A protocol and associated execution that ensures a certain relative degree of computing-system operational continuity in any downtime event. ...

And thus Bryan Sparks CEO or Caldera Systems, split off the embedded Linux company Lineo as a technology company under his own direction. The desktop company became Caldera International under the direction of Ransom Love. The focus for the desktop company became mainly marketing (Ransom Love was promoted to CEO from VP of Marketing) and business relationships. There were several reasons for this. The first was that Caldera had won a two hundred and fifty million dollar lawsuit against Microsoft for DR-DOS and was flush with cash. Secondly, while the Caldera distribution was good, its primary advantages were the use of technologies not owned by Caldera and thus if Caldera were successful its success could (from a technical standpoint) be imitated, by Red Hat, SUSE, TurboLinux, etc... For years Caldera had been competing directly with SCO Unix, but by 1997 Linux outperformed SCO in almost every respect. But making the choice to swtich from SCO to Caldera was not a "no-brainer" for companies because that also meant a switch of vendors and support organizations. Caldera's SCO acquisition was aimed at eliminating this problem. That is Caldera International's corporate direction became: combine SCO's distribution, marketing and VAR arm with LAMP, and use Project Monterey to develop a 64-bit strategy. In short what SCO offered was: The former thin client and embedded systems division of Caldera Systems. ... Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is an independent personal computer that is made especially for use on a desk in an office or home. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ... Ransom Love is the co-founder and former chief executive officer of Caldera, now the SCO Group. ... // Definitions Marketing, as suggested by the American Marketing Association, is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.[1] Another definition, perhaps simpler and more universal, is this... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in which the party commencing the action, the plaintiff, seeks a legal remedy. ... It has been suggested that Criticism of Microsoft be merged into this article or section. ... DR-DOS is a DOS-family-compatible operating system for IBM PC-compatible personal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildalls Digital Research and derived from CP/M-86. ... Red Hat, Inc. ... SUSE (properly pronounced , but often pronounced /suzi/) is a major retail Linux distribution, produced in Germany. ... Turbolinux is a Linux distribution company, whose distribution is popular in Asia. ... Tarantella, Inc. ... The acronym LAMP (or L.A.M.P.) refers to a set of free software programs commonly used together to run dynamic Web sites or servers: Linux, the operating system; Apache, the Web server; MySQL, the database management system (or database server); Perl, PHP, Python, and/or Primate (mod mono... The Project Monterey Logo Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix-like operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. ... In computing, a 64-bit component is one in which data are processed or stored in 64-bit units (words). ...

• A strong list of business clients.
• Higher compatibility between SCO and Linux than any other Unix/Linux combination, mainly as a result of Caldera's long standing SCO focus that created products like ABI and thus resulted in ports of SCO code to Linux
• A good back-office and database solution while Linux specialized in networking (LAMP) and client desktop, a very appealing combination in challenging Sun and Microsoft
• A global infrastructure (presence in about 80 countries), Caldera was domestic
• Thousands of business applications targeted to vertical markets
• Some of the 3rd party components needed to get HPUX, AIX, Solaris 3rd party Java applications ported to Linux

From a technical standpoint however Caldera Open Linux really shinned during the Ransom Love years. Their commercial bundling solution continued to work. They had a powerful low bug (by Linux standards) distribution that worked well on a wide range of hardware. They charged a great deal relative to other distribution and were able to generate a very strong profit. Red Hat pulled way ahead of them in terms of US sales and on the global sales front they trailed SUSE and TurboLinux as well, but financially do to the DR-DOS settlement they were the strongest of all the Linux distributions. The term compatibility has the following meanings: In telecommunication, the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. ... The acronym LAMP (or L.A.M.P.) refers to a set of free software programs commonly used together to run dynamic Web sites or servers: Linux, the operating system; Apache, the Web server; MySQL, the database management system (or database server); Perl, PHP, Python, and/or Primate (mod mono... In computing, a client is a system that accesses a (remote) service on another computer by some kind of network. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... HP-UX is Hewlett-Packards proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system. ... AIX or Aix may be: Aix, a genus of two species of dabbling ducks, the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) and the Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) AIX operating system Athens Internet Exchange, (AIX) a European IXP a place name: Aix-la-Chapelle, or Aachen, a city in Germany in France: Aix... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ... Application software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... Commercial software is computer software sold for commercial purposes or that serves commercial purposes. ... Product bundling is a marketing strategy that involves offering several products for sale as one combined product. ... A software bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. ... A Linux distribution is a Unix-like operating system comprising the Linux kernel and other assorted free software/open-source software, and possibly proprietary software. ...

United Linux

United Linux mascot

Caldera quickly found itself in a classic business problem where the interests of the existing business conflicted with their growth model. SCO was a much larger company than Caldera International had been (the DR-DOS settlement had been what made the buyout possible), and in fact of the $71m of revenue 90% was from the SCO side of the business. Moreover, Caldera costs $2 in marketing to generate a $1 in sales, SCO was mature and sold itself (mainly to repeat customer). The VAR relationship was even more problematic. Caldera had always sold the "Linux is SCO but better" model and had done everything possible to make the transition from SCO to Caldera relatively seamless. Each of the 14,000 SCO resellers made much more from each SCO sale than from sales of Caldera so they were not anxious to move existing customers from SCO to Linux; and even those that were supportive of Linux saw no strong value add for Caldera and often sold Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Caldera had two businesses in direct competition one which was a shrinking but still profitable UNIX business, the other a rapidly growing business that was still hemorrhaging money. Image File history File links Penguin-Outline. ... DR-DOS is a DOS-family-compatible operating system for IBM PC-compatible personal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildalls Digital Research and derived from CP/M-86. ... A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds some feature to an existing product, then sells it (usually to end-users) as a new package. ... Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... SCO OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO ODT, is a Unix-like computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and now maintained by the SCO Group. ... Red Hat Enterprise Linux (often abbreviated to RHEL) is a Linux distribution produced by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market, including mainframes. ...

The most logical solution was to establish Caldera as the premier Linux brand. Without the threat from Red Hat, transitioning resellers from SCO to Caldera would be much easier. With this in mind Ransom Love formed an alliance of large business oriented Linux distributions which utilized the KDE desktop, called United Linux: A Linux distribution is a Unix-like operating system comprising the Linux kernel and other assorted free software/open-source software, and possibly proprietary software. ... Red Hat, Inc. ... Ransom Love is the co-founder and former chief executive officer of Caldera, now the SCO Group. ... KDE (K Desktop Environment) is a free desktop environment and development platform built with Trolltechs Qt toolkit. ... United Linux was an attempt by a consortium of Linux distributors to create a common base distribution for enterprise use, so as to minimise duplication of engineering effort and form an effective competitor to Red Hat. ...

• Caldera
• SUSE Linux, one of the largest distributions in Europe, and the most business oriented
• Turbolinux, the largest distribution in Asia
• Conectiva, the premier business oriented Linux distribution in South America

As filings from Novell in the SCO Group SCO v. Novell lawsuit show us this was more than simply a marketing gimmick: SUSE (properly pronounced , but often pronounced /suzi/) is a major retail Linux distribution, produced in Germany. ... Turbolinux is a Linux distribution company, whose distribution is popular in Asia. ... Conectiva is a company founded in August 28, 1995, that was the pioneer in the distribution of Linux and Open Source in Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish and English for all of Latin America. ... Novell was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... After The SCO Group initiated their Linux campaign, they made several statements that they were the owners of Unix. ...

In particular the United Linux members agreed that each member would have an irrevocable, perpetual, and worldwide license to use and unlimitedly exploit any intellectual property rights of the other members in the UnitedLinux Software, which would be transferred to the LLC for this very purpose...

Business responded favorable to the movement: IBM and AMD quickly formed partnerships, the Linux Professional Institute adopted United Linux as their standard distribution for training. In many ways it could be argued (and United Linux itself argues this) that with United Linux November 2002 release Ransom Love accomplished the goal that Caldera had been working for during the last 10 years. For the first time there was a Linux distribution with: Big Blue redirects here. ... For other possible meanings of AMD see AMD (disambiguation) Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is a non-profit organization that provides vendor-independent certification for Linux system administrators. ...

• Global scope
• Global support at the VAR, OEM and distribution level
• A full training organization
• Some governmental buy-in
• Support from major corporations
• Enterprise applications like Oracle supported out of the box
• An actual production GUI that ran well on a variety of hardware

SUSE had the engineering as it had continued to maintain a large technical staff, Caldera had the global support organization and Turbo Linux and Conectiva brought with growth potential into less flooded markets. This merger was so successful that Love and Sparks could claim vindication that year when Novell reversed the Frankenberg decision and brought United Linux engineering talent back into the fold with the acquisition of SUSE. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Enterprise application software is application software that performs business functions such as accounting, production scheduling, customer information tracking, bank account maintenance, and the like. ... oracle, see Oracle (disambiguation) An Oracle database, strictly speaking, consists of a collection of data managed by an Oracle database management system or DBMS. The term Oracle database sometimes refers — imprecisely — to the DBMS software itself. ... Out of the Box was a Disney Channel show for kids ages 4-8, that was set in this box, which was really a giant playhouse, where kids, and two hosts would make arts & crafts, play games, and sing songs. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...

United Linux was rejected by the broader Linux community however. The use of per seat licensing was the most highly controversial move by United Linux for example. More importantly by the time United Linux was released Caldera was already dead. Darl McBride had become CEO of Caldera International and the focus had shifted away from Linux. Darl McBride (born about 1960) became the CEO of The SCO Group (formerly known as Caldera) on June 28, 2002. ...

As an incidental Caldera at this point released a Caldera "Linux distribution" with the OpenUNIX 8 kernel instead of the Linux kernel. Unix has TLI and STREAMS support which makes writing drivers easier. This product supports Richard Stallman's point that Linux is merely a kernel for the GNU system. Caldera proved this by replacing the kernel and yet not having to change much else on a full featured desktop and server "Linux". UnixWare is a flavor of the Unix operating system. ... The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel that was begun by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and subsequently developed with the assistance of developers worldwide. ... Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ... STREAMS is the Unix System V networking architecture. ... Richard Matthew Stallman (frequently abbreviated to RMS) (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU Project, the Free Software Foundation, and the League for Programming Freedom. ... GNU (pronounced ) is a free software operating system consisting of a kernel, libraries, system tools, compilers and many end-user applications. ...

Darl McBride

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.

While the final version of United Linux wouldn't come out till 2002, inside of Caldera major changes took place. The board of directors, including Ralph Yarro, brought in the CEO of Franklin-Covey Darl McBride. Almost immediately he saw the value of of Caldera as being primarily the value of SCO^{[citation needed]}. Caldera had purchased SCO for $100m, Novell had purchased SCO for $1b, where had that extra value gone? The company was renamed SCO Group. Ransom Love was reassigned to work exclusively on United Linux. After he completed this he left the company to join Progeny Linux Systems which was aiming to create a professional Debian. He remains there in the capacity of a board member and advisor^[2]. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... United Linux was an attempt by a consortium of Linux distributors to create a common base distribution for enterprise use, so as to minimise duplication of engineering effort and form an effective competitor to Red Hat. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ralph Yarro III is currently chairman of the board and the largest stockholder in The SCO Group, Inc. ... Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the job of having the ultimate executive responsibility or authority within an organization or corporation. ... The Franklin Covey Company was formed on May 30, 1997 when Franklin Quest acquired the Covey Leadership Center, the firm created by Stephen Covey They are based in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. They are the company who market the Franklin Planner. ... Darl McBride (born about 1960) became the CEO of The SCO Group (formerly known as Caldera) on June 28, 2002. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ... Ransom Love is the co-founder and former chief executive officer of Caldera, now the SCO Group. ... Progeny provides Linux platform technology. ... Debian, organized by the Debian Project, is a widely used distribution of free software developed through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. ...

McBride himself took the company in the direction of IP litigation (see SCO v. IBM, SCO v. Novell, SCO v. AutoZone, SCO v. DaimlerChrysler). One of his first acts as CEO was to collect six hundred thousand in back licensing fees that were owed due to Caldera. He cleaned up various Linux related licensing issues allowing for a new round of financing ^[3]. Soon thereafter he made strong false accusations regarding Linux having stolen SCO intellectual property and the company's emphasis shifted from producing anything at all to being a company focused on lawsuits^{[citation needed]}. In law, intellectual property (IP) is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain types of information, ideas, or other intangibles in their expressed form. ... On March 6, 2003, the SCO Group (formerly known as Caldera Systems) filed a $1 billion lawsuit in the US against IBM for allegedly devaluing its version of the UNIX operating system. ... After The SCO Group initiated their Linux campaign, they made several statements that they were the owners of Unix. ... AutoZone, a corporate user of Linux and former user of SCO OpenServer, was sued by The SCO Group on March 3, 2004. ... The SCO Group v. ... On March 6, 2003, the SCO Group (formerly known as Caldera Systems) filed a $1 billion lawsuit in the US against IBM for allegedly devaluing its version of the UNIX operating system. ...

As CNN put it:

SCO's "legal" alternative — persuading users to pay for licensing — is untested in a court of law. It's not clear that Linux users are in fact breaking any intellectual property laws. Stowell says only, "We hope people will take us seriously as well and will compensate us."

Interestingly the technical press was much more negative, for example.

While Caldera had aimed for profitability over community. SCO aims for profitability over anything else, quoting Love on what led to the lawsuit^[4]: Profit is what is gained, after costs are accounted for. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...

I think Caldera investors who wanted a quick return pressured the management. They seem to think that short-term, possible gains are more important than long term ones, which is unfortunate.

Caldera had been willing to buck the open source community on issues like the GPL. SCO has argued that open source community in total is illegitimate ^[5]. Caldera in the end put marketing above engineering, marketing being a technique designed to mislead^{[citation needed]}. SCO freely purjures itself in filing after filing ^[6]. Wired Magazine has called McBride "the most hated man in high tech" ^[7]. The open source movement is an offshoot of the free software movement that advocates open-source software as an alternative label for free software, primarily on pragmatic rather than philosophical grounds. ... The GNU logo Wikisource has original text related to this article: GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ... // Definitions Marketing, as suggested by the American Marketing Association, is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.[1] Another definition, perhaps simpler and more universal, is this... Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ... Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. ... In law, filing is the act of submitting a document to the clerk of a court for the courts immediate consideration, for storage in the courts files, or both. ... Wired is a full-color monthly magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993. ...

References

• Ransom Love on the SCO merger
• More on finances of the SCO merger
• Darl McBride's early successes in the IP battles
• Ransom Love editorial on the value of the Linux Standard Base
• In addition to the litigation SCO initiated Red Hat has sued SCO
• Dec 1995 review of Caldera Desktop Linux
• A comparative review from seven months later

The Red Hat v. ...

External links

• Groklaw has an extended discussion of the Linux ABI
• The Japanese subsidiary of Lineo (United System Engineers) is still alive.
• There is a focus in this article on Caldera vs. other distributions with a particular focus on RedHat. The reader may like to view a timeline for Debian to enhance understanding of what was going on in the broader GNU/Linux community at the times discussed in this article.
• An advertisement / white-paper from March 2001 comparing RedHat to Caldera. This pushes the "product not a distribution" philosophy [5]