Scots Pine at Mar Lodge, Deeside.

The Caledonian Forest is the name of a type of woodland that once covered vast areas of the Highlands of Scotland. Today, however, only 1% of the original forest survives, in 35 isolated locations. The forests are home to a wide variety of wildlife, much of which is not found elsewhere in the British Isles. Download high resolution version (972x1296, 331 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (972x1296, 331 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Pinus sylvestris L. The Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris; family Pinaceae) is a common tree ranging from Great Britain and Spain east to eastern Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as Lapland. ... Marr is a committee area in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... River Dee near Braemar The Linn of Dee, small gorge near Braemar The River Dee is a 90 mile (140 km) long river, that rises in the Cairngorms, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and flows into the North Sea at Aberdeen. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II... Image:FRANKIE COBB.jpg Various species of deer are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia. ... Location of the British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of continental Europe comprising Great Britain, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. ...

History

The Caledonian Forests were formed at the end of the last ice age. Trees began to recolonise what is now the British Isles over a land bridge which is now beneath the English Channel. Forests of this type were found all over what is now the island of Great Britain for a short period, before the climate began to slowly warm and the pinewoods retreated north into the Scottish Highlands, the last remaining climatic region suitable for them in the British Isles (see Climate of Scotland). The Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), and Weichsel (in northern central Europe) glaciations are the most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BCE. The general glacial advance began about 70,000 BCE, and... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: (IPA: ), the sleeve; Dutch: Het Kanaal) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... Pinewood Studios is a major film studio that is situated approximately 20 miles west of London among the pine trees on what was the estate of Heatherden Hall in the village of Iver Heath in Iver Parish, in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Location of the British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of continental Europe comprising Great Britain, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. ... The climate of Scotland is temperate, and tends to be very changeable, with no extremes. ...

The native pinewoods which formed this westernmost outpost of the boreal forest of Europe are estimated to have covered 15,000 square kilometres as a vast wilderness of Scots pine, birch, rowan, aspen, juniper, oak and a few other species. On the west coast, oak and birch predominated in a temperate rainforest ecosystem rich in ferns, mosses and lichens. Look up native in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Wilderness is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been modified by human activity. ... Binomial name Pinus sylvestris L. The Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris; family Pinaceae) is a common tree ranging from Great Britain and Spain east to eastern Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as Lapland. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... Species Sorbus subgenus Sorbus Sorbus aucuparia - European Rowan Sorbus americana - American mountain ash Sorbus cashmeriana - Kashmir Rowan Sorbus commixta - Japanese Rowan Sorbus decora - Showy mountain ash Sorbus glabrescens - White-fruited Rowan Sorbus hupehensis - Hubei Rowan Sorbus matsumurana Sorbus sargentiana - Sargents Rowan Sorbus scalaris - Ladder Rowan Sorbus sitchensis - Sitka mountain... Species Populus adenopoda Populus alba Populus grandidentata Populus sieboldii Populus tremula Populus tremuloides Aspens are trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the poplar genus, Populus sect. ... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Temperate rain forest in the Mount Hood Wilderness, Oregon, United States. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... CoopersBold textBold textBold textItalic text Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Pteridopsida (Polypodiopsida) A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Lichenes from Ernst Haeckels Artforms of Nature, 1904 Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as the phycobiont) that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. ...

The forest takes its name from the Romans, who called Scotland Caledonia, deriving from the early Celtic word '*caleto-' meaning 'hard, strong'. A name recorded as being used by a local tribe or tribal confederation of native Picts or Britons called the Caledonii. First recorded in a panegyric by the Roman poet Eumenius in A.D 297. Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II... Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Caledonia Caledonia is the Latin name given by the Roman Empire to a northern area of the island of Great Britain. ... The words Celt and Celtic can have a variety of meanings. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... The Caledonian Confederacy is a name given by historians to a group of disparate tribes inhabiting the Scottish Highlands at the time of the Roman occupation of Britain. ... Roman or Romans may refer to: A thing or person of or from the city of Rome. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Eumenius (c. ... This article or section should include material from AD converters In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. ... Events Narseh of Persia and Diocletian conclude a peace treaty between Persia and Rome. ...

Today less than 1% of the original forest survives and the native pinewoods have been reduced to 35 isolated remnants.

Wildlife

Being a unique ecosystem in the British Isles, the Caledonian Pinewoods are home to some of the country's rarest wildlife. It is considered to be one of the last remaining wildernesses in the British Isles. A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... Rare species is an organism which is very uncommon or scarce. ... Image:FRANKIE COBB.jpg Various species of deer are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia. ...

Breeding bird species in Caledonian pine forests found breeding nowhere else in the British Isles:

• Scottish Crossbill
• Capercaillie
• Crested Tit
• Parrot Crossbill
• Common Goldeneye
• Wood Sandpiper
• Temminck's Stint
• Black-throated Diver
• Red-throated Diver
• Redwing
• Golden Eagle
• Greenshank
• Slavonian Grebe

Breeding bird species in Caledonian pine forests rare elsewhere in the British Isles: Binomial name Loxia scotica Hartert,, 1904 The Scottish Crossbill (Loxia scotica) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... This article is about the bird. ... Binomial name Lophophanes cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 The Crested Tit, Lophophanes cristatus (formerly Parus cristatus), is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. ... Binomial name Loxia pytyopsittacus Borkhausen,, 1793 The Parrot Crossbill (Loxia pytyopsittacus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Binomial name Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies (Eurasian Goldeneye) (American Goldeneye) The Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) is a medium sized sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. ... Binomial name Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 The Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola, is a small wader. ... Binomial name Calidris temminckii Leisler, 1812 The Temmincks Stint, Calidris temminckii, is a small wader. ... Binomial name Gavia arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-throated Diver, known in North America as Arctic Loon (Gavia arctica), is a medium-sized member of the loon or diver family. ... Binomial name Gavia stellata (Pontopiddan, 1763) Gavia, meaning sea smew (although Divers are not Smew), stella meaning starred, in reference to the white speckling on its back in winter. ... Binomial name Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 The Redwing (Turdus iliacus) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. ... Binomial name Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus, 1758 World distribution of the golden eagle Light green = Nesting area Blue = Wintering area Dark green = All year distribution The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) The Greenshank, Tringa nebularia, is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. ... Binomial name Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Slavonian Grebe, Podiceps auritus †, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. ...

• Osprey
• Common Crossbill
• Siskin
• Redpoll
• Goosander
• Red-breasted Merganser
• Black Grouse
• Long-eared Owl

Mammal species present in Caledonian pine forests: Binomial name Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Osprey, Pandion haliaetus is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. ... Binomial name Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 The Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Binomial name Carduelis spinus Linnaeus, 1758 The Eurasian Siskin, or just Siskin in Europe, Carduelis spinus, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Species Carduelis flammea Carduelis cabaret Carduelis hornemanni The Redpolls are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads. ... Binomial name Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 Common Merganser range The Common Merganser, (Goosander in Europe), Mergus merganser, is a large sized duck, which is distributed over Europe, North Asia and North America. ... Binomial name Mergus serrator Linnaeus, 1758 The Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) is a typical merganser. ... Binomial name Tetrao tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758) The Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) is a large bird in the grouse family. ... Binomial name Asio otus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) is a species of owl which breeds in Europe, Asia, and North America. ...

• Pine Marten
• Red Deer
• Roe Deer
• Wild Cat
• Red Fox
• Mountain Hare
• Red Squirrel
• Feral Goat

Mammal species extinct in Caledonian pine forests: Binomial name Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) This article is about the European Pine Marten. ... Binomial name Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest species of deer in the world. ... Binomial name Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) The European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions. ... For other meanings of Wild Cat and wildcat, see wildcat. ... Binomial name Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 Red Fox range Synonyms Vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulvus The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is generally the most familiar of the foxes. ... Binomial name Lepus timidus Linnaeus, 1758 The Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus) is a hare, which is largely adapted to polar and mountainous habitats. ... Binomial name Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 For the North American Red Squirrel, see American Red Squirrel. ...

• European Beaver
• Wild Boar
• Gray Wolf
• Elk
• Aurochs
• Eurasian Lynx
• Brown Bear
• Tarpan (wild horse)

Binomial name Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution of both species of beaver. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... “Gray Wolves” redirects here. ... Binomial name Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Moose range map The moose (so named in North America, derived from Eastern Abenaki moz)[1] or elk (in Europe), Alces alces, is the largest member of the deer family Cervidae, distinguished from the others by the palmate antlers of its males. ... Binomial name Bos primigenius Subspecies Bos primigenius primigenius   (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus   (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus   (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ... Binomial name Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat of European and Siberian forests, where it is one of the major predators. ... Binomial name Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 Ursus arctos range map. ... Trinomial name Equus ferus ferus Boddaert, 1785 The Tarpan, Equus ferus ferus, was the Eurasian wild horse. ... Binomial name Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 Subspecies Equus ferus ferus Equus ferus przewalskii The Wild Horse (Equus ferus) is a member of the Horse genus and was found in Europe and Asia. ...

Conservation

Capercaillie - a species which depend on the Caledonian Forest

Much of remaining Caledonian pine forest is fully protected, and much of the forest now lies within the Cairngorms National Park. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the Forestry Commission also own several areas of pinewood on their reserves. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 711 × 600 pixels Full resolution (800 × 675 pixel, file size: 339 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Orig. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 711 × 600 pixels Full resolution (800 × 675 pixel, file size: 339 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Orig. ... This article is about the bird. ... Protected areas are locations which receive protection because of their environmental, cultural or similar value. ... The Cairngorms National Park is a national park in North-eastern Scotland. ... The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is Europes largest wildlife conservation charity. ... The Forestry Commission is a government body in the United Kingdom. ...

Trees for Life has been involved in practical work to regenerate and restore the Caledonian Forest since 1989. Its long term aim is to return an area of 1,500 square kilometres to a condition of natural forest. Trees for Life (Scotland) is a registered charity begun in 1981 as a direct result of the inspiration and example of Richard St. ... Old growth forest, sometimes called ancient forest, virgin forest, primary forest or ancient woodland is an area of forest that has attained great age and exhibits unique biological features. ...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest to reintroduce lost animals back into Caledonian pine forests, and to this end corporations have been set up to persuade the government to let them be re-introduced. Animals with corporations backing them are:

• European Beaver [1]
• Grey Wolf [2]

A long running campaign to reintroduce European Beavers to Knapdale in Argyll was recently rejected[3] by the Scottish Executive. However, the argument to reintroduce Eurasian Lynx and Grey Wolf is growing. Binomial name Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution of both species of beaver. ... Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ... Binomial name Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution of both species of beaver. ... Knapdale shown within Argyll Knapdale is a rural area of Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands, adjoining Kintyre to the south, and divided from the rest of Argyll to the north by the Crinan Canal. ... Argyll, archaically Argyle (Airthir-Ghaidheal in Gaelic, translated as [the] East Gael, or [the] East Irish), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Binomial name Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat of European and Siberian forests, where it is one of the major predators. ... Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ...

Recently, there has also been interest over Scottish landowners who are planning to build large game reserves on their land and release the species that are, at present, extinct. Paul Lister plans to release Eurasian Lynx, Brown Bear, Grey Wolf, Elk, Wild Boar and species already present in Scotland into a huge 200 square kilometre enclosure at his estate, Alladale, due for completion in 2009. A trial enclosure (5.5 km²) will be built this year and Elk, Wild Boar, Red Deer and Roe Deer will be released into it this year and next. A game reserve is an area of land set aside for maintenance of wildlife for tourism or hunting purposes. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... Binomial name Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat of European and Siberian forests, where it is one of the major predators. ... Binomial name Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 Ursus arctos range map. ... Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ... Binomial name Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Moose range map The moose (so named in North America, derived from Eastern Abenaki moz)[1] or elk (in Europe), Alces alces, is the largest member of the deer family Cervidae, distinguished from the others by the palmate antlers of its males. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II... Binomial name Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Moose range map The moose (so named in North America, derived from Eastern Abenaki moz)[1] or elk (in Europe), Alces alces, is the largest member of the deer family Cervidae, distinguished from the others by the palmate antlers of its males. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... Binomial name Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest species of deer in the world. ... Binomial name Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) The European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions. ...

Remaining Pinewoods

• Glenmore Forest Park
• Abernethy Forest
• Rothiemurchus Forest
• Achnashellach Forest
• Glen Affric
• Inshriach Forest
• Einig Wood
• Ordiequish

Glenmore Forest Park is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest near Aviemore, Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, Scotland. ... Abernethy Forest is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest near Aviemore, Scotland, UK. It is an RSPB reserve, close to Loch Garten Osprey Centre, which is also owned by the RSPB. The forest is home to Scottish Crossbill, Red Squirrel, Wild Cat, Red Deer, Black Grouse, Crested Tit, Osprey and... Rothiemurchus Forest is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest near Aviemore, Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, Scotland. ... Achnashellach Forest is a large area of the Scottish Highlands lying between Glen Carron and Loch Monar. ... Glen Affric Glen Affric (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Afaraig) is a glen south-west of the village of Cannich in the Highland region of Scotland, some 15 miles to the west of Loch Ness. ...

External links

• Trees for Life Site
• Forestry Commission Site
• Forestry Commission Pinewood Site
• Cairngorms National Park Site
• Highland Native Wildlife Park Site
• RSPB Abernethy Forest Reserve Site

Mythology

In Arthurian lore and early literature, the forest is one of King Arthur's Ten Battles, as read in the Historia Brittonum, where the battle is called Cat Coit Celidon. Who Arthur's enemy was is not named but may have been one of the native British tribes of Celtic origin or from one of the Picts to the north. King Arthur is an important figure in the mythology of Britain. ... A forest What is a Plantation forest? Ariy Fik is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, a wooded area set aside for hunting). ... The Historia Britonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 820, and exists in several recensions of varying difference. ... Cat Coit Celidon (Old Welsh: the Battle of the Forest of Caledonia), according to the Historia Brittonum, was the seventh battle commanded by King Arthur during the sub-Roman historical period in British history. ... The words Celt and Celtic can have a variety of meanings. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

In related Merlin literature, the figure of Myrddin Wyllt retreated to these woods in his madness after the battle of Arfderydd in the year 573. He fled from the alleged wrath of the king of Strathclyde Rhydderch Hael after the slaying of Gwenddolau ap Ceidio. This is written in the two Merlinic poems in Middle Welsh called Yr Oinau and Yr Afallenau in the Black Book of Carmarthen. This forest is also the retreat of another character named Lailoken from the Vita Kentigerni, who fled in madness in a manner similar to Myrddin Wyllt. Merlin dictating his poems, as illustrated in a French book from the 13th century. ... Myrddin Wyllt is the wild man of the woods mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouths Vita Merlini. ... The Battle of Arfderydd (also know as Arderydd) was fought, according to the Annales Cambriae, in 573. ... Events Pope Gregory I is ordained monk. ... Strathclyde (Srath Chluaidh in Gaelic) was one of the regional council areas of Scotland from 1975 to 1996. ... Riderch I of Alt Clut, (fl. ... Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. ... The Black Book of Carmarthen (Welsh: Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin) is one of the earliest surviving manuscripts written entirely in Welsh. ... With its origin from Arthurian legend and derived from Celtic mythology, a Scottish lord and madman attributed with prophetic abilities. ... Myrddin Wyllt is the wild man of the woods mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouths Vita Merlini. ...

In the Middle Welsh story Culhwlch ac Olwen, the leading character Culhwlch is the son of a king named Kyledon Wledic who may or may not be related to the forest in name. Another figure from the same story, Cyledyr Wyllt hints at a close relationship of the forest being a retreat for people who suffered from a special kind of madness or Gwyllt (Geilt in Irish). In line 994 to 996 of the story, it is briefly explained, "...a Chyledyr Wyllt y uab, a llad Nwython a oruc a diot y gallon, a chymhell yssu callon y dat, ac am hynny yd aeth Kyledyr yg gwyllt" ("...and his son Kyledyr the Wild. Gwynn killed Nwython and cut out his heart, and forced Kyledyr to eat his father's heart, and that how Kyledyr went mad"). Though not named directly, the very name Kyledyr Wyllt is close to the two related notions of the forest of Celyddon being where people suffering madness or Gwyllt hide. Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. ... Look up madness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cat Coit Celidon (Old Welsh: the Battle of the Forest of Caledonia), according to the Historia Brittonum, was the seventh battle commanded by King Arthur during the sub-Roman historical period in British history. ...