NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Calendar era

A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic and Ethiopic churches have their own Christian eras, see below). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era. There are many different calendar eras. Some are listed below along with their abbreviations (if any). A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... A calendar is a system for naming periods of time, typically days. ... Inscription on the tomb of Pope Gregory XIII celebrating the introduction of the Gregorian Calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ... Anno Domini (Latin: In the year of the Lord), or more completely Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi (in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ), commonly abbreviated AD or A.D., is the designation used to number years in the dominant Christian Era in the world today. ... In chronology, an epoch is an instant chosen as the origin of a particular time scale. ...

A.D. (or AD) — for the Latin Anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord. This is the dominant or Western Christian Era; AD is used in the Gregorian calendar. Anno Salutis, meaning in the year of salvation is identical to the same era. Originally intended to number years from the birth of Jesus, in fact the calculation was a few years off. Traditionally, years preceding AD 1 are numbered using the BC era (see below) to avoid zero or negative numbers. However, the astronomical year numbering convention happily uses zero and negative year numbers in the AD era.
- Note: AD was also used in the medieval Julian Calendar as well, but the calendars are not identical. To distinguish between them, O.S. and N.S. were often added to the date, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, when both calendars were in common use. Old Style (O.S.) was used for the Julian calendar. New Style (N.S.) was used for the Gregorian calendar.
- Note: AD is ambiguous about where in the calendar year the numbered year starts. While in modern times it is always January 1, the start of the calendar year, previously other dates were used, such as March 25. Many countries switched to using January 1 as the start of the numbered year when switching from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, but others switched earlier or later.
A.C., B.C. (or BC) — for the Latin Ante Christum, and the English Before Christ, respectively. Used for years prior to AD 1, counting backwards so the year n BC is the year 1-n AD. Using these two calendar eras in the intended way means that there is no year 0 or negative year numbers. However, the astronomical year numbering convention uses the AD era exclusively, so includes zero and negative year numbers.
C.E. (or CE) — meaning Common Era, which is used with the Gregorian calendar and is equivalent to the Anno Domini era. This use is similar to that of the Vulgar Era in the past.
B.C.E. (or BCE) — meaning Before the Common Era. Used with the Gregorian calendar and equivalent to B.C..
A.U.C. (or AUC) — for the Latin Ab Urbe Condita, meaning from the founding of the city (of Rome), although this was probably calculated inaccurately. The first day of its year was Founder's Day (April 21), although most modern historians assume that it coincides with the modern historical year (January 1 to December 31). It was rarely used in the Roman calendar and in the early Julian calendar — naming the two consuls that held office in a particular year was dominant. Dionysius Exiguus implied, but did not explicitly state, that AD 1 was 754 AUC, so that the year 2006 is the same as the year 2759 AUC (2006 + 753).
A.M. (or AM) — for the Latin Anno Mundi, meaning in the year of the world. This is used in the Hebrew calendar which counts years from the creation of the world, which was thought by the era's founders to have taken place in the year 3761 BC. AM was also used for all first millennium world eras of the early Christian chronographers.
Anno Lucis of Freemasonry adds 4000 years to the AD date. This was claimed to date from Creation.
Aetos Kosmou of the Byzantine Greek Calendar claims to date from Creation. The year 7514 of this era begins in September 2005 CE.
A.M. (or AM), Era of Martyrs — from the Latin Anno Martyrum (in the year of the martyrs). Used in the Coptic calendar, and equivalent to the Anno Diocletiani, counting years from the start of the reign of Diocletian, in 284.
A.H. (or AH) — for the Latinized Anno Hegirae, meaning in the year of the Hijra, Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in September 622, which is taken to be the beginning of the Muslim era. This is used in the Islamic calendar. (Note that, since the Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar, its year count increases faster than that of solar and lunisolar calendars.)
A.H.S. (or AHS) — used by the Iranian calendar to denote the number of solar years since the Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in September 622.
B.E. — for the Buddhist Era, which has an epoch (origin) of 545 BC, but with an offset of one year from this zero year the difference BE − AD is 543 in Thailand.
B.E. — for the Bahá'í Era beginning 21 March 1844. See Bahá'í calendar for more details.
B.P. — for Before Present, specifically, the number of radiocarbon years before 1950, used in radiocarbon dating.
S.E. or (SE) — for the Saka Era, used in some Hindu calendars, epoch dated from near the vernal equinox of year 78 (year 0); its usage spread to Southeast Asia before year 1000. This era is also used (together with the Gregorian calendar) in the Indian national calendar, the official civil calendar used in communiques issued by the Government of India.
Y.Z. — for the era of Yazdegerd, and is used by the Zoroastrian calendar, the religious calendar of the Zoroastrians. Its epoch is 16 June 632, the date of the coronation of Yazdegerd III of Persia, the last monarch of the Sassanid dynasty.
The Incarnation Era is used by Ethiopia. Its epoch is 29 August 8 in the Julian calendar.
The Republican Era of the French Republican Calendar was dated from 22 September 1792, the day of the proclamation of the French First Republic.
The Seleucid Era, formerly used in much of the Middle East, uses the epoch 312 BC, the year when Seleucus I Nicator captured Babylon and began his reign over the Asian portions of Alexander the Great's empire.
Chinese eras or Nian Hao were used sporadically from 156 BC and continuously from 140 BC. Until 1367 several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1368 until 1912 only one era name was used by each emperor, who was posthumously known by his era name.
- The Republican era is used by the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 1929, and assigns year one to 1912, the first year of the republic. Coincidentally, this is the same as the Juche era used in North Korea.
- Expatriate Chinese use a continuous count of years from the reign of the legendary Yellow Emperor, using the epoch 2698 BC (year 1). Western writers begin this count at either 2637 BC or 2697 BC (see Chinese calendar).
Japanese eras or Nengo were used sporadically from 645 and continuously from 701. Until 1867 several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1868 only one era name has been used by each emperor. Since 1868, each emperor has been known posthumously by his era name.
Korean eras or Dangi were used from 536 to 963 and from 1894 to 1910.
HE, the Holocene Era, is a reform of the Gregorian Calendar proposed by Cesare Emiliani with its epoch set at 10,000 BC, roughly coincident to the beginning of human civilisations. In this calendar, the year 2006 is simply 12006 HE, and the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC is translated to 9957 HE.
psU, post scriptum Ulysses, is used with the Poundian calendar to number years from the completion of the novel Ulysses. The first day of the year 1 psU was November 1, 1921. In general, the year n psU runs from November 1 of 1920+n CE to October 31 of 1921+n CE. (The Poundian calendar is precisely aligned with the Gregorian calendar.)

It has been suggested that History of the Latin language be merged into this article or section. ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCEâ€“ 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... Astronomical year numbering is based on BCE/CE (or BC/AD) year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is about the year. ... A year zero does not exist in the Christian Era and its Gregorian calendar or actually its anterior Julian calendar. ... Astronomical year numbering is based on BCE/CE (or BC/AD) year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. ... The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Christian Era or Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 (the traditional but probably erroneous birthdate of Jesus) to the present. ... Ab urbe condita (AUC or a. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Area - City Proper 1285 kmÂ² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. ... Consul (abbrev. ... Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little, meaning humble) (c. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: ) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. ... Cultures throughout history have believed the world formed or was formed at some time in the past, so methods of dating Creation have involved analysing scriptures and physical data. ... (1st millennium BC – 1st millennium – 2nd millennium – other millennia) Events Beginning of Christianity and Islam London founded by Romans as Londinium Diaspora of the Jews The Olympic Games observed until 393 The Library of Alexandria, largest library in the world, burned Rise and fall of the Roman Empire Germanic kingdoms... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church calendar describes or dictates the rhythm of the life of the Church. ... The anno Diocletiani era or the Diocletian era or the Era of Martyrs is a method of numbering years used by Alexandrian Christians during the fourth and fifth centuries. ... The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. ... Emperor Diocletian. ... For other uses, see number 284. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (also called Hijri calendar, Arabic Ø§Ù„ØªÙ‚ÙˆÙŠÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù‡Ø¬Ø±ÙŠ) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days. ... A lunar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates the moon phase. ... A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere). ... A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. ... The Iranian calendar (also known as Persian calendar or the Jalaali Calendar) is a solar calendar currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... Buddhism is a religion and philosophy focusing on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who probably lived in the 5th century BCE. Buddhism spread throughout the ancient Indian sub-continent in the five centuries following the Buddhas death, and propagated into Central, Southeast, and East Asia over the... In chronology, an epoch is an instant chosen as the origin of a particular time scale. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC Events and Trends 548 BC -- Croesus, Lydian king, defeated by Cyrus. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The BahÃ¡Ã calendar, common to the BahÃ¡Ã Faith, is a solar calendar with regular years 365 days long and leap years 366 days long as explained within the KitÃ¡b-i-Aqdas. ... Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to ca 60,000 years. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Hindu calendar used in Vedic times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. ... For other uses, see number 78. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... // Events World Population 300 million. ... Inscription on the tomb of Pope Gregory XIII celebrating the introduction of the Gregorian Calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ... The Hindu calendar used in Vedic times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars. ... The Government of India, officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called Republic of India. ... The Zoroastrian calendar is a religious calendar used by members of the Zoroastrian faith, and it is an approximation of the (tropical) solar calendar. ... Zoroastrianism, in Persian: Ø¢ÙŠÙŠÙ† Ø²Ø±ØªØ´Øª , Ain-e ZÃ¦rtosht (in Kurdish: ZerdeÅŸtÃ® ) was once the state religion of Sassanid Persia, and played an important role during the preceding Median, Achaemenid and Parthian eras, while it is considered, by some, to be the oldest monotheistic religion. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Image:Yazdegard iii. ... The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... This article is about the year 8. ... The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar is a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about twelve years from late 1793. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The French people proclaimed Frances First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC Years: 317 BC 316 BC 315 BC 314 BC 313 BC _ 312 BC _ 311 BC... Silver coin of Seleucus. ... Babylon is the Greek variant of Akkadian Babilu (bÄb-ilÃ», meaning Gateway of the god, translating Sumerian Kadingirra), an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq). ... Alexander the Great (in Greek , transliterated Megas Alexandros) (July 356 BC â€“ June 11, 323 BC), King of Macedon (336â€“323 BC), is considered one of the most successful military commanders in world history, conquering most of the world known to the ancient Greeks before his death. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC - 150s BC - 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC Years: 161 BC 160 BC 159 BC 158 BC 157 BC - 156 BC - 155 BC 154 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 145 BC 144 BC 143 BC 142 BC 141 BC - 140 BC - 139 BC 138 BC... Events Battle of Najera, Peter I of Castile restored as King. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Motto: None Anthem: National Anthem of the ROC Capital Taipei (de facto)1 Largest city Taipei City Official language(s) Mandarin (GuoyÃ¼) Government President Vice President Premier Multiparty democracy Chen Shui-bian Annette Lu Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai Revolution Declared October 10, 1911 Established January 1, 1912 Relocation to... Motto: None Anthem: National Anthem of the ROC Capital Taipei (de facto)1 Largest city Taipei City Official language(s) Mandarin (GuoyÃ¼) Government President Vice President Premier Multiparty democracy Chen Shui-bian Annette Lu Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai Revolution Declared October 10, 1911 Established January 1, 1912 Relocation to... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Juche Idea (pronounced // in Korean, approximately joo-cheh) is the basic governing idea of North Korea, and colloquially the political system based on that principle. ... Yellow Emperor The Yellow Emperor or Huang Di (Chinese: é»ƒå¸, Simplified Chinese: é»„å¸, pÄ«nyÄ«n: huÃ¡ngdÃ¬) is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is said to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. ... The Chinese calendar (Traditional Chinese:è¾²æ›†; Simplified Chinese: å†œåŽ†; pinyin: nÃ³nglÃ¬) is a lunisolar calendar incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. ... Japanese era name (å¹´å·, nengÅ, lit. ... Events End of the reign of Empress Kogyoku of Japan Emperor Kotoku ascends to the throne of Japan Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Births Empress Jito of Japan Categories: 645 ... Events September 30 - John VI succeeds Sergius I as Pope. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Korean era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. ... Events June 8 - St. ... Events Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland, compels him to pay tribute Luxembourg is founded, and the Belgium area becomes part of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... -1... The Holocene calendar (HE) is a proposal for a calendar reform with a view to facilitate counting of Gregorian years BC. It is putting the epoch of the current era 10 000 years back in time at the dawn of the present human civilization. ... Cesare Emiliani in the early 1950s when he was doing his pioneering research at the University of Chicago (Photo from the Archives of the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami) Cesare Emiliani (8 December 1922, Bologna, Italy - 20 July 1995, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA) is... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Ulysses is a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in 1922, Paris. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Encyclopedia > Calendar era

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