The Cali Cartel is a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. The Cali Cartel was founded by the Rodríguez-Orejuela brothers, Gilberto and Miguel, as well as associate José Santacruz Londoño. Later Cali cartel principles included Hélmer Herrera, Jairo Ivan Urdinola-Grajales, Julio Fabio Urdinola-Grajales, Henry Loaiza-Ceballos, Victor Patiño-Fomeque, Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus, Raul Grajales-Lemos, Luis Grajales-Posso and Juan Carlos Ortiz Escobar.^[1] This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Cali Governor Angelino Garzon Area 22,140 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   4,524,678 204 people/km² Adjective vallecaucano Valle del Cauca is a department of Colombia. ... Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, alias El Ajedrecista (The Chess Player), is a 65 year-old Colombian drug lord, who led the Cali Cartel, based in the south part of Colombia, around the city of Cali. ... Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela. ... Chepe Santacruz Londoño. ... Hélmer Pacho Herrera booking photo. ... Henry Loaiza-Ceballos Henry Loaiza-Ceballos aka El Alacran (The Scorpion) was a Colombian drugdealer part of the Cali Cartel. ... Victor Patiño-Fomeque Victor Julio Patiño-Fomeque aka El Quimico (the Chemist) is a Colombian narcotrafficker member of the Cali Cartel and currently serving time in a prison of the United States. ... Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus is Colombian drugtrafficker former member of the Cali Cartel fifth most important in the chain of command. ...

Foundation

Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela

At the the foundation of the Cali Cartel was the Orejuela brothers and Londoño, all coming from what is described as a higher social background then most other traffickers of the time.^[2] The recognition of this social background was displayed in the groups nickname as "Cali's Gentlemen."^[3][4] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers known as Las Chemas, which was led by Luis Fernando Tamayo Garcia. Las Chemas were implicated in numerous kidnappings including that of two swiss citizens, a diplomat Herman Buff and a student, Werner Jose Straessle. They reportedly received $700,000 dollars in ransom, which is believed to have gone on to fund their drug trafficking empire.^[5] Kidnapping, a word derived from kid, meaning child and nap (nab) meaning snatch, recorded since 1673, was originally used as a term for the practice of stealing children for use as servants or laborers in the American colonies. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ...

The assembled group first involved itself in trafficking marijuana. Due to the products low profit rate, and larger amount required to traffic to cover resources, the fledgling group decided to shift their focus to the more lucrative drug, cocaine.^[5] A Cannabis sativa plant The drug cannabis, also called marijuana, is produced from parts of the cannabis plant, primarily the cured flowers and gathered trichomes of the female plant. ... Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...

In the early 1970's the cartel sent Helmer "Pacho" Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center. This action came during a time when the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was not fully pursuing cocaine, and viewed the drug as less critical than heroin, at one point releasing a report stating of cocaine it "is not physically addictive ... and does not usually result in serious consequences, such as crime, hospital emergency room admissions or both."^[5] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ... Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is an opioid synthesized directly from the extracts of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. ...

Organization

Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela

The lax attitude of the DEA on cocaine is believed to be what allowed the group to prosper, but also to develop and organize itself into multiple "cells" that appeared to operate independently, yet reported to a "celeno" or manager, who then reported back to Cali.^[4] The independent cell structure is what set the Cali Cartel apart from the more dominant Medellín Cartel. The Cali Cartel operated as a tight group of independent criminal organizations, as opposed to the Medellíns' structure of a central leader, Pablo Escobar.^[3][6] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Medellín Cartel was a well-organized network of drug smugglers originating in the city of Medellín in Colombia and operating through the 1970s and 1980s. ... Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria. ...

It was believed each cell would report to a larger group, who would then report to the leaders of the cartel. The groups as cited by former Cali accountant Guillermo Pallomari are:^[7]

• Narco-trafficking: Control over processing labs, shipping methods and routes.
• Military: Control over security, punishment/discipline and bribery in relation to military or police officials.
• Political: Responsible for forging governmental links, Congressional members, federal officials and local authorities.
• Financial: Control over money-laundering, front businesses and legitimate business ventures.
• Legal: Control over representation for captured traffickers, hiring of lobbyists and overseas representation.

The Cali Cartel would eventually go on to be known by then DEA chief Thomas Constantine as "The biggest, most powerful crime syndicate we've ever known."^[8][4] Constantine speaking at the DEAs 25th anniversary celebration. ...

Activities

Trafficking

The Cali Cartel, whose brief roots began in trafficking marijuana, soon shifted to cocaine due to its ease of transporting and greater profit margin. The cartel would be known for innovation in trafficking and production by moving its refining operations out of Colombia to Peru and Bolivia, as well as for pioneering new trafficking routes through Panama. The Cartel also diversified into opium and was reported to have brought in a Japanese chemist to help its refining operation.^[9][6] This article does not adequately cite its references. ...

According to reports and testimony of Thomas Constantine to the United States Congress, "Cali would be the dominant group in trafficking South American heroin due to their access to the opium growing areas of Colombia." Debate over the cartels participation in heroin trafficking remains. It is believed the cartels leaders were not involved in heroin trading, however close associates to them were, such as Ivan Urdinola-Grajales.^[4] Their relationships it is believed lead to cooperation with heroin distribution centers.^[5] Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is an opioid synthesized directly from the extracts of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. ...

At the height of the Cali Cartels reigns they were cited as having control over 70% of the worlds cocaine market and, for being directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 90% of the market.^[4] By the mid 1990's the trafficking empire of the Cali Cartel was a multi-billion dollar enterprise.^[10][3] World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Financial

Cali Cartel money laundering chart (click to enlarge)

In order to launder the incoming money of the trafficking operations, the Cali cartel heavily invested its funds into legitimate business ventures as well as front companies to mask the money through. In 1996 it was believed the Cartel was making 7 billion in annual revenue.^[3][11][12] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 512 pixelsFull resolution (1452 × 930 pixel, file size: 247 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 512 pixelsFull resolution (1452 × 930 pixel, file size: 247 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) http://www. ... Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ...

With the influx of cash comes the need to launder the funds. One of the first instances of the Cali Cartel laundering operations came when Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela was able to secure the position of Chairman of the Board, of Banco de Trabajadores. The bank was believed to be used to launder funds for the Cali cartel, as well as Pablo Escobars' Medellín Cartel. Cartel members were permitted, through their affiliation with Gilberto, to overdraft accounts and take out loans without repayment.^[5][11][4] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Capitalizing off of this basis, Gilberto was able to found the First InterAmericas Bank operating out of Panama.^[5] In a interview with Time magazine, Gilberto admitted to money being laundered through the bank, however attributed the process to only legal actions. The laundering, which Gilberto states was "in accordance with Panamanian law", is what lead to the US authorities pursuing him. Gilberto later started a the Grupo Radial Colombiano, a network of over 30 radio stations and a pharmaceutical chain named Drogas la Rebaja, which at its height amassed over 400 stores in 28 cities, employing 4200 employees. The pharmaceutical chains value was estimated at $216 million.^[13][11][4] (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ...

Bribery

See also: 8000 Process

The Cali Cartel is often noted for its policy of "plata o plomo" (Colombian slang for "money or bullets"), meaning violence or money. In contrast to the Medellín Cartel who went to war with the government of Colombia, engaging in narco-terrorism, the Cali cartel attempted instead to gain influence within the government through bribes and favors.^[6] Gilberto was once quoted as saying "we don't kill judges, we buy them." It is believed Miguel Orejuela at one point had over 2,800 people on his payroll, from government officials to taxi drivers.^[3] The Orejuela's social background is cited as being a contributing factor to their relations with the oligarchy of Colombia. One of the most public revelations of attempted bribery came when it was revealed the presidential campaign of Ernesto Samper had received 6 million from the Cali cartel.^[9] As fallout from the revelation, Sampers' 1995 campaign manager, Santiago Medin was forced to retire, as well as three other government ministers for their involvement with the Cali cartel, or accepting money from them.^[2][3] This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Narcoterrorism is a term coined by former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nations anti-narcotics police. ... Bribery is the practice of offering a professional money or other favours in order to circumvent ethics in a variety of professions. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Oligarchy (Greek , Oligarkhía) is a form of government where political power effectively rests with a small, elite segment of society (whether distinguished by wealth, family or military prowess). ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Humberto de la Calle Term of office: August 7, 1994 – August 7, 1998 Preceded by: César Gaviria Succeeded by: Andrés Pastrana Date of birth: August 3, 1950 Place of birth: Bogotá First Lady: Jacquin Strouss de Samper Political party: Liberal Ernesto Samper...

Due to the depths of the Cali cartels bribery and governmental influence, Prosecutor General Alfonso Valdivieso stated "The corruption of the Cali cartel is worse than the terrorism of the Medellín cartel ..."^[14]

Violence

Discipline

Political violence was largely discounted by the Cali Cartel, as the threat of violence often sufficed. The organization of the cartel was structured so that only people who had family in Colombia would handle operations that involved both Cali and U.S. sites, keeping the family within reach of the cartel. Family members became the cartel's insurance against members going to the officials or refusing payments of product received. The threat of death also hung over those who made mistakes. It is believed the cartel would often kill junior members who made gross errors.^[6] While government officials were often spared violence, junior members and the city's poor reportedly were not.^[4] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Social cleansing

In End of Millennium, Manuel Castells states the Cali Cartel had participated in social cleansing of hundreds to thousands of "desechables" (English: Discardables). The desechables included prostitutes, street children, petty thieves, homosexuals and the homeless. Along with members of the local bourgeoisie, the Cali Cartel formed parties self named grupos de limpieza social (English: social cleansing groups) who murdered the "desechables," often leaving them with signs on them stating: "Cali limpia, Cali Linda" (English: Cali clean, Cali beautiful). The bodies of those murdered were often tossed into the Cauca River, which later became known as the River of Death. The municipality of Marsella in Risaralda eventually went broke at the cost of recovering corpses and conducting autopsies.^[2][15] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Whore redirects here. ... Afghan street urchin smiles for the camera in downtown Kabul, Afghanistan (June 2003). ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... A homeless man pushes a cart down the street. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Cauca River is a river in Colombia that lies between the Cordilleras Occidental and Central. ... Location of the town and municipality of Marsella in Risaralda Department. ... Motto: Capital Pereira Governor Area 4,140 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,024,362 247 people/km² Adjective risaraldense Risaralda is a department of Colombia. ... Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ...

Retaliation

Jose Santacruz Londoño

In the early 1980's and 1990's the left-wing paramilitaries had struck at the drug cartels. In 1981 the then paramilitary group, Movimiento 19 de Abril (English: 19th of April Movement) (M-19), kidnapped Marta Nieves Ochoa, the sister of the Medellín Cartels Ochoa brothers, Jorge, Fabio and Juan David. M-19 demanded a ransom of 15 million for the safe release of Marta Nieves, but were rejected. In response to the kidnapping the Medellín and Cali cartels, as well as associated traffickers, formed the group Muerte a Secuestradores (English: Death to Kidnappers) (MAS). Traffickers contributed funds, rewards, equipment and manpower for MAS operations. Leaflets were soon after dropped in a soccer field in Cali announcing the formation of the group. MAS began to capture and torture M-19 members in retaliation. Within 3 days Marta Nieves was released. The group MAS however would continue to operate, with hundreds of killings attributed to them.^[16][5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... M19 or M-19 may refer to: In science: Messier 19 (M19), a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus In history: 19th of April Movement (M-19), a former Colombian guerrilla movement and political party In transportation: M-19 (Michigan highway), a state highway in Michigan In firearms and military... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Jorge Luis Ochoa Vázquez was a drug trafficker from Medellín, Colombia who helped found the notorious Medellín Cartel in the late 1970s. ... Fabio Ochoa Vázquez (b. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

In 1992 the guerrilla faction Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (English: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) (FARC) kidnapped Christina Santa Cruz, the daughter of Cali Cartel leader José Santacruz Londoño. FARC demanded in exchange for the safe return of Christina a ransom of $10 million. In response the Cali Cartel kidnapped 20 or more members of the Colombian Communist Party, Patriotic Union, the United Workers Union and the sister of Pablo Catatumbo, a representative of the Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board. Eventually, after talks, Christina and the sister of Catatumbo were released. It is unknown what happened to the other hostages taken by the cartel.^[16][5][14] The FARC-EPs flag The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – Peoples Army, or FARC-EP) is an internationally recognized terrorist group established in 1964-1966 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party, and is Colombias oldest... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Colombian Communist Party is the legal Communist party of Colombia. ... Patriotic Union is a name held by political parties in some countries: Patriotic Union (Colombia) (Unión Patriotica) Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein) (Vaterländische Union) Spanish Patriotic Union Category: ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Counterintelligence

The counter-intelligence efforts of the Cali Cartel often surprised the DEA and Colombian officials. It was discovered in a 1995 raid of Cali Cartel offices, that the cartel had been monitoring all phone calls made in and out of Bogotá and Cali including the U.S. Embassy in Bogotá and the Ministry of Defense. The laptop, reportedly acquired through Israel allowed Londoño to eavesdrop on phone calls being made as well as analyze phone lines for wiretaps. While officials were able to discover the use of the laptop, it is reported they were unable to decrypt many of the files due to sophisticated encryption techniques.^[2] Londoño was also believed to have a person within the phone company itself, which the officials realized when he was able to recognize a phone tap, one that had been placed directly at the phone company, instead of at his residence. Londoño's lawyer soon sent an official notice requesting the legality and requesting the warrant if one was produced.^[17][2] Motto: Bogotá, 2600 metros más cerca de las estrellas Bogotá, 2600 meters closer to the stars Localities (localidades) of Bogotá Country Colombia Department Bogotá, D.C.* Foundation August 6, 1538 Government  - Mayor Luis Eduardo Garzón, PDA Area  - City 1,587 km²  (612. ... The Ministry of National Defense is the Colombian Ministry in charge of Security and defense of Colombia managing the Armed Forces of Colombia; the military branches Colombian National Army, Colombian National Armada and Colombian Air Force and the legal paramilitary forces the Colombian National Police under the management of the... “Cipher” redirects here. ...

Included in the list of government officials and officers on the Cali Cartel payroll were a reported 5,000 taxi drivers. The taxi drivers would allow the cartel to know who was arriving in the city and when, as well as where they were staying. By having numerous taxi drivers on the payroll, the cartel was able to monitor the movements of officials and dignitaries. It is reported by Time Magazine, in 1991, DEA and U.S. Customs Service (now ICE) agents were monitoring a shipment being offloaded in Miami, only to find out later that the DEA agents were the target of Cali surveillance at the same time.^[17]

Medellín cartel relations

Jorge Ochoa, a high ranking Medellín financier, and Gilberto Rodriguez had been childhood friends and would years later co-own the Panamanian First InterAmericas Bank. The institution would later be cited by United States officials as a money laundering operation, allowing both the Cali Cartel and the Medellín Cartel to move large amounts of funds through the bank. Only through diplomatic pressure, on then Panamanian President Manuel Noriega, could the U.S. put an end to the banks use as a money laundering front.^[16] Gilberto Rodriguez would later in a Time Magazine interview admit to laundering money through the bank, however states no Panamanian laws were broken during the process.^[11] Jorge Luis Ochoa Vázquez was a drug trafficker from Medellín, Colombia who helped found the notorious Medellín Cartel in the late 1970s. ... Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (born February 11, 1935) was a Panamanian general and the de facto military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989, despite never being the official President of Panama. ...

The two cartels would participate in other joint in later years, such as the founding of MAS, who successfully returned Ochoa's kidnapped sister, Marta Nieves Ochoa. Expanding on the prior success of MAS, the cartels and independent traffickers would meet again. The second meeting is believed to have been the start of organization in trafficking between the primary participants, the Medellín cartel, and Cali cartel. The two cartels divided up the major United States distribution points between themselves, the Cali cartel taking New York City and the Medellín cartel taking South Florida and Miami, Los Angeles was left up for grabs. Through their affiliation in MAS, it is also believed the cartels decided to work together to stabilize prices, production and shipments of the cocaine market. The strategic alliance formed in the foundation of MAS in 1981 was starting to crumble by 1983-1984 due to the ease of competition. As the cartels set up infrastructure, routes, transport methods and bribes, it became easier for competition and establish similar deals, or make use of those already in place by other cartels. By 1987 the cooperation forged by the formation of MAS has no longer existed, contributing factors to this demise was the Medellín cartels' Rodriguez Gacha, who attempted to move in on the New York City market, previously ceded to the Cali cartel and, the 1986 arrest of Jorge Ochoa at a police roadblock, an arrest the Medellín cartel believed was suspicious and attributed partly to the Cali cartel.^[16] José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha (May 1947 - December 15, 1989), also known by the nickname El Mexicano, was a Colombian drug lord who was considered the number two leader of the notorious Medellín Cartel behind Pablo Escobar. ...

In later years as Pablo Escobars' narco-terror war escalated against the Colombian government, the government began to strike back in ever escalating battles. As the Medellín cartel weakened due to the fighting and constant pressure, the Cali cartel grew in strength, eventually founding Los Pepes or Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar (English: People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar). Los Pepes was specifically formed to target the Medellín cartel and bring about the downfall of Pablo Escobar. It is believed Los Pepes provided information to Bloque de Busqueda (English: Search Bloc) a police/army unit specifically created to track down Medellín leaders. In exchange for information Los Pepes received assistance from the United States counter-terrorism unit, Delta Force, through its links to Search Bloc. By the time of Escobars' capture and eventual death in December 1993, Los Pepes has been responsible for the deaths or executions of over 60 associates or members of the Medellín cartel. The death of Pablo Escobar lead to the dismantling of the Medellín Cartel and the rise of the Cali cartel.^[16][18] Los Pepes, or the People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar, was a short-lived vigilante group (mainly operating in Colombia) made up of those who were persecuted by the narcotics kingpin Pablo Escobar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Group of Colombian police officers who were put together with a single mission: to find Pablo Escobar and his associates. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... The 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) — commonly known as Delta in the U.S. Army, Delta Force by civilians, and Combat Applications Group by the Department of Defense — is a Special Operations Force (SOF) and an integral element of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). ...

Law enforcement

Seizures

While the Cali Cartel operated with a degree of immunity early on due to its ties to the government and, the Medellín Cartels' narco-terrorism war on the Colombian government, they were still subjected to drug seizures. In 1991 alone law enforcement agencies seized 67 tons of cocaine, 75% originating from the Cali Cartel. In total, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) alone has spent 91,855 case hours and 13 years in investigations against the Cali Cartel, seizing 50 tons of cocaine and $15 million in assets.^[19] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the largest investigative arm of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and is responsible for identifying and dismantling vulnerabilities regarding the nations border, economic, transportation and infrastructure security. ...

The involvement of ICE in the Cali Cartels trafficking came in 1991 when a shipment was intercepted with the aide of a drug sniffing dog. The cocaine was hidden inside concrete posts. The interception of the concrete posts at the Miami seaport lead to seizure of 12,000 kilograms of cocaine and several arrests, as well as the beginning of what the ICE would dub "Operation Cornerstone". A year later in another seizure, an ICE wiretap on Harold Ackerman, who's affiliation was derived from the '91 seizure, enabled the arrest of 7 individuals and 6,000 kilograms of cocaine hidden in a load of broccoli.^[5] Accounting ledgers were seized in related arrests which allowed the identification of another shipment being sent to Panama hidden in tiles, this information was passed to Panamanian authorities and lead to the seizure of 5,100 kilograms.^[19] A detection dog getting ready to search a car for explosives. ... Telephone tapping or Wire tapping/ Wiretapping (in US) describes the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means. ... A ledger (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger), is the principal book for recording transactions. ...

The following year in 1993, ICE struck again at the Cali cartel, this time seizing 5,600 kilograms while pursuing Raul Marti, the only member of the defunct Miami cell to remain. It is believed these successive raids forced the cartel to funnel its shipments through Mexico, however that did not stop the ICE. Three maritime ships were intercepted in '93 with a total of 17,000 kilograms.^[19]

Major arrests

Between June and July of 1995, six of the seven heads of the cartel were arrested.^[9] Gilberto was arrested in his home, Henry Loaiza, Victor Patino and Phanor Arizabaleta surrendered to authorities, Jose Santa Cruz Londoño was captured in a restaurant and a month later Miguel Rodriguez was captured in a raid. It was largely believed the cartel continued to operate and run trafficking operations from within prison.^[13][14][12]

The Ochoa brothers would eventually be extradited to the United States, in 2006, and plead guilty in Miami, Florida to charges of conspiracy to import cocaine into the United States. Upon their confession they agreed to forfeit $2.1 billion is assets. The agreement however did not require them to cooperate in other investigations, they were solely responsible for identification of assets stemming from their cocaine trafficking. Colombian officials raided and seized the pharmacy chain Drogas la Rebajas, replacing 50 of the 4200 workers on grounds they were "serving the interests of the Cali Cartel."^[13][20] For other uses, see Miami (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Medellín Cartel
• Norte del Valle cartel

The Medellín Cartel was a well-organized network of drug smugglers originating in the city of Medellín in Colombia and operating through the 1970s and 1980s. ... The Norte del Valle Cartel, or North Valley Cartel, is a drug cartel which operated principally in the north of the Valle del Cauca region of Colombia. ...

References

1. ^ DEA - Publications - Major Traffickers and Their Organizations. DEA (republished).
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Enid Mumford (1999). Dangerous Decisions: Problem Solving in Tomorrow's World. Springer, 81, 83, 84, 85. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Felia Allum & Renate Siebert (2003). Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy. Routledge, 98, 99, 100, 103. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Elaine Shannon Washington. "New Kings of Coke", Times Magazine, July 01, 1991. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Ron Chepesiuk (2003). The Bullet Or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel. Praeger Publishers, 23-26, 32, 64, 68, 118. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Richard Peter Treadwell Davenport-Hines (2004). The Pursuit of Oblivion: a Global History of Narcotics. W. W. Norton & Company, 435. 
7. ^ Nicholas Coghlan (2004). Saddest Country: On Assignment in Colombia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 132. 
8. ^ James P. Gray (2001). Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It: A Judicial Indictment of the War on Drugs. Temple University Press, 85. 
9. ^ ^{a b c} Krzysztof Dydynski (2003). Lonely Planet: Colombia. Lonely Planet Publications, 18. 
10. ^ Juan E. Méndez (1992). Political Murder and Reform in Colombia: The Violence Continues. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), 76, 82, 83. 
11. ^ ^{a b c d} John Moody, Pablo Rodriguez Orejuela & Tom Quinn. "A Day with the Chess Player", Time Magazine, July 1, 1991. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Kevin Fedarko. "Outwitting Cali's Professor Moriarty", Time Magazine, July 17, 1995. 
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Colombia takes charge of pharmacy chain linked to Cali cartel", USA Today, September 17, 2004. 
14. ^ ^{a b c} Patrick L. Clawson & Rensselaer W. Lee (1998). The Andean Cocaine Industry. Palgrave Macmillan, 58-61. 
15. ^ Manuel Castells (2000). End of Millennium. Blackwell Publishing, 204. 
16. ^ ^{a b c d e} Kevin Jack Riley (1996). Snow Job?: The War Against International Cocaine Trafficking. Transaction Publishers, 170, 178, 181. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Elizabeth Gleick. "Kingpin Checkmate", Time Magazine, June 19, 1995. 
18. ^ William Avilés (2006). Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia. SUNY Press, 115. 
19. ^ ^{a b c} "History of the ICE Investigation into Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel and the Rodriguez-Orejuela Brothers", United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 
20. ^ "Transcript of Press Conference Announcing Guilty Pleas by Cali Cartel", United States Department of Justice, September 26, 2006.