California Poppy
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Ranunculales Family: Papaveraceae Genus: Eschscholzia Species: E. californica
Binomial name
Eschscholzia californica Cham.

The California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is native to grassy and open areas from sea level to 2,000m (6,500 feet) altitude in the western United States throughout California, extending to Oregon, southern Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and in Mexico in Sonora and northwest Baja California. By mdoege@compuserve. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... families See text Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. ... It has been suggested that Poppy be merged into this article or section. ... Species See text Eschscholzia is a genus of 12 flowering plants in the Papaveraceae (poppy) family. ... Latin name redirects here. ... Adelbert von Chamisso Adelbert von Chamisso (January 30, 1781 – August 21, 1838), was a German poet and botanist. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Official language(s) None Spoken language(s) English 68. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Baja California Country Capital Municipalities 5 Largest City Tijuana Government  - Governor José Guadalupe Osuna Millán (PAN)  - Federal Deputies PAN: 8  - Federal Senators Alejandro González (PAN) Rafael Díaz (PAN) Fernando Castro (PRI) Area Ranked 12th  - Total 69,921 km² (26,996. ...

It can grow 5–60 cm tall, with alternately branching glaucous blue-green foliage. The leaves are ternately divided into round, lobed segments. The flowers are solitary on long stems, silky-textured, with four petals, each petal 2-6 cm long and broad; their color ranges from yellow to orange, and flowering is from February to September. The fruit is a slender dehiscent capsule 3-9 cm long, which splits in two to release the numerous small black or dark brown seeds. It is perennial in mild parts of its native range, and annual in colder climates; growth is best in full sun and sandy, well-drained, poor soil. Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...

It grows well in disturbed areas and often recolonizes after fires. In addition to being planted for horticulture, revegetation, and highway beautification, it often colonizes along roadsides and other disturbed areas. It is drought-tolerant, self-seeding, and easy to grow in gardens. It is also pictured in welcome signs while entering California. Horticulture (pronounced or US [1]) is the art and science of the cultivation of plants. ... Restoration ecology is the study of returning degraded ecosystems and landscapes to a reference state where ecological communities and processes are re-established. ... For other uses, see Highway (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Taxonomy

The species is very variable, and over 90 synonyms exist. Some botanists accept two subspecies, one with four varieties (e.g. Leger and Rice, 2003), though others do not recognise them as distinct (e.g. Jepson 1993): In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ... This article is about the zoological term. ... In botanical nomenclature, variety is a rank below that of species: As such, it gets a ternary name (a name in three parts). ...

• E. californica subsp. californica, native to California, Baja California, and Oregon, widely planted as an ornamental, and an invasive elsewhere (see below).
  • E.californica subsp. californica var. californica, which is found along the coast from the San Francisco Peninsula north. They are perennial and somewhat prostrate, with yellow flowers.
  • E. californica subsp. californica var. maritima (E. L. Greene) Jeps., which is found along the coast from Monterey south to San Miguel Island. They are perennial, long-lived, glaucous, short in stature, and have extremely prostrate growth and yellow flowers.
  • E. californica subsp. californica var. crocea (Benth.) Jeps., which grows in non-arid inland regions. They are perennial, taller, and have orange flowers.
  • E. California subsp. californica var. peninsularis (E. L. Greene) Munz, which is an annual or facultative annual growing in arid inland environments.
• E. californica subsp. mexicana (E. L. Greene) C. Clark, the Mexican Goldpoppy, which is found in the Sonoran Desert.

USGS Satellite photo of the San Francisco Bay Area. ... Edward Lee Greene (August 20, 1843 – November 10, 1915) was an American botanist. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... For other uses, see Monterey (disambiguation). ... Aerial view of San Miguel San Miguel Island is the westernmost of Californias Channel Islands and the sixth-largest of the eight at 9,325 acres (37. ... George Bentham George Bentham (September 22, 1800 – September 10, 1884) was an English botanist, perhaps the greatest systematic botanist of the 19th century. ... Edward Lee Greene (August 20, 1843 – November 10, 1915) was an American botanist. ... Map of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. ...

History and uses

Eschscholzia californica was the first named member of the genus Eschscholzia, which was named by the German botanist Adelbert von Chamisso after another botanist, Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, his friend and colleague on Otto von Kotzebue’s scientific expedition to California and the greater Pacific in the early 19th century. Adelbert von Chamisso Adelbert von Chamisso (January 30, 1781 – August 21, 1838), was a German poet and botanist. ... Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz (1 November 1793 - 19 May 1831) was an Estonian physician, botanist, zoologist and entomologist. ... Otto von Kotzebue ( December 30, 1787 - February 15, 1846), was a Russian navigator. ...

The California poppy is the California state flower. It was selected as the state flower by the California State Floral Society in December 1890, winning out over the Mariposa lily (genus Calochortus) and the Matilija poppy (Romneya coulteri) by a landslide, but the state legislature did not make the selection official until 1903. Its golden blooms were deemed a fitting symbol for the Golden State. April 6 of each year is designated "California Poppy Day." This is a list of U.S. state flowers: List of U.S. state trees Lists of U.S. state insignia ^ State Flower of Alabama. ... Species See text. ... el de Calochortus del es un género de plantas con bulbo de el cual incluye cerca de 65 especies Colombia británico Guatemala y el este Nebraska. ... Species Romneya coulteri Romneya trichocalyx The Matilija Poppy or Tree Poppy (Romneya Harvey) is a poppy of southern California and northern Mexico, belonging to the Poppy family (Papaveraceae). ... Binomial name Romneya coulteri Parsons Romneya coulteri (Coulters Matilija poppy; syn. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Horticulturalists have produced numerous cultivars with various other colors and blossom and stem forms. These typically do not breed true on reseeding. Horticulture (pronounced or US [1]) is the art and science of the cultivation of plants. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

A common misconception associated with the plant, because of its status as a state flower, is that the cutting or damaging of the California poppy is illegal. There is no such law in California, outside of state law that makes it a misdemeanor to cut or remove any plant growing on state or county highways or public lands except by authorized government employees and contractors; it is also against the law to remove plants on private property without the permission of the owner (Cal. Penal Code Section 384a).

California poppy leaves were used medicinally by Native Americans, and the pollen was used cosmetically. The seeds are used in cooking. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Make-up redirects here. ...

Extract from the California poppy acts as a mild sedative when smoked. The effect is far milder than that of opium, which contains a different class of alkaloids. This article is about the drug. ...

The Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve is located in northern Los Angeles County, California. At the peak of the blooming season, orange petals seem to cover all 1,745 acres (7 km²) of the reserve. The Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve is a California wildlife reserve located in the rural westside of the Antelope Valley in northern Los Angeles County. ... Los Angeles County is a county in California and is by far the most populous county in the United States. ...

As an invasive species

Because of its beauty and ease of growing, the California poppy was introduced into several regions with similar Mediterranean climates. It is commercially sold and widely naturalized in Australia, and was introduced to South Africa, Chile, and Argentina. In Chile, it was introduced from multiple sources between the mid 1800s and the early 1900s. It appears to have been both intentionally imported as an ornamental garden plant, and accidentally introduced along with alfalfa seed grown in California. Since Chile and California have similar climatic regions and have experienced much agricultural exchange, it is perhaps not surprising that it was introduced to Chile. Once there, its perennial forms spread primarily in human-disturbed environments (Leger and Rice, 2003).  Areas with Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide. ... For the Our Gang (Little Rascals) character, see Carl Switzer. ...

Interestingly, the introduced Chilean populations of California poppy appear to be larger and more fecund in their introduced range than in their native range (Leger and Rice, 2003). Introduced populations have been noted to be larger and more reproductively successful than native ones (Elton, 1958), and there has been much speculation as to why. Increase in resource availability, decreased competition, and release from enemy pressure have all been proposed as explanations. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

seeds

One hypothesis is that the resources devoted in the native range to a defense strategy, can in the absence of enemies be devoted to increased growth and reproduction (the EICA Hypothesis, Blossey & Nötzold, 1995). However, this is not the case with introduced populations of E. californica in Chile: the Chilean populations were actually more resistant to Californian caterpillars than the native populations (Leger and Forister, 2005). A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...

Within the USA, it is also recognized as a potentially invasive species, being classified in Tennessee as a Rank 3 (Lesser Threat) species, i.e. an exotic plant species that spreads in or near disturbed areas, and is not presently considered a threat to native plant communities (Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council). Also, no indications of ill effects have been reported for this plant where it has been introduced outside of California. Ironically, it has been displaced in large areas of its original habitat, such as Southern California, by more invasive exotic species, such as mustard or annual grasses. Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ...

It is not known whether efforts are being undertaken anywhere in its introduced range to control or prevent further spread, nor what methods would be best suited to do so.

References

• Blossey, B., and R. Nötzold. 1995. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive non-indigenous plants: a hypothesis. Ecology 83: 887-889.
• Elton, C. S. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Chapman & Hall, London.
• Leger, E. A. and K. J. Rice. 2003. Invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition. Ecology Letters 6:257-264.
• Leger, E. A., and M. L. Forister. 2005. Increased to generalist herbivores in invasive populations of the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica). Diversity and Distributions 11: 311-317.
• Jepson Flora Project (1993): Eschscholzia californica
• The California poppy and its relatives

External links

• California poppy
• Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database

Eschscholzia californica	Eschscholzia californica	Eschscholzia californica By mdoege@compuserve. ...	Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1529 KB) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
In early March Download high resolution version (700x900, 118 KB)Image of a California Poppy flower. ...	In May	On the state's official welcome signs Download high resolution version (600x651, 263 KB)Welcome to California sign that greets travelers entering the state on Interstate 5. ...	On the state's scenic route signs Image File history File links Calpoppyscenicroutesign. ...
On a postcard, c. 1910 California poppies File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	A field of California Poppies Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 375 KB) This is a picture of California Poppies in the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve. ...		E. californica Macroscopy detailing pistil and stamen, top view Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 976 KB) This is a photograph of california poppies. ...
E. californica Macroscopy detailing pistil and stamen, side view	California Poppy at the Getty Center, Los Angeles, CA Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1993 KB) Close up of California Poppy from the Getty Center I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...	California Poppy in Morro Bay State Park	Yellow and orange California poppy, Point Reyes National Seashore

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Eschscholzia californica