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In linguistics, a calque (pronounced /kælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, "word-for-word" (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... For other uses, see Word (disambiguation). ... Look up phrase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up literal, literally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

The common English phrase "flea market" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French "marché aux puces"[1] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Going in the other direction, from English to French, provides an example of how a compound word may be calqued by first breaking it down into its component roots. The French "gratte-ciel" is a word-coinage inspired by the model of the English "skyscraper" — "gratter" literally translates "scrape", and "ciel" translates "sky". A compound is a word (lexeme) that consists of more than one free morpheme. ... For other uses, see Root (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ...

Used as a verb, "to calque" means to loan-translate from another language so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... Calque In linguistics, a calque ([kælk]) or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) consists of the borrowing of a phrase from one language into another, in the process of which individual words native to the borrowing language semantically match the individual words in the source language. ... Definition A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are the same in basic meaning. ... Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—the target text, also called the translation. ...

"Calque" itself is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" ("to copy").[2] "Loan translation" is itself a calque of the German "Lehnübersetzung".[3] A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... Calque In linguistics, a calque ([kælk]) or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) consists of the borrowing of a phrase from one language into another, in the process of which individual words native to the borrowing language semantically match the individual words in the source language. ...

To prove that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loanword, since in some cases it's quite conceivable that a similar phrase could have arisen in both languages independently. This is less so when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery.

English

From Chinese

• English brainwashing calques Simplified Chinese: 洗脑; Traditional Chinese: 洗腦; pinyin: xǐ nǎo [4] — usage via U.S. military during Korean War.
• English long time no see calques Chinese: 好久不見; pinyin: hǎojiǔ bùjiàn or Chinese: 好耐冇見 (via pidgin English)[5]
• English look-see calques Chinese: 看見; pinyin: kànjiàn or Chinese: 睇見; pinyin: dìjiàn(?) (via pidgin English)^{[citation needed]}
• English lose face calques Simplified Chinese: 丢脸; Traditional Chinese: 丟臉; pinyin: diū liǎn [6]
• English paper tiger calques Simplified Chinese: 纸老虎; Traditional Chinese: 紙老虎; pinyin: zhǐ lǎohǔ [7]

^[1][2][3] Brainwashing (also known as thought reform or re-education) consists of any systematic effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person against his/her will, usually beliefs in conflict with the persons prior beliefs and knowledge. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Combatants United Nations:  Republic of Korea,  Australia,  Belgium,  Luxembourg,  Canada,  Colombia,  Ethiopia,  France,  Greece,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands,  New Zealand,  Philippines,  South Africa,  Thailand,  Turkey,  United Kingdom,  United States Medical staff:  Denmark,  Australia,  Italy,  Norway,  Sweden Communist states:  Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,  Peoples Republic of China,  Soviet Union Commanders... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ... Face refers to two separate but related concepts in Chinese social relations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Paper tiger is a literal English translation of the Chinese phrase zhǐ lÇŽohÇ” (Chinese: ), meaning something which seems as threatening as a tiger, but is really harmless. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...

From French

• English Adam's apple calques French pomme d'Adam[8]
• English bushmeat calques French viande de brousse^{[citation needed]}
• English by heart (or off by heart) calques French par cœur^{[citation needed]}
• English Governor-General calques French Gouverneur Général^{[citation needed]}
• English free verse calques French vers libre[9]
• English old guard calques French Vieille Garde (the Imperial Guard of Napoleon I)[10]
• English flea market calques French marché aux puces[11]
• English in his/her prime (in the early days) calques French dans sa primeur^{[citation needed]}
• English marriage of convenience calques French mariage de convenance[12]
• English New Wave (artistic period) calques French Nouvelle Vague[13]
• English rhinestone calques French caillou du Rhin "Rhine pebble"[14]
• English that goes without saying calques French cela va sans dire^{[citation needed]}

For other uses, see Adams apple (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ... Free verse (also at times referred to as vers libre) is a term describing various styles of poetry that are not written using strict meter or rhyme, but that still are recognizable as poetry by virtue of complex patterns of one sort or another that readers will perceive to be... Free verse (or vers libre) is a style of poetry that is based on cadences that are more irregular than those of traditional poetic meter. ... Grognard of the Old Guard in 1813 The Imperial Guard (French:Garde impériale) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time. ... The Imperial Guard (French:Garde impériale) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A marriage of convenience (plural marriages of convenience) is a marriage contracted for reasons other than the traditional reasons of love or family. ... The British New Wave is the name given to a trend in filmmaking among directors in Britain in the late fifties and early sixties. ... The New Wave (French: Nouvelle vague) of French cinema was a cinematic movement of the 1960s. ... A rhinestone or paste is a diamond simulant made from rock crystal, glass or acrylic. ...

Teuto-Dutch

• English clinker calques either Dutch Klinkaerd or German Klinkärt[15]
• English underwrite calques either Dutch onderschrift or German unterschrift [16]
• English subscribe and/or Underwrite (formed from Latin sub-, "below", and scribea, "writing", "text") calque either Latin subscribere and/or German unterschrift [17]
• English masterpiece calques either Dutch meesterstuk[18] or German Meisterstück[19]

Clinker has several meanings: In boat building, clinker is a method of constructing wooden boats by fixing planks to a frame so that the planks overlap each other gaining support from the frame and from adjacent planks. ... Debt & Equity underwriting Debt and equity underwriting is the concept of securing the price and sale of a new issue of stocks or bonds. ... The subscription business model is a business model that has long been used by magazines and record clubs, but the application of this model is spreading. ... Debt & Equity underwriting Debt and equity underwriting is the concept of securing the price and sale of a new issue of stocks or bonds. ... For other uses, see Masterpiece (disambiguation). ...

From Dutch

• English Santa Claus calques Dutch Sinterklaas("Saint Ni-klaus")[20]
• English pineapple calques Dutch Sparappel[21][22]
• English superconductor calques Dutch suprageleider[23]
• English brandy, brandywine, calque Dutch brandewijn—'burning wine'^[4]

A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ... Sinterklaas and his Zwarte Pieten helpers arrive in the town of Sneek in November 2005 Sinterklaas (also called Sint Nikolaas in Dutch ( (help· info)) and Saint Nicolas in French) is a holiday tradition in the Netherlands and Belgium, celebrated every year on Saint Nicholas eve (December 5) or, in Belgium... For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation). ... Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the damping of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect. ... For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation). ...

From German

• English alpenglow calques German Alpenglühen[24]
• English Alzheimer's disease calques German Alzheimer Krankheit[25]
• English apple strudel calques German Apfelstrudel[26]
• English antibody calques German Antikörper[27]
• English Arons tube calques German Aronssche Röhre[28]
• English automobile calques German Kraftwagen (lit. Machinized wagon)[29]
• English backpack calques German Rucksack
• English backformation calques German Rückbildung (lit. "Back building") English in Europe by Manfred Görlach
• English ball lightning calques German Kugelblitz English in Europe by Manfred Görlach
• English beer garden calques German Biergarten[30]
• English Braun tube calques German Braunsche Röhre[31]
• English cookbook calques German Kochbuch[32]
• English cobalt calques German Kobalt[33]
• English concertmaster and concertmeister calque German Konzertmeister[34]
• English Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and mad cow disease calques German Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit[35]
• English Diesel engine calques German Dieselmotor[36]
• English dollar calques German Thaler (short for Joachimsthaler) [37]
• English cross-dressing calques German Transvestismus[38]
• English flamethrower calques German Flammenwerfer[39]
• English foreword calques German Vorwort, which itself calques Latin præfatio (from præ-" "before" plus fari "speak") "preface"[40]
• English Geiger counter calques German Geigerzähler[41]
• English glitz calques German glitzerig (lit. "glittering")[42]
• English glitzy calques German glitzern (lit. "glitters")[43]
• English gramophone calques German Grammophon/Grammefon[44]
• English heroic tenor calques German Heldentenor[45]
• English intelligence quotient calques German Intelligenz-quotient[46]
• English loan translation calques German Lehnübersetzung
• English loanword calques German Lehnwort[47]
• English Kris/Kriss Kringle calques German Christkindl (lit. "Christ child")[48][49]
• English masochism calques German Masochismus[50]
• English mercury/quicksilver vapor lamp calques German Quecksilberdampflampe[51]
• English microphone calques German Mikrophon/Mikrofon[52]
• English overman and superman (i.e., self-transcending human) calque German Übermensch[53]
• English parentship/pregnancy test calques German Schwangerschaftstest[54]
• English power politics calques German Machtpolitik[55]
• English rainforest calques German Regenwald[56]
• English realistic politics calques German Realpolitik[57]
• English sports shoe, and athletic shoe calques German Sportschuh[58]
• English standpoint (point of view) calques German Standpunkt[59]
• English superego (formed from Latin super- "over, above" plus ego "I") calques German über-Ich "over-I"[60]
• English stormtroopers calques German Sturmtruppen[61]
• English subliminal (formed from Latin sub-, "below", plus limin (gen. liminis, "threshold") calques German unter der Schwelle, "beneath the threshold"[62]
• English submarine calques German Unterseeboot (lit. "under-sea boat")[63]
• English tank calques German Panzerwagen (or Panzer, for short)(lit. "armored wagon")[64]
• English thought experiment calques German Gedankenexperiment[65]
• English watershed calques German Wasserscheide[66]
• English worldview calques German Weltanschauung[67]
• English world war calques German Weltkrieg[68]

Alpenglow at sunset (Kehlstein, Höher Göll, Hohes Brett in the German Alps). ... Apfelstrudel (Apple strudel) is a traditional Viennese dish, the best known kind of strudel; others include Kirschstrudel (cherry strudel) and there are also savoury strudels incorporating spinach, sauerkraut and so on. ... Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. ... “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... This article is about devices that perform tasks. ... A wagon (in British English waggon) or dray is a wheeled vehicle, ordinarily with four wheels, usually pulled by an animal, or animals, such as horses, mules or oxen and used for transport of heavy goods. ... A backpack A backpack is, in its simplest form, a cloth sack carried on ones back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders (called shoulder straps) and below the armpits. ... The simplest form of backpack (also rucksack or knapsack) is a cloth sack carried on ones back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders and below the armpits. ... In etymology, the process of back-formation is the creation of a neologism by reinterpreting an earlier word as a compound and removing the spuriously supposed affixes. ... For other uses, see Ball lightning (disambiguation). ... A typical beer garden in Munich A beer garden is an open-air area where alcohol is legally served. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany – 20 April 1918 in New York City, USA) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... A cookbook is a book that contains information on cooking, and a list of recipes. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... Concert-master. ... The concertmaster/mistress, or concertmeister (from German Konzertmeister is the leader of the first violin section of a symphony orchestra. ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is ultimately fatal. ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or commonly mad cow disease) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which infects by a mechanism that shocked biologists on its discovery in late 20th century and appears transmissible to humans. ... A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906 Rudolf Diesels 1893 patent on his engine design The Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle named after German engineer Rudolf Diesel, who invented it in 1876, based on the hot bulb engine, and... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... United States one-dollar bill Canadian one-dollar coin (Loonie) One New Taiwan dollar Australian one-dollar coin 500 old Zimbabwean dollars The dollar (often represented by the dollar sign: $) is the name of the official currency in several countries, dependencies and other regions. ... Examples of German and Austrian Thalers compared to a US quarter piece (bottom center) The Thaler (or Taler) was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... Jáchymov (originally Thal, later Sankt Joachimsthal in German) is a spa town in the Czech Republic, located at the St. ... This article deals with the history of the word transvestite. For information about cross-dressing, see there. ... Riverboat of the U.S. Brownwater Navy shooting ignited napalm from its mounted flamethrower during the Vietnam war. ... A foreword is a literary device that is often found in the beginning of a piece of literature, before the introduction. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up glitz in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Edison cylinder phonograph from about 1899 The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the 1870s through the 1980s. ... For other uses, see Hero (disambiguation). ... This article is about Tenor vocalists in music. ... “IQ” redirects here. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... Bold textItalic textLink titlelink title Media:Example. ... Madonna and Child ... Flogging demonstration at Folsom Street Fair 2004. ... A Mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. ... “Microphones” redirects here. ... Overman is also used as an English translation for the Nietzsches theory of Ãœbermensch Overman one who inspects the state of the mine every morning before the men go to work. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A modern pregnancy test A pregnancy test is a test to determine whether or not a woman is pregnant. ... Power politics is a state of international relations in which sovereigns protect their own interests by threatening one another with military, economic, or political aggression. ... The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ... Realpolitik (German: real (realistic, practical or actual) and Politik (politics)) is a term that is synonomous to Machiavellianism and is used to describe politics based on strictly practical rather than ideological notions, and practiced without any sentimental illusions. Realpolitik is usually used pejoratively as a term to imply politics imposed... ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... The Standpoint logo Standpoint is a web site which allows people to keep track of and share their beliefs. ... In his theory of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud sought to explain how the unconscious mind operates by proposing that it has a particular structure. ... The Stormtroopers were special military troops which were formed in the last year of World War I as the German army developed new methods of attacking enemy trenches, called infiltration tactics. Men trained in these methods were known as in German as Sturmmann (literally storm man or assault man but... Subliminal may refer to: Subliminal messages Subliminal (rapper), an Israeli rapper and producer Subliminal (record label), an electronic music label known for the Subliminal Sessions compilation series. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... For other uses, see Submarine (disambiguation). ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... For the German biologist, see Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer. ... Panzer IV Ausf. ... Armor or armour (see spelling differences) is protective clothing intended to defend its wearer from intentional harm in combat and military engagements, typically associated with soldiers. ... A wagon (in British English waggon) or dray is a wheeled vehicle, ordinarily with four wheels, usually pulled by an animal, or animals, such as horses, mules or oxen and used for transport of heavy goods. ... In philosophy, physics, and other fields, a thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is an attempt to solve a problem using the power of human imagination. ... Watershed has more than one meaning: Look up watershed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the radio show. ... A world war is a war affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ...

From Latin

• English commonplace calques Latin locus commūnis (referring to a generally applicable literary passage), which itself is a calque of Greek koinos topos[69]
• English devil's advocate calques Latin advocātus diabolī, referring to an official appointed to present arguments against a proposed canonization or beatification in the Catholic Church[70]
• English wisdom tooth calques Latin dēns sapientiae[71]
• English Milky Way calques Latin via lactea[72]
• English in a nutshell calques Latin in nuce[73]; see Pliny VII.21
• English Saturday partially calques Latin Diēs Saturnī day of Saturn [74]^{[verification needed]}

Note: the Latin planetary names, as found in the names of the weekdays, in turn calque the Greek names, which calque the ancient Babylonian names (e.g. Friday, and the planet Venus, were named after Freia. See [75].) Commonplace books (or commonplaces) emerged in the 15th century with the availability of cheap paper for writing, mainly in England. ... For other uses, see Devils advocate (disambiguation). ... Wisdom teeth are third molars that usually appear between the ages of 18 and 20 (although they may appear when older, or fail to appear at all). ... For other uses, see Milky Way (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Freia can refer to: An alternative name for the Norse goddess Freya. ...

From Spanish

• English blue-blood calques Spanish sangre azul[76]
• English moment of truth calques Spanish el momento de la verdad which refers to the time of the final sword thrust in a bullfight.[77]

Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Spanish toreo, corrida de toros or tauromaquia; Portuguese corrida de touros or tauromaquia) is a blood sport that involves, most of the times, professional performers (matadores) who execute various formal moves with the goal of appearing graceful and confident, while masterful over the bull itself; these maneuvers are performed at...

From other languages

• English gospel calques Greek evangelion (good news)[78]
• English High King calques Irish and Scottish Gaelic Ard Ri/Ard Righ^{[citation needed]}
• English pea jacket or pea coat calques North Frisian pijekkat[79]
• English side-sword calques Italian spada da lato, referring to a versatile one-handed sword of 16th and 17th century Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Gospel, from the Old English good tidings is a calque of Greek () used in the New Testament (see Etymology below). ... A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The office of High King of Ireland (Irish: Ard Rí Érenn) was in origin a pseudohistorial construct of the eighth century that placed a king of all Ireland atop the fragmented pyramid of kingship that actually existed at that time. ... Pristine example of military-surplus coat, produced by US Navy contract A pea coat or pea jacket is an outer coat, generally of a navy-colored heavy wool, originally worn by sailors of European navies. ... Pristine example of military-surplus coat, produced by US Navy contract Commonly referred to as Pea Coat. Double-breasted, navy blue worsted wool overcoat originally designed in the early 20th century for use by US Navy personnel. ... North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia. ... A side-sword was a type of war sword used by infantry during the Renaissance of Europe. ...

Latin

• Latin compassio calques Greek sympathia "sympathy" (Latin: "suffering with", Greek: "suffering together")
• Latin insectus calques Greek entomos
• Latin musculus "muscle" (= "common house mouse", literally "little mouse" from mus "mouse") calques Greek mys "muscle" (= "mouse")
• Latin magnanimus calques Greek μεγαλοψυχος (megalopsuchos)
  • Lat. root magnus = Gr. μεγαλος (megalos) = "great; large"
  • Lat. root animus = Gr. ψυχη (psuchē) = "soul"[80]

Romance Languages

Examples of Romance language expressions calqued from foreign languages include:

• French lune de miel, Catalan lluna de mel, Spanish luna de miel, Portuguese lua-de-mel, Italian luna di miele abd Romanian luna de miere calque English honeymoon
• French gratte-ciel, Catalan gratacels, Spanish rascacielos, Portuguese arranha-céus and Italian grattacielo calque English skyscraper
• French sabot de Denver calques English Denver boot
• French jardin d'enfants, Spanish jardín de infancia and Portuguese Jardim de infância calque Garden of Infants/children, from German Kindergarten(children's garden)

A honeymoon is the traditional trip taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage with seclusion and sexual intimacy. ... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... A wheel clamp is a device that is designed to stop vehicles from moving. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

French

• French courriel (contraction of courrier électronique) calques English email (electronic mail)
• French disque dur calques English hard disk
• French en ligne calques English online
• French haute résolution calques English high resolution
• French disque compact calques English compact disc
• French haute fidélité calques English hi-fi (high fidelity)
• French large bande calques English broadband
• French modulation de fréquence calques English frequency modulation (FM)
• French média de masse calques English mass media
• French surhomme calques German Übermensch (Nietzsche's concept)
• French OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifié) calques English UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)

• In some dialects of French, the English term "weekend" becomes la fin de semaine ("the end of week"), a calque, but in some it is left untranslated as le week-end, a loanword.

E-mail, or email, is short for electronic mail and is a method of composing, sending, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems. ... Typical hard drives of the mid-1990s. ... Online means being connected to the Internet or another similar electronic network, like a bulletin board system. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... High Fidelity is also the title of a book by Nick Hornby and a film directed by Stephen Frears, based upon Hornbys book. ... Broadband in telecommunications is a term that refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency bins. ... In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. ... Popular press redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint The Popular Press. Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... UFO can mean: Unidentified flying object United Future Organization, a Japanese-Brazilian electronic jazz band UFO, the rock band that previously featured Michael Schenker UFO, the Gerry Anderson TV series United Farmers of Ontario, a political party that formed the government in Ontario from 1919 to 1923 U.F.O... Week End The weekend is a part of the week lasting one or two days in which most paid workers do not work. ...

Spanish

Many calques found in Southwestern US Spanish, come from English:

• Spanish escuela alta calques English high school (secundaria or escuela secundaria in Standard Spanish)
• Spanish grado (de escuela) calques English grade (in school) (nivel in Standard Spanish)
• Spanish colegio calques English college (universidad in Standard Spanish; colegio, in standard Spanish, is synonymous with escuela and means school)
• Spanish librería calques English library (biblioteca in Standard Spanish; librería in Standard Spanish means bookshop)

See also: Spanglish. For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ... Education in the United States is highly decentralized with funding and curriculum decisions taking place mostly at the local level through school boards. ... College (Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an educational institution. ... Students in Rome, Italy. ... For other uses, see Library (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Hispanicisms_in_English be merged into this article or section. ...

Also technological terms calqued from English are used throughout the Spanish-speaking world:

• Spanish tarjeta de crédito calques English credit card
• Spanish alta tecnología calques English high technology
• Spanish disco compacto calques English compact disc
• Spanish correo electrónico calques English electronic mail
• Spanish alta resolución calques English high resolution
• Spanish enlace calques English link (Internet)
• Spanish sitio web calques English web site
• Spanish página web calques English web page
• Spanish ratón calques English mouse (computer)

Look up credit card in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... A website, Web site or WWW site (often shortened to just site) is a collection of webpages, that is, HTML/XHTML documents accessible via HTTP on the Internet; all publicly accessible websites in existence comprise the World Wide Web. ... A screenshot of a web page. ... A contemporary computer mouse, with the most common standard features: two buttons and a scroll wheel. ...

Germanic Languages

Afrikaans and Dutch

• Afrikaans aartappel and Dutch aardappel calque French pomme de terre ("earth apple")
• Afrikaans besigheid calques English business
• Afrikaans e-pos calques English e-mail
• Afrikaans hardeskyf and Dutch harde schijf calque English hard disk
• Afrikaans klankbaan calques English sound track
• Afrikaans kleurskuifie calques English colour slide
• Afrikaans pynappel calques English pineapple calques French pomme de pin
• Afrikaans sleutelbord calques English keyboard
• Afrikaans tuisblad calques English homepage
• Afrikaans wolkekrabber and Dutch wolkenkrabber calque English skyscraper

Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

German

• Fernsehen from "television"
• Fernsprecher from "telephone"

The latter, as well as the corresponding fernsprechen (verb: to [tele]phone [so.]), has been on the retreat in recent years in favor of (orthographically normalized) Telefon.

Icelandic

• Icelandic rafmagn, "electricity," is a half-calqued coinage that literally means "amber power."
  • raf translates the Greek root ηλεκτρον (elektron), which means "amber"
  • magn, "power," is descriptive of electricity's nature but not a direct calque from the source word "electricity"

Slavic languages

Russian

The poet Aleksandr Pushkin (1799 - 1837) was perhaps the most influential among the Russian literary figures who would transform the modern Russian language and vastly expand its ability to handle abstract and scientific concepts by importing the sophisticated vocabulary of Western intellectuals. Aleksandr Pushkin by Vasily Tropinin Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, Aleksandr Sergeevič PuÅ¡kin,  ) (June 6, 1799 [O.S. May 26] – February 10, 1837 [O.S. January 29]) was a Russian Romantic author who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet[1] [2][3] and the founder of modern Russian...

Although some Western vocabulary entered the language as loanwords -- e.g., Italian salvietta, "napkin," was simply Russified in sound and spelling to салфетка (salfetka) -- Pushkin and those he influenced most often preferred to render foreign borrowings into Russian by calquing. Compound words were broken down to their component roots, which were then translated piece-by-piece to their Slavic equivalents. But not all of the coinages caught on and became permanent additions to the lexicon; for example, любомудрие (ljubomudrie) was promoted by 19th-century Russian intellectuals as a calque of "philosophy," but the word eventually fell out of fashion, and modern Russian instead uses the loanword философия (filosofija).

• Russian любомудрие (ljubomudrie) calqued Greek-derived "philosophy":
  • Russ. root любить (ljubit' ) = Gr. φιλειν (filein) = "to love";
  • Russ. root мудрость (mudrost' ) = Gr. σοφία (sofia) = "wisdom"
• Russian зависимость (zavisimost' ) calques Latin-derived "dependence":
  • Russ. root за (za) = Lat. de = "down from"
  • Russ. root висеть (viset' ) = Lat. pendere = "to hang; to dangle"
• Russian полуостров (poluostrov) calques German Halbinsel, both meaning "peninsula":
  • Russ. root полу- (polu-) = Ger. halb = "half; semi-"
  • Russ. root остров (ostrov) = Ger. Insel = "island"
• Russian детский сад (detskij sad) calques German Kindergarten, both literally suggesting "children's garden"

Ukrainian

• велике спасибі (velyke spasybi) calques Russian большое спасибо (bol'shoe spasibo), both literally "a big thank-you"
• необхідний (neobkhidnyj) calques Russian необходимый (neobkhodimyj), both meaning "necessary"

Finnish

• Germanic passive agent marker — There is no passive voice in Finnish, but an impersonal, where the agent is never mentioned. Due to the influence of Germanic languages, the word toimesta "from the action" has been constructed in order to mention the agent, i.e. to function like the word "by". (It is impossible to translate the word "by" itself, because there is no direct equivalent.) For example, "Lentokonetta lennetään ohjaajan toimesta", approximately "The plane is being flown, from the action of the pilot." This is grammatically incorrect, but used abundantly in legal documents and sloppy translations.^{[citation needed]}
• Swedish future marker kommer att or German werden calqued as tulla + (verb in third infinitive illative) — There is no future tense in Finnish, and the calque is produced by translation from Swedish and German. Note that the verb tulla takes up the inflection, and is to be placed into the appropriate tense and person. The calque corresponds to English "is going". For example, tullaan muuttamaan "is going to be changed". This is considered incorrect grammar, but perfectly understandable and found in translations, political speech and even in legal documents..^{[citation needed]}
• English you-impersonal calqued; e.g. sä et elä jos sä et syö is word-for-word "you don't live if you don't eat", unlike the native Syömättä ei elä. Note that this phenomenon is not always traceable to English. Here contraction sä of spoken language is used instead of the sinä of written language..^{[citation needed]}

Since Finnish, a Finno-Ugric language, differs radically in pronunciation and orthography from Indo-European languages, most loans adopted in Finnish either are calques or soon become such.^{[citation needed]} Examples include: The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ... This article deals with the grammar of the Finnish language. ... It has been suggested that Future perfect tense be merged into this article or section. ... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ...

• from Greek: sarvikuono (rhinoceros, from Greek "rinokeros"),
• from Latin: viisaudenhammas (wisdom tooth, from Latin "dens sapientiae"),
• from English: kovalevy (English "hard disk"),
• from French: kirpputori (flea market, French "marché aux puces"),
• from German: lastentarha (German "Kindergarten"),
• from German: panssarivaunu (German "Panzerwagen"),
• from Swedish: moottoritie (highway, from Swedish "motorväg"),
• from Chinese: aivopesu (brainwash, from Chinese "xi nao"),
• from Spanish: siniverinen (blue-blooded, from Spanish "de sangre azul")

Hebrew

When Jews make an aliyah to Israel, they sometimes change their name to a Hebrew calque. For instance, Imi Lichtenfield, founder of the martial art Krav Maga, became Imi Sde-Or. Both last names mean "light field". Krav Maga (Hebrew קרב מגע: contact combat) is a martial art, at first developed in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s. ...

• tappuach adamah (potato) from French pomme-de-terre
• gan yeladim from German Kindergarten
• chashmal for "electricity" from Greek ēlektron (amber)

See also

• Anglicism
• Germanism
• Cognate
• Loanword
• Metatypy
• [[81]]

An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English into another language. ... Look up cognate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... Metatypy (stress on second syllable: metátypy) is a type of morphosyntactic and semantic language change brought about by language contact involving multilingual speakers. ...

References

1. ^ Novotná, Z., "Contributions to the Study of Loan-Words and Hybrid Words in Modern Chinese", Archiv Orientalni, (Prague), No.35 (1967), pp.613-648. (In English; examples of loan words and calques in Chinese)
2. ^ Novotná, Z., "Contributions to the Study of Loan-Words and Hybrid Words in Modern Chinese", Archiv Orientalni, (Prague), No.36 (1968), pp.295-325. (In English; examples of loan words and calques in Chinese)
3. ^ Novotná, Z., "Contributions to the Study of Loan-Words and Hybrid Words in Modern Chinese", Archiv Orientalni, (Prague), No.37 (1969), pp.48-75. (In English; examples of loan words and calques in Chinese)
4. ^ (1989) Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 

External links

• EtymOnline
• Merriam Webster Online