The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for humanmitochondrial DNA was first published in 1981 as a forerunner of the human genome project. Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens Human beings define themselves in biological, social, and spiritual terms. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, or less popularly, mDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavored to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it. ...
A group under Dr. Fred Sanger at Cambridge University sequenced the mitochondrial genome of one individual of European descent during the 1970s, determining it to have a length of about 16,568 base pairs containing some 37 genes. This article or section should be merged with Frederick Sanger Fred Sanger (born 1918), is an English biochemist, the winner of two Nobel prizes in Chemistry. ... REDIRECT [1] ...
When the sequencing was repeated by other researchers, it was noted that there were some striking discrepancies. On further replication, it was determined that the original publication had included some eleven errors of sequencing, including one "extra" base pair in position 3,107, and occasional incorrect assignments of single base pairs. Some of these were the result of contamination with bovine and HeLa specimens. The revised CRS mtDNA was published by Richard Andrews in 1999. (The original nucleotide numbering was retained to avoid confusion.) The reference sequence belongs to European haplogroup H. HeLa cells dividing under electron microscopy Hela is also the German name for Hel, Poland and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer... Haplogroups are large groups of haplotypes. ...
When mitochondrial DNA testing is used for genealogical purposes, the results are usually reported as "differences" from the revised CRS. Such differences are not necessarily mutations: the CRS is a reference sequence rather than a record of the earliest human mtDNA. Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ...
CambridgeReferenceSequence (used in mitochondrial DNA tsting)
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CambridgeReferenceSequence (CRS) - A "master template" of the HVR-1 region of mitochondrial DNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Often referred to as the "blueprint of life," DNA is the genetic material present in the nucleus of cells that is inherited half from each biological parent.
These samples are also referred to as reference samples, since they serve as a reference to which the unknown DNA samples are compared with the goal of identifying the source of the unknown DNA samples.
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