A road sign near Kissimmee, Florida with CamelCase

CamelCase (also spelled camel case) and sometimes known as camel caps^{[citation needed]} or medial capitals is the practice of writing compound words or phrases in which the words are joined without spaces and are capitalized within the compound — as in Patti LaBelle, "BackColor" or "iMac". The name comes from the uppercase "bumps" in the middle of the compound word, suggestive of the humps of a camel. Image File history File links CamelCase_sign. ... Image File history File links CamelCase_sign. ... See also: street sign theft External links http://homepages. ... Kissimmee is a city in Osceola County, Florida, United States. ... A compound is a word composed of more than one free morphemes. ... For other uses, see white space. ... Capitalization (or capitalisation) is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule (upper case letter) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lower case letters), in those writing systems which have a case distinction. ... Patti LaBelle (born May 24, 1944) is an American R&B, soul singer and songwriter. ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... Look up hump in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ...

CamelCase is a standard identifier naming convention for several programming languages, and has become fashionable in marketing for names of products and companies. However, CamelCase is rarely used in formal written English, and most style guides recommend against its use. In computer programming, a naming convention is a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used for identifiers in source code and documentation. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ... Next big thing redirects here. ... Note: this article may be of particular interest to non-native users of English. ... An Identity Standards Manual page—for the graphic design branch of corporate identity design and branding. ...

Variations and synonyms

For clarity, this article will call the two varieties UpperCamelCase and lowerCamelCase. Some people and organizations use the term camelCase only for lowerCamelCase, and refer to UpperCamelCase as PascalCase.^[1][2] In some contexts, however, the term CamelCase does not discriminate between the two. Other synonyms include: Pascal is a structured imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ...

The term StudlyCaps is similar—but not necessarily identical—to CamelCase.^[3] It is sometimes used in reference to CamelCase but can also refer to random mixed capitalisation (as in "MiXeD CaPitALiZaTioN") as popularly used in online culture. Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ... Wiki wiki redirects here. ... StudlyCaps (or perhaps StUdLyCaPs) is a variation of CamelCase in which the individual letters in a word (or many) are capitalized and not capitalized, either at random or alternating in some pattern. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

CamelCase is also distinct from title case, which is traditionally used for book titles and headlines. Title case capitalizes most of the words yet retains the spaces between the words.^[5][6][7] In title case, three word types are not capitalized unless they are the first or last word in the title or headline: 1. conjunctions such as and and but, 2. prepositions such as by, with, to, and through, and 3. nonpossessive articles such as a, an, and the. This article is about capitalization in written language. ...

History

Early uses

The advertisement for the 1953 film The Robe debuted CinemaScope, one of the earliest product trademarks to use medial capitals.

CamelCase has been sporadically used in English since ancient times, for example as a traditional spelling style for certain surnames, such as in Scottish MacLean (originally, "son of Gilian") and Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald ("son of Gerald"). This same convention is sometimes used in English for surnames of foreign origin which include prepositions or other particles, e.g., DuPont (from French Dupont or du Pont), DiCaprio (from Italian Di Caprio), and VanDyke (from Dutch van Dijk). The actress ZaSu Pitts, whose fame peaked in the 1930s and 1940s, sometimes spelled her given name in CamelCase, emphasizing its derivation from two other names. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 393 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (426 × 650 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) // This image is being used to illustrate the article on the movie the Robe and is used for informational or educational purposes only. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 393 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (426 × 650 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) // This image is being used to illustrate the article on the movie the Robe and is used for informational or educational purposes only. ... A cinema presenting The Robe The Robe is a 1953 Biblical epic film that tells the story of a Roman tribune who commands the unit that crucifies Jesus. ... A Fox logo used to promote the CinemaScope process. ... This article is about the country. ... Clan MacLean Crest: Virtue Mine Honour. ... The term Hiberno-Norman is used of those Norman lords who settled in Ireland, admitting little if any real fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers in England. ... Fitzgerald or FitzGerald is a Hiberno-Norman surname, meaning son of Gerald. It may refer to: People Barry Fitzgerald (1888–1961), Irish actor. ... This article is about E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ... Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (born November 11, 1974[1]) is a three-time Academy Award-nominated, SAG Award-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actor who garnered world wide fame for his role as Jack Dawson in Titanic (1997). ... ZaSu Pitts (January 3, 1894 – June 7, 1963) (IPA: ) was an American movie actress. ... Look up Appendix:Most popular given names by country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

From the mid-20th century, it has occasionally been used for corporate names and product trademarks, such as For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ... “(TM)” redirects here. ...

• CinemaScope and VistaVision, rival widescreen movie formats (1953)
• ShopKo (1962)
• MisteRogers, the Canadian version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1962)^[8]
• AstroTurf (1967)
• ConAgra, formerly Consolidated Mills (1971).

CamelCase has also been used for acronyms like DoD, chemical formulas like NaCl (early 19th century^[9]), and other technical codes like HeLa (1983). A Fox logo used to promote the CinemaScope process. ... A VistaVision 35 mm horizontal camera film frame. ... The Wikipedia main page as viewed with a widescreen monitor. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... ShopKo Stores, Inc. ... Mister Rogers Neighborhood or Mister Rogers is an American childrens television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers. ... This article is about artificial grass. ... ConAgra Foods, Inc. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ... The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ... Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. ... Dividing HeLa cells as seen by electron microscopy for other meanings, see also the disambiguation page Hela A HeLa cell (also Hela or hela cell) is an immortal cell line used in medical research. ...

Origins of use in computing

The use of CamelCase became widespread only in the 1970s and 1980s, when it was adopted as a standard or alternative naming convention for multi-word identifiers in several programming languages. The origin of this convention has not yet been settled. In computer programming a naming convention is a set of rules for choosing identifiers. ... Identifiers (IDs) are lexical tokens that name entities. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ...

Background: multi-word identifiers

Computer programmers often feel the need to write descriptive (hence multi-word) identifiers, like "previous balance" or "end of file", in order to improve the readability of their code. However, most popular programming languages forbid the use of spaces inside identifiers, since they are interpreted as delimiters between tokens. The alternative of writing the words together as in "endoffile" is not satisfactory, since the word boundaries may be quite difficult to discern in the result. A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... Identifiers (IDs) are lexical tokens that name entities. ... In computer science, lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens. ...

Some early programming languages, notably Lisp (1958) and COBOL (1959), addressed this problem by allowing a hyphen ("-") to be used between words of compound identifiers, as in "END-OF-FILE". However, this solution was not adequate for algebraic-oriented languages like FORTRAN (1955) and ALGOL (1958), which needed the hyphen as a subtraction operator. Since the common punched card character sets of the time had no lower-case letters and no other special character that would be adequate for the purpose, those early languages had to do without multi-word identifiers. “LISP” redirects here. ... Jan. ... COBOL (pronounced //) is a Third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the punctuation mark. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... ALGOL 58 is the first language in the ALGOL programming language family. ... Jan. ... A CTR census machine, utilizing a punched card system. ...

It was only in the late 1960s that the widespread adoption of the ASCII character set made both lower case and the underscore character "_" universally available. Some languages, notably C, promptly adopted underscores as word separators; and underscore-separated compounds like "end_of_file" are still prevalent in C programs and libraries. Yet, some languages and programmers chose to avoid underscores and adopted CamelCase instead. Two accounts are commonly given for the origin of this convention. Image:ASCII fullsvg There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... The underscore _ is the character with ASCII value 95. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...

The "Lazy Programmer" theory

One theory for the origin of the CamelCase convention holds that C programmers and hackers simply found it more convenient than the standard underscore-based style. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Indeed, the underscore key is inconveniently placed in most keyboards. Additionally, in some fonts the underscore character can be confused with a minus sign; it can be overlooked because it falls below the string of characters, or it can be lost entirely when displayed or printed underlined, or when printed on a dot-matrix printer with a defective pin or misaligned ribbon. Moreover, early compilers severely restricted the length of identifiers (e.g., to 8 or 14 letters), or silently truncated all identifiers to that length. Finally, the small size of computer displays available in the 1970s encouraged the use of short identifiers. It was for these reasons, some claim, that many C programmers opted to use CamelCase instead of underscores, for it yielded legible compound names with fewer keystrokes and fewer characters. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer normally refers to a type of computer printer with a print-head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. ... A computer display monitor, usually called simply a monitor, is a piece of electrical equipment which displays viewable images generated by a computer without producing a permanent record. ...

The "Alto Keyboard" theory

Another account claims that the CamelCase style first became popular at Xerox PARC around 1978, with the Mesa programming language developed for the Xerox Alto computer. This machine lacked an underscore key, and the hyphen and space characters were not permitted in identifiers, leaving CamelCase as the only viable scheme for readable multiword names. The PARC Mesa Language Manual (1979) included a coding standard with specific rules for Upper- and lowerCamelCase which was strictly followed by the Mesa libraries and the Alto operating system. Bold text // Headline text Link title This article is about the computer research center. ... Mesa is a programming language developed at Xerox PARC that was used to program the Xerox Alto (one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface), and later the Xerox Star workstations, and later the GlobalView desktop environment. ... The Xerox Alto monitor has a portrait orientation. ...

The Smalltalk language, which was developed originally on the Alto and became quite popular in the early 1980s, may have been instrumental in spreading the style outside PARC. CamelCase was also used by convention for many names in the PostScript page description language (invented by Adobe Systems founder and ex-PARC scientist John Warnock). A further boost was provided by Niklaus Wirth — the inventor of Pascal — who acquired a taste for CamelCase during a sabbatical at PARC, and used it in Modula, his next programming language. For other uses, see Small talk. ... For the literary term, see Postscript. ... Adobe Systems (pronounced a-DOE-bee IPA: ) (NASDAQ: ADBE) (LSE: ABS) is an American computer software company headquartered in San Jose, California, USA. Adobe was founded in December 1982[1] by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell... John Warnock (b. ... Niklaus E. Wirth (born February 15, 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. ... Pascal is a structured imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... In the mid-1970s, after designing the Pascal programming language, Niklaus Wirth began experimenting with program concurrency and modularization, which led to the design of the Modula programming language. ...

Spread to mainstream usage

Whatever its origins within the computing world, CamelCase spread to a wider audience in the 1980s and 1990s, when the advent of the personal computer exposed hacker culture to the world. CamelCase then became fashionable for corporate trade names, first in computer-related fields but later expanding further into the mainstream. Examples ranging from the 1970s to the 2000s give a history of the spread of the usage: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Fashion (disambiguation). ... A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the legal name of a business, or the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes. ...

• (1975) MicroSoft (now Microsoft)
• (1977) CompuServe, UnitedHealthCare (now UnitedHealthcare ^[10])
• (1979) MasterCard, SportsCenter, VisiCalc
• (1980) EchoStar
• (1982) MicroProse, WordPerfect
• (1983) NetWare
• (1984) BellSouth, LaserJet, MacWorks, iDEN, NeXT
• (1985) PageMaker, EastEnders
• (1986) SpaceCamp
• (1987) ClarisWorks, HyperCard, PowerPoint
• (1990) HarperCollins
• (1991) SuperAmerica
• (1992) OutKast (hip hop band), ThinkPad
• (1993) AmeriCorps, EcoPark, ValuJet (now AirTran Airways), SolidWorks
• (1994) PlayStation, easyJet (an early use of CamelCase with lowercase first letter)
• (1995) WorldCom (now MCI), eBay
• (1996) RadioShack (formerly Radio Shack)
• (1997) TiVo
• (1998) DaimlerChrysler, PricewaterhouseCoopers,^[11] iMac
• (1999) BlackBerry, DragonForce, SpongeBob SquarePants, jetBlue
• (2000) FedEx (formerly Federal Express), GlaxoSmithKline, PayPal
• (2001) AmerisourceBergen, ChevronTexaco (now Chevron), GameCube
• (2002) ConocoPhillips
• (2003) MySpace
• (2005) PetSmart (formerly PETsMART)

This fashion has become so pervasive that people often apply it to names that do not use it officially, e.g. hypercorrecting Usenet to "UseNet", Transamerica to "TransAmerica", Photoshop to "PhotoShop", Firefox to "FireFox", Game Boy to "GameBoy", Macworld to "MacWorld", and Caltech to "CalTech". Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... CompuServe, (in full, CompuServe Information Services, or CIS), was the first major commercial online service in the United States. ... UnitedHealth Group Incorporated NYSE: UNH is a managed health care company. ... MasterCard Worldwide (NYSE: MA) is a multinational corporation based in Purchase, NY in the United States. ... This article is about the American ESPN show. ... VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. ... EchoStar Communications Corporation (NASDAQ: DISH) is the parent company of DISH Network and the maintainer of the satellite fleet that provides the signal that DISH Network markets. ... MicroProse Software, Inc. ... WordPerfect is a proprietary word processing application. ... NetWare is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. ... BellSouth Corporation was an American telecommunications holding company based in Atlanta, Georgia. ... Image:1984 HP Laserjet. ... MacWorks XL was an Apple Lisa software program that shipped with the Macintosh XL. It allowed 64k Apple Macintosh ROM emulation so the Macintosh XL could run Mac OS programs. ... The title of this article is incorrect because of technical limitations. ... For other meanings, see Next. ... PageMaker was the first desktop publishing program, introduced in 1985 by Aldus Corporation, initially for the Apple Macintosh but soon after also for the PC. It relies on Adobe Systems PostScript page description language. ... Albert Square in the 1980s. ... Space Camp is a 1986 movie based on a book by Patrick Bailey and Larry B. Williams and inspired by the U.S. Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama. ... Apple Works 6 Starting Points Window AppleWorks is an office suite of software applications sold by Apple Computer. ... HyperCard was an application program from Apple Computer that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. ... Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft for its Microsoft Office system. ... Collins was a Scottish printing company founded by a schoolmaster, William Collins, in Glasgow in 1819. ... Speedway SuperAmerica LLC is a brand name of a chain of combination gas stations and convenience stores in the United States of America. ... This article is about the hip hop group. ... ThinkPad is a brand of portable laptop and notebook personal computers originally designed, manufactured and sold by IBM. Since early 2005, the ThinkPad range has been manufactured and marketed by Lenovo, which purchased the IBM PC division. ... AmeriCorps is an American network of more than 3,000 non-profit organizations, public agencies, and faith-based organizations. ... AirTran Airways (formerly known as Valujet) is a low-cost airline based in the United States. ... AirTran Airways is a low-cost airline that is a Delaware corporation with headquarters in Orlando, Florida, USA and is a subsidiary of AirTran Holdings. ... SolidWorks is a 3D mechanical CAD (computer-aided design) program that runs on Microsoft Windows and was developed by SolidWorks Corporation - now a subsidiary of Dassault Systèmes, S. A. (Suresnes, France). ... For other uses, see PlayStation (disambiguation). ... EasyJet (LSE: EZJ), styled as easyJet, is a low cost airline officially known as easyJet Airline Company Limited, based at London Luton Airport. ... MCI logo MCI, Inc. ... This article is about the online auction center. ... The exterior of a typical free-standing RadioShack store. ... TiVo (pronounced tee-voh, IPA: ) is a popular brand of digital video recorder (DVR) in the United States (and coming to Canada in December 7, 2007) and is a consumer video device which allows users to capture television programming to internal hard disk storage for later viewing (time shifting), provides... DaimlerChrysler AG (ISIN: DE0007100000) is a German car corporation and the worlds eighth largest car manufacturer. ... A former PwC office building (Southwark Towers) in London, England. ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... This article is about the fruit. ... This article is about the band. ... This article is about the series. ... For the Jet Blue database used in Exchange Server and Active Directory, see Extensible Storage Engine. ... FedEx (NYSE: FDX), properly FedEx Corporation, is a company that offers overnight courier, ground, heavy freight, document copying and logistics services. ... GlaxoSmithKline plc (LSE: GSK NYSE: GSK) is a British based pharmaceutical, biological, and healthcare company. ... eBays North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPals corporate headquarters) PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. ... AmerisourceBergen (NYSE: ABC) is a Chesterbrook, PA based biotechnology company. ... Chevron Corporation (NYSE: CVX) is one of the worlds largest global energy companies. ... The Nintendo GameCube (GCN) is Nintendos fourth home video game console, belonging to the sixth generation era. ... ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP) is an international energy company with its headquarters located in Houston, Texas. ... MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ... PetSmart, Inc. ... Hypercorrection comprises four linguistic phenomena: an elaborate, prescriptively based correction of common usage, often introduced in an attempt to avoid vulgarity or informality, that results in wording commonly considered clumsier than the usual, colloquial usage. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ... Transamerica Corporation is an insurance and investment company in the United States. ... Adobe Photoshop is a bitmap graphics editor (with some text and vector graphics capabilities) published by Adobe Systems. ... Firefox redirects here. ... For the entire Game Boy series of handheld consoles, see Game Boy line. ... MacWorld magazine (April 2004) Macworld is a monthly computer magazine dedicated to Macintosh products. ... California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (commonly known as Caltech) is a private, coeducational university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. ...

During the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, the lowercase prefixes "e" (for "electronic") and "i" (for "Internet", "information", or perhaps "intelligent") became quite common, giving rise to some CamelCase names like iPod and eBox. The dot-com bubble was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 during which stock markets in Western nations saw their value increase rapidly from growth in the new Internet sector and related fields. ... Surface mount electronic components Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and vacuum tubes. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... The correct title of this article is . ...

In 1998, Dave Yost suggested using CamelCase for long chemical names such as AmidoPhosphoRibosylTransferase ^[12]. In 1990 the city of SeaTac, Washington became the first city officially spelled in CamelCase. This article is about the year. ... SeaTac is a city and outlying suburb of Seattle, located in the southern section of King County in Washington State. ...

History of the name

The original name of the practice, used in media studies, grammars, and the Oxford English Dictionary, was "medial capitals". The fancier names such as "InterCaps", "CamelCase", and variations thereof are relatively recent, and seem more common in computer-related communities. Media Studies is the study of the constitution and effects of media. ... For the rules of the English language, see English grammar. ... The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of...

The earliest known occurrence of the term InterCaps on Usenet is in an April 1990 post to the group alt.folklore.computers by Avi Rappoport,^[13] with BiCapitalization appearing slightly later in a 1991 post by Eric S. Raymond to the same group.^[14] The earliest use of the name "CamelCase" occurs in 1995, in a post by Newton Love.^[15] "With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had been calling it CamelCase for years," said Newton, "The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET."^[16] Eric S. Raymond (FISL 6. ...

The name CamelCase is not related to the "Camel book" (Programming Perl), which uses all-lowercase identifiers with underscores in its sample code. Programming Perl book cover Programming Perl, best known as the camel book among hackers, is a book about writing programs or scripts using the Perl programming language. ... The underscore _ is the character with ASCII value 95. ...

Current usage in computing

Programming and coding style

Internal capitalization is sometimes recommended by the coding style guidelines written for source code (e.g., the Mesa programming language and the Java programming language). The recommendations contained in some of these guidelines are supported by static analysis tools that check source code for adherence. Programming style (also called coding standards or code convention) is a term that describes conventions for writing source code in a certain programming language. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... Mesa is a programming language developed at Xerox PARC that was used to program the Xerox Alto (one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface), and later the Xerox Star workstations, and later the GlobalView desktop environment. ... Java language redirects here. ... Static analysis is the term applied to the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software (analysis performed on executing programs is known as dynamic analysis). ...

These recommendations often distinguish between UpperCamelCase and lowerCamelCase, typically specifying which variety should be used for specific kinds of entities: variables, record fields, methods, procedures, types, etc. In computer science and mathematics, a variable is a symbol denoting a quantity or symbolic representation. ... In computer science, data that has several parts can be divided into fields. ... In object-oriented programming, the term method refers to a subroutine that is exclusively associated either with a class (called class methods, static methods, or factory methods) or with an object (called instance methods). ... In computer science, a subroutine (function, procedure, or subprogram) is a sequence of code which performs a specific task, as part of a larger program, and is grouped as one, or more, statement blocks; such code is sometimes collected into software libraries. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ...

One widely used Java coding style dictates that UpperCamelCase be used for classes, and lowerCamelCase be used for instances and methods.^[17] Recognising this usage, some IDEs, such as Eclipse, implement shortcuts based on CamelCase. For instance, in Eclipse's Content assist feature, typing just the upper-case letters of a CamelCase word will suggest any matching class or method name (for example, typing "NPE" and activating content assist could suggest "NullPointerException"). In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct used to group related fields and methods. ... In object-oriented programming, an instance is an object that belongs to a class. ... In object-oriented programming, the term method refers to a subroutine that is exclusively associated either with a class (called class methods, static methods, or factory methods) or with an object (called instance methods). ... An integrated development environment (IDE), also known as integrated design environment and integrated debugging environment, is a programming environment that has been packaged as an application program,that assists computer programmers in developing software. ...

The original Hungarian notation for programming specifies that a lowercase abbreviation for the "usage type" (not data type) should prefix all variable names, with the remainder of the name in UpperCamelCase; as such it is a form of lowerCamelCase. CamelCase is the official convention for file names in Java and for the Amiga personal computer. Hungarian notation is a naming convention in computer programming, in which the name of a variable indicates its type or intended use. ... This article is about the family of home computers. ...

Microsoft .NET recommends lowerCamelCase.^[18] Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsoft . ...

The NIEM registry requires that XML Data Elements use UpperCamelCase and XML Attributes use lowerCamelCase. The National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) is an XML-based metadata registry being adopted by U.S. federal agencies for the precise exchange of information. ... The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language that supports a wide variety of applications. ...

CamelCase is by no means universal in computing. Users of several modern programming languages, notably those in the Lisp and Forth families, nearly always use hyphens. Among the reasons sometimes given are that doing so does not require shifting on most keyboards, that the words are more readable when they are separated, and that CamelCase may simply not be reliably preserved in case-insensitive or case-folding languages (such as Common Lisp, that, while technically a case-sensitive language, canonicalizes (folds) identifiers to uppercase by default). Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ...

Wiki linking

Ward Cunningham's original wiki software used CamelCase to identify links to other wiki pages. This convention is still used by some wikis, such as JSPWiki and PMWiki. Wikipedia used to use CamelCase linking as well, but switched to explicit link markup (e.g., with [[…]]) as have most wiki sites. Oh Yes, Hes Ward Cunningham! Howard Cunningham redirects here. ... Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system. ... Wiki wiki redirects here. ... JSPWiki is wiki software built around the standard J2EE components of Java, servlets and JSP. It was written by Janne Jalkanen and released under the LGPL. The Glassfish Application Server includes it as one of its core applications. ... PmWiki is free wiki software written by Patrick R. Michaud in the PHP programming language. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...

Current usage in natural languages

CamelCase has been used in languages other than English for a variety of purposes, including the ones below: The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Orthographic markings

Camel case is sometimes used in the transcription of certain scripts, to differentiate letters or markings. An example is the rendering of Tibetan proper names like rLobsang: the "r" here stands for a prefix glyph in the original script that functions as tone marker rather than a normal letter. The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by large number of Tibetan refugees all over the world. ... Some web browsers may not be able to view this correctly; you may see transcriptions in parentheses after the character, like this: () instead of on top of the character as intended. ...

Inflection prefixes

Camel case may also be used when writing proper names in languages that inflect words by attaching prefixes to them. In some of those languages, the custom is to leave the prefix in lower case, and capitalize the root.

This convention is used in Irish orthography as well as Scots Gaelic orthography; e.g., i nGaillimh ("in Galway"), from Gaillimh ("Galway"); an tAlbanach ("the Scottish person"), from Albanach ("Scottish person"); go hÉireann ("to Ireland"), from Éire ("Ireland). Irish orthography has a reputation as being very difficult to learn and bearing only a tenuous relationship to the pronunciation. ... The Scottish Gaelic alphabet contains 18 letters, five of which are vowels. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference M300256 Statistics Province: Connacht County: Dáil Éireann: Galway West European Parliament: North-West Dialling Code: 091 Postal District(s): G Area: 50. ... This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ...

Several Bantu languages also use this convention, e.g., kiSwahili ("Swahili language" in Swahili) and isiZulu ("Zulu language" in Zulu). Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu vs. ... This article is about the language. ... Zulu (called isiZulu in Zulu), is a language of the Zulu people with about 10 million speakers, the vast majority (over 95%) of whom live in South Africa. ...

Abbreviations and acronyms

In French, abbreviations such as OuLiPo (1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to acronyms. Oulipo stands for Ouvroir de littérature potentielle, which translates roughly as workshop of potential literature. It is a loose gathering of French-speaking writers and mathematicians, and seeks to create works using constrained writing techniques. ...

CamelCase is often used to transliterate acronyms from alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g., DShK from Cyrillic ДШК. The DShK (ДШК, for Дегтярёва Шпагина Крупнокалиберный, Degtyarev-Shpagin Large Calibre) is a Soviet heavy anti-aircraft machine gun firing 12. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

Honorifics within compound words

In several languages, including English, pronouns and possessives may be capitalized to indicate respect, e.g., when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to God. In some of those languages, the capitalization is customarily retained even when those words occur within compound words or suffixed to a verb. For example, in Italian one would write porgiamoLe distinti saluti ("we offer to You respectful salutations") or adorarLo ("adore Him"). In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ... Possessive can refer to: Possessive case Possessive pronoun This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... In linguistics, a clitic is a morpheme that functions syntactically like a word, but does not appear as an independent phonological word; instead it is always attached to a following or preceding word. ...

Other uses

In German, all nouns carry a grammatical gender -- which, for roles or job titles, is usually masculine. Since the feminist movement of the 80s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes -in (singular) and -innen (plural) to emphasize the inclusion of females; but written with a capital 'I', to indicate that males are not excluded. Example: LeserInnenbriefe ("letters from [male or] female readers") instead of Leserbriefe ("letters from readers") or Leserinnenbriefe ("letters from female readers"). In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... The feminist movement (also known as the Womens Movement or Womens Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights (including abortion), domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s - 130s 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Note: Sometimes 80s is used as shorthand for the 1980s, the 1880s, or other such decades in different centuries. ... For other uses of number, see number (disambiguation). ...

See also

• All caps
• Naming conventions (programming)
• StudlyCaps

For the song, see ALL CAPS (song). ... In computer programming, a naming convention is a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used for identifiers in source code and documentation. ... StudlyCaps (or perhaps StUdLyCaPs) is a variation of CamelCase in which the individual letters in a word (or many) are capitalized and not capitalized, either at random or alternating in some pattern. ...

References

New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ...

External links

• Examples and history of CamelCase, also WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo
• .NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles
• What's in a nAME(cq)?, by Bill Walsh, at The Slot
• The Science of Word Recognition, by Kevin Larson, Advanced Reading Technology, Microsoft Corporation
• evolution of underscores in C++
• OASIS Cover Pages: CamelCase for Naming XML-Related Components