Anolis caroliensis showing blending camouflage and counter-shading.

Camouflage is the method which allows an otherwise visible organism or object to remain indiscernible from the surrounding environment. Examples include a tiger's stripes and the battledress of a modern soldier. Camouflage is a form of deception. Carolina anole Photo by Pollinator, on goldenrod, South Carolina, October, 2001 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Anolis carolinensis Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Anolis carolinensis carolinensis Anolis carolinensis seminolus The Carolina Anole (Anolis carolinensis), also known as the Green Anole, is an arboreal lizard found primarily in the southeastern parts of the United States and some Caribbean islands. ... In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way that they function as a more or less stable whole and have properties of life. ... Invisibility refers to the state of an object which cannot be seen. ... Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four big cats in the Panthera genus. ... Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to display dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. ... Deception (or mystification) is to intentionally distort the truth in order to mislead others. ...

Natural camouflage

An infant cuttlefish blends into the surrounding rock bed

In nature, there is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape; for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to sneak up on prey. Some animals use mimicry, seeming to be something else, such as a leaf, a stone, a twig, or a similar but more dangerous/poisonous animal. Download high resolution version (2016x1512, 1057 KB)An infant cuttlefish Picture from Disney World. ... Download high resolution version (2016x1512, 1057 KB)An infant cuttlefish Picture from Disney World. ... Families Sepiadariidae Sepiidae Cuttlefish are animals of the order Sepiida, and are marine cephalopods, small relatives of squids and nautilus. ... A mimic is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic. ...

Tawny Frogmouth blends in with colour and texture of tree bark

Some mimics also simulate the natural movement, i.e. of a leaf in the wind, this is called procryptic behaviour or habit. Other animals attach or attract natural materials to their body for concealment. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 875 KB) Summary Photo: C.Coverdale Subject: Tawny Frogmouth Location: Sydney, Australia Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 875 KB) Summary Photo: C.Coverdale Subject: Tawny Frogmouth Location: Sydney, Australia Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Podargus strigoides Latham, 1802 The Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides, is an Australian variety of Frogmouth found throughout the Australian mainland, Tasmania and southern New Guinea. ...

A few animals have "chromatic response," changing colour in changing environments, either seasonally (ermine, snowshoe hare) or far more rapidly with chromatophores in their integument (chameleon, the cephalopod family). Chromatophores or pigment cells are color changing cells used most notably by chameleons as well as cephalopods such as squid and octopuses. ...

Some animals, notably in aquatic environments, also take steps to camouflage the odours they create that may attract predators.

Aquatic camouflage also includes illumination and counter-illumination with photophores. Schooling fish may have bright distinct marking that, while poor camouflage for an individual, blends with others in a large school, making it difficult to distinguish a single fish. A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine fishes. ...

Countershaded Ibex are almost invisible in the Israeli desert.

Countershading (or obliterative camouflage) - different colours on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light 'belly' to a darker back - is common in the sea and on land. This is sometimes called Thayer's law, after Abbott H. Thayer who published a paper on the form in 1896. Image File history File links Ibexes in the Israeli desert. ... Image File history File links Ibexes in the Israeli desert. ... Species Capra ibex Capra nubiana Capra pyrenaica Capra sibiria Capra walie See also Ibex (vehicle) ifor the specialist off-road vehicle, and the Ibex Valley. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Camouflage in military history

Successful camouflage became an essential part of modern military tactics after the increase in accuracy and rate of fire of weapons at the end of the nineteenth century. But it has been part of military action since pre-history, ever since a hunter first smeared himself with earth or clay. Military tactics is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ...

Despite camouflage's demonstrated value, until the 20th century armies tended to use bright colours and bold, impressive designs. These were intended to daunt the enemy, foster unit cohesion, allow easier identification of units in the fog of war, and attract recruits. Not until these uniforms covered the bodies of men in long windrows across the battlefield was there a clear pressure for change. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The fog of war is the lack of knowledge that occurs during a war. ...

Smaller, irregular units of scouts or rangers in the 18th century were the first to adopt unit colours in drab shades of brown and green. Major armies retained their colour until convinced otherwise. The British in India in 1857 were forced by casualties to dye their red tunics to neutral tones, initially a muddy tan called khaki (from the Urdu word for 'dusty'). This was only a temporary measure. It became standard in Indian service in the 1880s, but it was not until the Second Boer War that, in 1902, the uniforms of the entire British army were standardised on this dun tone for battledress. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Tupa Inca tunic The tunic was the common masculine garment of Roman Civilization. ... The color khaki comes from the Urdu word khak, meaning dust covered or earth colored. ... Urdu (اردو) is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family which developed under Persian influence in the Indian subcontinent during the time of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. ... // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... The Second Boer War, also known as the South African War, was fought from October 11, 1899 until May 31, 1902. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to display dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. ...

The United States was quick to follow the British, going khaki in the same year. Russia followed, partially, in 1908. The Italian army used grigio-verde ("grey-green") in the Alps from 1906 and across the army from 1909. The Germans adopted feldgrau ("field grey") in 1910. 1908 (MCMVIII) is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Other armies retained brighter colours. At the beginning of World War I the French experienced heavy losses because the troops wore red (garance) trousers as part of their uniform. This was changed in early 1915, partly due to casualties and partly because the red dye was manufactured in Germany. The French army also adopted a new "horizon blue" jacket. The Belgian army started using khaki uniforms in 1915. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

The French also established a Section de Camouflage (Camouflage Department) in 1915, briefly headed by Eugene Corbin and then by Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola. The camouflage experts were, for the most part, painters, sculptors, theatre set artists and such. Technological constraints meant that patterned camouflage uniforms were not mass manufactured during WW I. Each patterned uniform was hand-painted, and so restricted to snipers, forward artillery observers, and other exposed individuals. More effort was put into concealing larger pieces of equipment and important structures. By mid-1915 the French section had four workshops - one in Paris and three nearer the front - mainly producing camouflage netting and painted canvas. Netting quickly moved from wire and fabric to use raffia, hessian, and cocoa - the integration of natural materials was always recommended. 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Species About 25-30 species, including: Raphia australis Raphia farinifera Raphia hookeri Raphia regalis Raphia taedigera Raphia vinifera The Raffia palm (Raphia) is a genus of tropical palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar, Central America and South America. ... Hessians are the members of a northern German tribe settled in modern-day Hessen. ... Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. ...

Units of Camoufleurs who were artists, designers, or architects in civilian life were also largely used by the forces of the United Kingdom (Camouflage Section established in late 1916 based at Wimereux) and the US (New York Camouflage Society established in April 1917, official Company A, 40th Engineers set up in January 1918 and the Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps) and to a lesser extent by Germany (from 1917, see, for example, Lozenge - possibly the earliest printed camouflage), Italy (Laboratorio di mascheramento established in 1917), Belgium] and Russia. The word camouflage first entered the English language in 1917. 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... A pullover with a lozenge pattern A lozenge is a parallelogram which usually has two corners pointing up and down that are farther apart than the corners pointing sideways. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Camouflage added to helmets was unofficially popular, but these were not mass-produced until the Germans began in 1916 to issue stahlhelme (steel helmets) in green, brown, or ochre. Mass-produced patterned, reversible, cloth covers were also issued shortly before the end of the war, although hand-made examples were in use from late 1914. Net covering was also examined, either fitted with natural vegetation or with coloured fabric strips called scrim. 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Ochre or Ocher (pronounced OAK-ur, from the Greek ochros, yellow) is a color, usually described as golden-yellow or light yellow brown. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A scrim is a very light textile made from cotton, or sometimes flax. ...

Specialist troops, notably snipers, could be supplied with various items of camouflage, including patterned veils for the head and gun, hand-painted overalls and scrim covered netting or sacking - an adaptation of the rag camouflage used in Scotland by anti-poaching wardens, gillies, the first ghillie suits. This article is about the military occupation. ... Travel guide to Scotland from Wikitravel Transport in Scotland Timeline of Scottish history Caledonia List of not fully sovereign nations Subdivisions of Scotland National parks (Scotland) Traditional music of Scotland Flower of Scotland Wars of Scottish Independence National Trust for Scotland Historic houses in Scotland Castles in Scotland Museums in... This article is about the military occupation. ...

Two HMMWVs, one in desert camouflage, one in woodland

The first mass produced military camouflage material was the Italian telo mimetico ("mimetic cloth") pattern of 1929, used to cover a shelter-half (telo tenda), an idea copied by the Germans in 1931. With mass-production of patterned fabrics possible, they became far more common on individual soldiers in WW II. Initially patterning was uncommon, a sign of elite units, to the extent that captured camouflage uniforms would be often 'recycled' by an enemy. The Red Army issued "amoeba" disruptive pattern suits to snipers from 1937 and all-white ZMK top-garments the following year, but it was not until hostilities began that more patterns were used. Image File history File links Headline text www. ... Image File history File links Headline text www. ... This article refers to the Military HMMWV, not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors General Characteristics (Humvee) Manufacturer: AM General Length: 4. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Germans had experimented before the war and some army units used "splinter" pattern camouflage. Waffen-SS combat units experimented with various patterns, including palmenmuster ("palm pattern"), sumpfmuster ("swamp pattern"), erbsenmuster ("pea pattern"), and also telo mimetico ("mimetic cloth") using fabric seized from the Italians in 1943 - the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler division often wore this pattern. Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (Lifeguard Standarte of the SS Adolf Hitler) was a Waffen SS guard and combat formation which saw action on both the Eastern and Western fronts during the Second World War. ...

The British did not use disruptive-pattern uniforms until 1942, with the hand-painted Denison smock for paratroopers, followed in 1943 with a similar style M42 garment. This article is about the year. ...

A Royal Norwegian Navy craft, in a splinter camouflage pattern

The US Corps of Engineers began wide-ranging experiments in 1940, but little official notice was taken until 1942 when General MacArthur demanded 150,000 jungle camouflage uniforms. A 1940 design, dubbed "frog-skin", was chosen and issued as a reversible beach/jungle coverall - soon changed to a two-part jacket and trousers. It was first issued to the US Marines fighting on the Solomon Islands. Battle-field experience showed that pattern was unsuitable for moving troops and production was halted in 1944 with a return to standard single-tone uniforms. Image from http://www. ... Image from http://www. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... General Douglas MacArthur aboard a battleship toward the end of World War II, 1945 Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 — April 5, 1964) was an American military leader credited by some with defeating the Japanese in World War II. He helped rebuild Japan after the war and played a key role... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the second smallest of the five branches of the United States armed forces, with 170,000 active and 40,000 reserve Marines as of 2002. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

With the return of war camouflage sections were revived. The British set up the Camouflage Development and Training Centre in 1940 at Farnham Castle, Surrey. Early staff included artists from the Industrial Camouflage Research Unit such as Roland Penrose and Frederick Gore, and the stage magician Jasper Maskelyne (later famous for his camouflage work in the North African campaign). 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Surrey is a county in southern England, part of the South East England region and one of the Home Counties. ... Sir Roland Penrose (14 October 1903 - 23 April 1984) was an English artist, historian and poet. ... Jasper Maskelyne (1902 - 1973) was a British stage magician in the 1930s and 1940s. ... The North African Campaign, also known as the Desert War, of World War II took place in the North African desert during 1940-1943. ...

From 1978 to the early 1980s, the American 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment stationed in Europe used a digital camouflage pattern on its vehicles. During 1979 and 1980 the Australian Army experimented with digital camouflage on helicopters. More recently, battledress in digital camouflage patterns has been adopted by the Canadian Army and Air Force (CADPAT), the United States Marine Corps (MARPAT), and much of the military of Jordan. 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... The 1980s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1980 and 1989. ... Coat of Arms of the United States Army 2d Cavalry Regiment Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the United States Army 2d Cavalry Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia of the United States Army 2d Cavalry Regiment The 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment (2d ACR) —established by President Andrew Jackson on May 23, 1836 as... This page refers to the year 1979. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The Australian Army Emblem The Australian Army is Australias military land force. ... Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to display dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. ... Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LF) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... A McDonnell-Douglas CF-18A/B Hornet The CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM) is the air force branch of the Canadian Armed Forces. ... CADPAT, or Canadian Disruptive Pattern, is the digital camouflage pattern currently used by the Canadian Forces. ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the U.S. military. ... Woodland MARPAT uniform. ... Military branches: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF; includes Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Naval Force, and Royal Jordanian Air Force); Badiya (irregular) Border Guards; Ministry of the Interiors Public Security Force (falls under JAF only in wartime or crisis situations) See also the Royal Special Forces, and His Majestys...

Ship camouflage

A World War I Q-ship disguised by dazzle camouflage.

World War I also saw the advent of ship camouflage. Although most gunships were still painted a uniform grey, five schemes were approved in the United States for merchant ship camouflage. Ships without camouflage were required to pay higher war risk premiums. A Q-ship disguised by dazzle camouflage This image was scanned from a public domain text by the Great War Primary Documents Archive and is made available by them for any purpose provided that they are credited and a link is given to the Photos of the Great War page... A Q-ship disguised by dazzle camouflage This image was scanned from a public domain text by the Great War Primary Documents Archive and is made available by them for any purpose provided that they are credited and a link is given to the Photos of the Great War page... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas. ... A hidden gun on a Q-ship in World War I. The Q-ship or Q-boat was a weapon used against German U-boats during World War I primarily by Britain and during World War II primarily by the United States. ...

Dazzle camouflage was briefly popular for ships in this period. Unlike true camouflage, the "dazzle" scheme used high contrast and confusing shapes to make it difficult for enemy forces to estimate speed and the range to the target ship — critical in the age of "dumb" gunnery and torpedoes. The effectiveness of "dazzle" is not entirely certain but it continued in use into World War II. By 1918 the British had applied various patterns to over 4,500 vessels - mainly under the direction of Norman Wilkinson (who became Inspector of Airfield Camouflage in WW II). Categories: Naval stubs ... A gun is a mechanical device that fires projectiles at high velocity, using a propellant such as gun powder or compressed air. ... A torpedo in Rail terminology refers to a small explosive device strapped to the top of the rail to alert an approaching train of immediate danger ahead. ...

William MacKay, the creator of a popular scheme of camouflage approved by the Naval Consulting Board during World War I, wrote: This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

The structural and characteristic lines and angles of a ship can be either softened or destroyed. According as the ship is viewed through [a] red or green or blue filter the ship presents three different images and through none of them an image so definite as a ship painted with a flat pigment gray.

Theory of camouflage

A sniper camouflaged with a ghillie suit.

MacKay's statement above remains one of the most important elements in the theory of camouflage — an exact match with the environment's colours is less crucial than the patterning of the regions of colour themselves. Ideally, camouflage should be made to break up and thereby conceal the structural lines of the object which it hides. Thus, the patterns often seen on camouflage clothing, masking cloth and vehicle paints are carefully constructed to deceive the human eye by breaking up the boundaries that define sharp edges and human silhouettes. This is called high difference or disruptive camouflage. Image:Sniper irish sniper l96a1. ... Image:Sniper irish sniper l96a1. ... The traditional definition of a sniper is an infantry soldier especially skilled in field craft and marksmanship, who kills selected enemies from concealment with a rifle at long distances. ...

Similarly, a tiger's stripes, when viewed in the context of long grass or deeply shaded forest, have the same effect - making it hard to identify the tiger's shape as 'tiger!' Further, the tiger's non-stripe colouring tends to match its background of long grasses, called blending camouflage, high similarity camouflage or figure-ground blending. This mix of blending and disruptive patterns is called coincident disruption - the aim of modern military camouflage. Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four big cats in the Panthera genus. ...

Coincidentally, the stark black-and-white zebra stripes, while not blending camouflage, is effective disruptive patterning - especially to the colour-blind lion. Another theory states that the zebra stripes are actually dazzle camouflage. In fact recent research, supported by experiments in the field, posits that the high contrast stripes, particularly those running horizontally, are an effective means of confusing the visual system of the tsetse fly. Species Equus zebra Equus quagga Equus grevyi *See Equus for other species. ... Binomial name Glossina morsitans The tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, is a fly (order Diptera) that eats blood from animals, including humans. ...

Disruptive patterns are designed to counter certain human perceptual models. The tendency to fill in gaps between aligned, or seemingly aligned, shapes to create 'whole' objects (closure and continuity). That overlapping, or appearing to overlap, is part of grouping shapes together (proximity grouping). That similar shapes belong together, they are a coherent unit, while dissimilar shapes are parts of different units (similarity grouping) and so on.

Modern camouflage includes environment-specific patterns such as Bill Jordan's hunting-specific "RealTree" or Camoclad's similarly targeted "Mossy Oak" series, both contain more detailed visual elements than older camouflage. While these obliterative-disruptive patterns are more effective than traditional camouflage patterns, they are also very specific to an environment and season which precludes their use for military purposes. These styles were stimulated by Jim Crumley's "Trebark" design, first marketed in 1980. It should be noted that in the United States most hunted animals are colour-blind and rely on scent warnings (leading to activated-charcoal clothing from Scent-Lok). 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

Progress has also been made in generalized camouflage patterns as well. In 2004, the US Army joined the US Marine Corps in adopting an updated "digital camouflage" pattern (called MARPAT in the Marine version) to replace the traditional woodland pattern. It is termed "digital" because much of the design was done on a computer and unlike other camouflage patterns, it is blocky and appears almost pixelated. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Woodland MARPAT uniform. ...

People with maskun or other color blindness have been used to detect camouflage, because they have heightened sensitivity to visual patterns and their visual sensitivity curve is different from that of people with normal sight. Military camouflage schemes now are designed with dyes of defined spectral properties — even outside the range of visible light to avoid detection by technical means like night vision (NODs, night observation devices) or thermal imaging devices. This idea was first trialled by the German Army in late 1944 as the Leibermuster pattern. It has been argued that eventually the military will stop using simple visual camouflage as it is of such diminishing utility. Maskun is a medical condition (also called achromatopsia) characterized by a low cone count or lack of function in cone cells; these are the light receptors responsible for colour perception. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ...

The opposite of camouflage is making a person or object more visible and easier to recognize, for example with retroreflectors and high-visibility clothing. There are hunting garments with bright orange patches that stand out to the eyes of other hunters, but are supposed to be a tone-match to the colour-blind game animals. A retroreflector is a device that sends light or other radiation back where it came from regardless of the angle of incidence, unlike a mirror, which does that only if the mirror is exactly perpendicular to the light beam. ... High-visibility clothing is any clothing worn that has highly reflective properties or a color that is easily discernable from any background. ...

Research also continues into adaptive camouflage, which is camouflage that changes to match its environment. One method of doing this is by changing the pre-made pattern, either automatically as some animals can like the octopus, or manually by reversing an article of clothing with a different pattern on either side.

True adaptive camouflage, which many would call "invisibility", is much more difficult. Such camouflage would require a high resolution display that renders thousands of different angles, depending on the position of the viewer (similar to a hologram). The display information would have to be interpolated from only a few cameras as it is impossible to have one camera per angle displayed. Additionally, the displays would have to be capable of extreme brightness to maintain their illusion during daylight. Invisibility refers to the state of an object which cannot be seen. ... This article is about the photographic technique. ...

A fictional example of this would be the camouflage used by the alien in the movie Predator. The banding along the sides of the predator is a realistic graphical effect that is a consequence of not rendering enough viewable angles to truly fool the eye. Yet another example of this adaptive camouflage can be seen in the futuristic manga and movie "Ghost in the Shell" by Masamune Shirow in which the main character Motoko Kusanagi utilizes "Optical Camouflage" to assassinate a political figurehead while remaining unseen by any type of visual sensors. Predator is a 1987 science fiction movie that was directed by John McTiernan and released on Friday, June 12. ... Motoko Kusanagi from the manga Ghost in the Shell. ... Masamune Shirow (士郎 正宗 Shirō Masamune) is a manga artist of international renown. ... Major Motoko Kusanagi (草薙素子 Kusanagi Motoko) is a fictional character in Masamune Shirows Ghost in the Shell anime and manga series. ...

While much of the display technology exists today, the capability to extrapolate, model, and render a scene at the multitude of angles required and in real time involves more processing power than could be placed inside of an object camouflaged in such a way. It may be possible, however, if real-time adaptation or a large number of viewable angles are not required, the latter of which would result in parallax errors as seen in the predator's camouflage. Parallax (Greek: παραλλαγή (parallagé) = alteration) is the change of angular position of two stationary points relative to each other as seen by an observer, due to the motion of said observer. ...

See also

• Battledress
• Army Combat Uniform, new US Army uniform, similar to MARPAT.
• Battle dress uniform, US Army's old combat uniform.
• Chocolate-chip camouflage, a six-colour desert pattern designed in 1962 and used by the United States Army during the Gulf War in the early 1990s - replaced by a three-colour pattern from 1990.
• MARPAT, the new digital pattern used by the United States Marine Corps since 2002.
• Flecktarn, used by the Bundeswehr in Germany.
• CADPAT, Canadian Disruptive pattern, designed in 1995, issued from 1997. A digital camouflage and the basis for Marpat.
• Disruptive Pattern Material or 'DPM', camouflage used by British Forces since the '60s.
• Mountbatten Pink, a camouflage used primarily by the British during World War II
• Active camouflage, a technology pioneered by the United States Air Force to allow aircraft to blend into their environment by altering colour or luminosity.
• Sniper, a military occupation where camouflaging is very important.
• Stealth technology

Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to display dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. ... The Army Combat Uniform, or ACU, is a new combat uniform (battledress) to be worn by the US Army. ... Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) in the United States is the military uniform worn into combat, battledress as opposed to display dress uniforms worn at parades and functions. ... These BDU pants have the chocolate-chip camouflage pattern. ... US Army Seal HHC, US Army Distinctive Unit Insignia The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces that has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The 1991 Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States. ... This article is about the year. ... Woodland MARPAT uniform. ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the U.S. military. ... In 1976, the Bundeswehr in Germany developed a number of prototype camouflage patterns, to be trialled as replacements for the solid olive-grey moleskin combat uniform. ... The Bundeswehr (listen â–¶(?)) is the armed forces of Germany and its parliament. ... CADPAT, or Canadian Disruptive Pattern, is the digital camouflage pattern currently used by the Canadian Forces. ... Woodland MARPAT uniform. ... Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) Disruptive Pattern Material, or DPM, is a camouflage pattern used by British forces, as well as other nations, such as the Dutch, and some former British colonies, such as Pakistan, for example. ... Mountbatten Pink, also called Plymouth Pink, is a naval camouflage pigment invented by Louis Mountbatten of the British Royal Navy in autumn 1940 during World War II. Mountbatten was escorting a convoy and noted that one ship in the group vanished from view much earlier than the remainder, a Union... Illustrating the concept, i. ... The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aviation branch of the United States armed forces. ... The traditional definition of a sniper is an infantry soldier especially skilled in field craft and marksmanship, who kills selected enemies from concealment with a rifle at long distances. ... F-117 Stealth Fighter Stealth technology covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar and other detection methods. ...

People who served as camouflage experts

Jean-LouisForain, Jacques Villon, Andre Dunoyer de Segonzac, Charles Camoin, Ludwig-Casimir Marcoussis, Henri Bouchard, Charles Despiau, Abbott Handerson Thayer, Franz Marc, Oskar Schlemmer, Edward Wadsworth, William Stanley Hayter, Arshile Gorky, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, László Moholy-Nagy, Sir Hugh Casson, Ellsworth Kelly.

Jacques Villon (July 31, 1875 - June 9, 1963) was a French Cubist painter and printmaker. ... Charles Despiau (1874 – 1946) was a French sculptor. ... Abbott Handerson Thayer (August 12, 1849 – 1921), American artist, was born at Boston, Massachusetts. ... Animal Destinies (Tierschicksale), 1913, Basel: Basel Kunstmuseum. ... Oskar Schlemmer ( September 4, 1888 - April 13, 1943) was a German artist associated with the Bauhaus school. ... British artist born 1889, died 1949. ... Vostanik Adoyan, better known as Arshile Gorky (April 15, 1904 in Khorkom Vari, Armenia — July 21, 1948 in Sherman, Connecticut) was an Armenian-American abstract expressionist painter. ... Thomas Hart Benton (April 15, 1889 - January 19, 1975, also Tom Benton) was an American muralist of the Regionalist school. ... American Gothic (1930) 2004 Iowa state quarter Grant Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was a United States painter, born in Anamosa, Iowa. ... László Moholy-Nagy (probably July 28, 1895 – November 24, 1946) was a Hungarian painter and photographer as well as professor in the Bauhaus school. ... Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson (23 May 1910 – 15 August 1999) was a British architect, interior designer, artist, and influential writer and broadcaster on 20th century design. ... Light Green Panel, 1981/82. ...

References

• Alan Raven - The Development of Naval Camouflage 1914 – 1945
• Craig Roland - The Art of Camouflage - The History of Camouflage
• Roy R. Behrens - Art and Camouflage: An Annotated Bibliography
• U.S. Army manual FM 21-76 on camouflage
• Guy Hartcup - Camouflage: A History of Concealment and Deception in War (1980)
• WWII War Department Field Manual FM 5-20B: Camouflage of Vehicles (1944)
• Blechman, Hardy and Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material, DPM Ltd. ISBN 0-9543404-0-X.
• Behrens, Roy R. (2002). FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage, Bobolink Books. ISBN 0-9713244-0-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Camouflage

• kamouflage.net: online index of military camouflage uniforms
• VanDerLee - Camouflage: plugin for Adobe Photoshop
• Camouflage of Individuals and Infantry Weapon