NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Campaign history of the Roman military

The history of ancient Rome—originally a city-state of Italy, and later an empire covering much of Eurasia and North Africa from the ninth century BC to the fifth century AD—was often closely entwined with its military history. The core of the campaign history of the Roman military is the account of the Roman military's land battles, from its initial defence against and subsequent conquest of the city's hilltop neighbours in the Italian peninsula, to the ultimate struggle of the Western Roman Empire for its existence against invading Huns, Vandals and Germanic tribes after the empire's split into East and West. Despite the later Empire's encompassing of lands around the periphery of the Mediterranean sea, naval battles were typically less significant than land battles to the military history of Rome, due to its largely unchallenged dominance of the sea following fierce naval fighting during the First Punic War. The branches of the Roman military at the highest level were the Roman army and the Roman navy. ... The Roman army was a set of land-based military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military. ... This is a list of both unit types and ranks of the Roman army from the Roman Republic to the fall of the Roman Empire. ... This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion. ... Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = supports) formed the standing non-citizen corps of the Roman army of the Principate (30 BC - 284 AD), alongside the citizen legions. ... // Manius Acilius Glabrio -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC) -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91) -- Titus Aebutius Helva -- Aegidius -- Lucius Aemilius Barbula -- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) -- Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus -- Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC) -- Flavius AÃ«tius -- Lucius Afranius (consul) -- Sextus Calpurnius Agricola -- Gnaeus Julius Agricola -- Flavius Antoninus -- Marcus... Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ... Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ... The following is a List of Roman wars fought by the ancient Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire, organized by date. ... The following is a List of Roman battles (fought by the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire), organized by date. ... As with most other military forces the Roman military adopted a carrot and stick approach to military, with an extensive list of decorations for military gallantry and likewise a range of punishments for the punishment of military transgressions. ... The technology history of the Roman military covers the development of and application of technologies for use in the armies and navies of Rome from the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ... Roman military engineering is a type of Roman engineering carried out by the Roman Army - almost exclusively by the Roman legions for the furthering of military objectives. ... Basic ideal plan of a Roman castrum. ... Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. ... List of ancient Roman triumphal arches (By modern country) // France Orange Reims: Porte de Mars Saint RÃ©my de Provence: Roman site of Glanum Saintes: Arch of Germanicus Greece Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki Hadrians Arch, Athens Italy It has been suggested that List of Roman arches in Rome be... Not to be confused with Romans road. ... Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns and used in an established way. ... Root directory at Military history of ancient Rome Romes military was always tightly keyed to its political system. ... The strategy of the Roman Military encompasses its grand strategy (the arrangements made by the state to implement its political goals through a selection of military goals, a process of diplomacy backed by threat of military action, and a dedication to the military of part of its production and resources... Roman infantry tactics refers to the theoretical and historical deployment, formation and maneuvers of the Roman infantry from the start of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ... Map of all the territories once occupied by the Roman Empire, along with locations of limes Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire. ... The limes Germanicus, 2nd century. ... Hadrians Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of modern-day England. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Military history is composed of the events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of conflict. ... A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70 A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240) The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus â€” to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ... Satellite view of the Peninsula in spring The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the greatest peninsulas of Europe, spanning 1,000 km from the Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of Wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 A.D.. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in Roman Empire that started in the... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ...

The Roman army battled first against its tribal neighbours and Etruscan towns within Italy, and later came to dominate much of the Mediterranean and further afield, including the provinces of Britannia and Asia Minor at the Empire's height. As with most ancient civilisations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order.^[1] From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's campaigns were characterised by one of two types: the first is the territorial expansionist campaign, normally begun as a counter-offensive,^[2] in which each victory brought subjugation of large areas of territory and allowed Rome to grow from a small town to the third largest empire in the ancient world, encompassing around one quarter of the world's total population;^[3] the second is the civil war of which examples plagued Rome right from its foundation to its eventual demise. The area covered by the Etruscan civilzation. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Expansionism is the doctrine of expanding the territorial base (or economic influence) of a country, usually by means of military aggression. ... This article provides a list of the largest empires in world history. ... This article is about the definition of the specific type of war. ...

Roman armies were not invincible, despite their formidable reputation and host of victories:^[4] over the centuries the Romans "produced their share of incompetents"^[5] who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats. Nevertheless, it was generally the fate of even the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal,^[6] to win the battle but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses.^[7]^[8] Pyrrhus can be: Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles Pyrrhus of Epirus, king of Epirus in the 3rd century BC This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Hannibal (disambiguation). ...

Pre-Republic (756 BC - 459 BC)

Rome is almost unique in the ancient world in that its history, military and otherwise, is documented often in great detail almost from the city's very foundation right through to its eventual demise. Although some histories have sadly been lost, such as Trajan's account of the Dacian Wars, and others, such as Rome's earliest histories, are at least semi-apocryphal, nevertheless the extant histories of Rome's military history are extensive. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (907x682, 128 KB) Summary Nicolas Poussin, The Rape of the Sabine Women, executed in Rome, 1637-38 (Louvre) The second of Poussins two paintings of this subject Licensing The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (907x682, 128 KB) Summary Nicolas Poussin, The Rape of the Sabine Women, executed in Rome, 1637-38 (Louvre) The second of Poussins two paintings of this subject Licensing The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in... Facsimile of the sculpture in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. ... Poussin redirects here. ... The main courtyard of the Louvre. ... Facsimile of the sculpture in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. ... The ancient quarters of Rome. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Combatants Dacians Roman Empire Commanders Decebal Trajan Strength around 100,000 (based on population estimate) 70,000-80,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Dacian Wars (101-102, 105-106) were two short wars between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajans rule. ... In Judeo-Christian theologies, apocrypha refers to religious Sacred text that have questionable authenticity or are otherwise disputed. ...

The very earliest history, from the time of Rome's founding as a small tribal village,^[9] through to the downfall of Rome's kings, is the least well preserved. This is because, whilst the early Romans were literate to some degree,^[10] they either lacked the will to record their history at this time, or else such histories as they did record were lost.^[11]

Although the Roman historian Livy lists a series of seven kings of early Rome in his work Ab Urbe Condita, from its establishment and through its earliest years, the first four 'kings' (Romulus,^[12] Numa,^[13]^[14] Tullus Hostilius^[15]^[14] and Ancus Marcius^[16]^[14]) are almost certainly entirely apocryphal. Grant and others argue that prior to the time when the Etruscan kingdom of Rome was established under the traditionally fifth king Tarquinius Priscus,^[17] Rome would have been led by a religious leader of some sort.^[18] Very little is known of Rome's military history during this era and what history has come down to us is of a legendary rather than factual nature. Traditionally, Romulus fortified one of the first-settled of Rome's seven hills, the Palatine Hill, after founding the city and Livy states that shortly after its founding Rome was "equal to any of the surrounding cities in her prowess in war".^[19] A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ... Romulus may refer to any of these articles: Romulus is a mythical founder of Rome, brother of Remus. ... Numa may refer to: Numa Pompilius, an early king of Rome The town of Numa, Iowa, USA The internet meme Numa Numa The Annual Anime Convention Numa Rei-No Con The acronym NUMA may refer to: Non-Uniform Memory Access The National Underwater and Marine Agency The N User Map... Domus Tullus Hostilius (r. ... Ancus Marcius (r. ... Michael Grant (21 November 1914 â€“ 9 August 2004) was a trained classicist who was one of the few classical historians to win respect from academics and a lay readership. ... Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (also called Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I) was the legendary fifth King of Rome, said to have reigned from 616 BC to 579 BC. According to Livy, Tarquinius Priscus came from the Etruscan city of Tarquinii and was originally named Lucumo (it is now thought that... 17th century aviaries on the hill, built by Rainaldi for Odoardo Cardinal Farnese: once wirework cages surmounted them. ...

The first campaign, if such it can be called, that was fought by the Romans in this legendary account is their seizing of the women from several nearby villages inhabited by the Sabine people for purposes of "begetting their children",^[21] an event known as The Rape of the Sabine Women. According to Livy, the Sabine village of Caenina responded first by invading Roman territory, but were routed and their city captured. The Sabines of Antemnae were defeated next in a similar fashion, and again the Sabines of Crustumerium. The remaining main body of the Sabines attacked Rome and briefly captured the citadel, but were then routed.^[22] A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ... The Rape of the Sabine Women by Giambologna The tribe of the Sabines (Latin Sabini - singular Sabinus) was an Italic tribe of ancient Italy. ... Facsimile of the sculpture in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. ... Antemnae (Latin ante amnem, sc. ... Crustumerium, an ancient town of Latium, on the edge of the Sabine territory, near the headwaters of the Allia, not far from the Tiber. ...

There were further wars against the Fidenae,^[23] Veientes, the Albans,^[24] the Medullia, the Apiolae,^[25] and the Collatia.^[26] Fidenae was an ancient town of Latium, situated about 5 miles north of Rome on the Via Salaria, which ran between it and the Tiber. ... Veii - or Veius - was in ancient times, an important Etrurian city 18 km NNW of Rome, Italy. ... Alba Longa (in Italian sources occasionally written Albalonga) was an ancient city of Latium, in the Alban Hills founder and head of the Latin Confederation; it was destroyed by Rome around the middle of the 7th century BC. // Legendary history According to legend Alba Longa was founded by Ascanius or... Collatia, an ancient town of Latium, ten miles east by north of Rome by the Via Collatina. ...

Under the Etruscan kings Tarquinius Priscus,^[27] Servius Tullius^[28]^[22] and Tarquinius Superbus^[29]^[22] Rome expanded to the north-west, coming into conflict again with the Veientes after the expiry of the treaty that concluded their earlier war.^[30] There was a further campaign against the Gabii,^[31]^[32] and later against the Rutuli.^[33] The Etruscan kings were overthrown^[34] as part of a wider reduction in Etruscan power in the region during this period, and Rome reformed itself as a republic,^[35]^[36] a form of government based on popular representation and in contrast to its previous autocratic kingship. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (also called Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I) was the legendary fifth King of Rome, said to have reigned from 616 BC to 579 BC. According to Livy, Tarquinius Priscus came from the Etruscan city of Tarquinii and was originally named Lucumo (it is now thought that... Servius Tullius was the sixth legendary king of ancient Rome, and the second king of the Etruscan dynasty. ... Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (also called Tarquin the Great or Tarquin II) was the last of the seven legendary kings of Rome, son of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, and son-in-law of Servius Tullius. ... Veii - or Veius - was in ancient times, an important Etrurian city 18 km NNW of Rome, Italy. ... Gabii was an ancient city of Latium, between 12 and 13 miles East of Rome. ... The Rutuli were members of a legendary Italian tribe. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is held by a single self appointed ruler. ...

Early Roman Republic (458 BC - 274 BC)

Early Italian campaigns (458-396 BC)

The first non-apocryphal Roman wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region.^[37] Florus writes that at this time Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x971, 405 KB) A map showing the extent of Etruria and the Etruscan civilization. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x971, 405 KB) A map showing the extent of Etruria and the Etruscan civilization. ... Although sources disagree, it is thought that Rome itself was invested by Etruscan armies in around 509 BC under the recently-overthrown king Tarquinius Superbus. ... Although sources disagree, it is thought that Rome itself was invested by Etruscan armies in 508 BC under the Etruscan Lars Porsenna. ... The Battle of Lake Regillus was a legendary early Roman victory, won over either the Etruscans or the Latin League. ... Combatants Roman Republic Etruscan city of Veii Commanders Kaeso Fabius Vibulanus unknown Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of the Cremera was fought between Roman Republic and the Etruscan city of Veii, in 477 BC (276 AUC). ... Combatants Roman Republic Aequi Commanders Quinctius Cincinnatus, Minucius Esquilinus Gracchus Clelius The Battle of Mons Algidus was fought in 458 BC (or 457 BC) between the Roman Republic and Aequi near Mons Algidus, Latium. ... The Battle of Corbione took place in 446 BC. General Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus led Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi tribes of north-east Latium and the Volsci tribes of southern Latium. ... Ancient Rome defeated the Veii in the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC.[1] ^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. ... The approximate date of the battle was 396 BC. Our main source is Livys history. ...

Although sources disagree, it is possible that Rome itself was twice invested by Etruscan armies in this period, first in around 509 BC under the recently-overthrown king Tarquinius Superbus,^[38]^[39] and again in 508 BC under the Etruscan Lars Porsenna.^[40]^[38]^[41]^[34] Lars Porsena (sometimes spelled Lars Porsenna) was an Etruscan king known for his war against the city of Rome. ...

Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages^[42] on a similar tribal system to Rome itself, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond.^[43] One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities that were either under Etruscan control or else Latin towns that had cast off their Etruscan rulers, as had Rome.^[43] Rome defeated the Lavinii and Tusculi in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC,^[44]^[45]^[42] the Sabines in an Unknown Battle in 449 BC,^[44] the Aequi in the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC and the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC^[46]), the Volsci^[47] in the Battle of Corbione^[48] in 446 BC and the Capture of Antium in 377 BC^[49]), the Aurunci in the Battle of Aricia,^[50] and the Veientes in the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC,^[51]^[52] the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC^[53]^[52] and the Siege of Veii in 396 BC.^[48]^[53]^[52]^[54] After defeating the Veientes, the Romans had effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan neighbours,^[55] as well as secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the tribespeople of the Apennine hills. The Latins were an ancient Italic people who migrated to central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 2nd millennium B.C., maybe from the Adriatic East Coast and Balkanic Area, perhaps from pressures by Illyrian peoples. ... Lavinium was an ancient Roman city of the Latium, said to have been named by Aeneas in honor of Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and his wife, Amata. ... Tusculum, an ancient city of Latium, situated in a commanding position on the north edge of the outer crater ring of the Alban volcano, 18 km (11 miles) north-east of the modern Frascati. ... The Battle of Lake Regillus was a legendary early Roman victory, won over either the Etruscans or the Latin League. ... Sabine (in Latin and in Italian, Sabina) is a sub-region of Latium, Italy, on the North-East of Rome toward Rieti. ... The Aequi were an ancient people of Italy, whose name occurs constantly in Livys first decade as hostile to Rome in the first three centuries of the citys existence. ... Combatants Roman Republic Aequi Commanders Quinctius Cincinnatus, Minucius Esquilinus Gracchus Clelius The Battle of Mons Algidus was fought in 458 BC (or 457 BC) between the Roman Republic and Aequi near Mons Algidus, Latium. ... The Battle of Corbione took place in 446 BC. General Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus led Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi tribes of north-east Latium and the Volsci tribes of southern Latium. ... The Volsci were an ancient Italic people, well known in the history of the first century of the Roman Republic. ... The Battle of Corbione took place in 446 BC. General Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus led Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi tribes of north-east Latium and the Volsci tribes of southern Latium. ... Aurunci, the name given by the Romans to a tribe which in historical times occupied only a strip of coast on either side of the Mons Massicus between the Volturnus and the Liris, although it must at an earlier period have extended over a considerably wider area. ... Veii - or Veius - was in ancient times, an important Etrurian city 18 km NNW of Rome, Italy. ... Combatants Roman Republic Etruscan city of Veii Commanders Kaeso Fabius Vibulanus unknown Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of the Cremera was fought between Roman Republic and the Etruscan city of Veii, in 477 BC (276 AUC). ... Ancient Rome defeated the Veii in the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC.[1] ^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. ... Combatants Roman Republic Veii (Etruscan city) Commanders Furius Camillus The Battle of Veii, also known as the Siege of Veii[1] is approximately dated at 396 BC. Our main source is Livys Ab Urbe Condita. ...

However, Rome still controlled only a very limited area and the affairs of Rome were minor even to those in Italy: the remains of Veii, for instance, lie entirely within modern Rome's suburbs^[48] and Rome's affairs were only just coming to the attention of the Greeks, the dominant cultural force at the time.^[56] At this point the bulk of Italy remained in the hands of Latin, Sabine, Samnite and other peoples in the central part of Italy, Greek colonies to the south, and, notably, the Celtic people, including the Gauls, to the north. The Celtic civilisation at this time was vibrant and growing in strength and territory, and stretched, if incohesively, across much of mainland Europe. It is at the hands of the Gallic Celts that Rome suffered a humiliating defeat that temporarily set back its advance and was to imprint itself upon the Roman consciousness. For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... The Rape of the Sabine Women by Giambologna The tribe of the Sabines (Latin Sabini - singular Sabinus) was an Italic tribe of ancient Italy. ... Samnite warriors Samnium (Oscan Safinim) was a region of the southern Apennines in Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC. Samnium was delimited by Latium in the north, by Lucania in the south... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek_speaking world in ancient times. ... Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ... Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...

Celtic invasion of Italia (390-387 BC)

By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes had begun invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. Most of this was unknown to the Romans at this time, who still had purely local security concerns, but the Romans were alerted when a particularly warlike tribe,^[56]^[57] the Senones,^[57] invaded the Etruscan province of Siena from the north and attacked the town of Clusium,^[58] not far from Rome's sphere of influence. The Clusians, overwhelmed by the size of the enemy in numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. Perhaps unintentionally^[56] the Romans found themselves not just in conflict with the Senones, but their primary target.^[58] The Romans met them in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River^[56]^[57] around 390-387 BC. The Gauls, under their chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of around 15,000 troops^[56] and proceeded to pursue the fleeing Romans back to Rome itself and partially sacked the town^[59]^[60] before being either driven off^[61]^[57]^[62] or bought off.^[56]^[58] This article is about the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For the state which existed in the 18th century, see Roman Republic (18th century). ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Quintus Sulpicius Brennus Strength 40,000 70,000 The Battle of the Allia was a battle of the first Gallic invasion of Italy. ... The Battle of Arretium was fought in 285 BC between Rome and Gaul. ... The Battle of Lake Vadimo was fought in 283 BC between Rome and the combined forces of the Etruscans and Gauls. ... The Battle of Faesulae was fought in 225 BC between Rome and a group of Gauls living in Italy. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Atilius Regulus â€ , Aemilius Papus Concolitanus, AneroÃ«stes â€ Strength 70,000 infantry, 5,400 cavalry 50,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry Casualties Unknown 40,000 killed, 10,000 captured The Battle of Telamon was fought between the Roman Republic and an alliance of Gauls in 225... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Marcellus Viridomarusâ€ The Battle of Clastidium was fought in 222 BC between a Roman Republic army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus and the Gauls led by Viridomarus. ... The Battle of Cremona was fought in 200 BC between the Roman Republic and Cisalpine Gaul. ... The Battle of Mutina was fought in 194 BC between Rome and Gaul. ... The Senones were a Celtic people of Gallia Celtica, who in the time of Julius Caesar inhabited the district which now includes the departments of Seine-et-Marne, Loiret and Yonne. ... Ancient Clusium was a Roman city, one of a succession found at the site. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Quintus Sulpicius Brennus Strength 40,000 70,000 The Battle of the Allia was a battle of the first Gallic invasion of Italy. ... A sculpture, depicting this Brennus that adorned an 18th or 19th century French naval vessel Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of Italy, who in 387 BC, in the Battle of the Allia, led an army of Cisalpine Gauls in their attack on Rome. ...

Now that the Romans and Gauls had blooded one another, intermittent warfare was to continue between the two in Italy for more than two centuries, including the Battle of the Anio,^[57] the Battle of Lake Vadimo,^[57] the Battle of Faesulae in 225 BC, the Battle of Telamon in 224 BC, the Battle of Clastidium in 222 BC, the Battle of Cremona in 200 BC, the Battle of Mutina in 194 BC, the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC, and the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC. The Celtic problem would not be resolved for Rome until the final subjugation of all Gaul following the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC. The Battle of Lake Vadimo may refer to battles: the battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC), a Roman Republic victory over an Etruscan army; the battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC), a Roman Republic victory over a joint Etruscan-Gaulish army. ... The Battle of Faesulae was fought in 225 BC between Rome and a group of Gauls living in Italy. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Atilius Regulus â€ , Aemilius Papus Concolitanus, AneroÃ«stes â€ Strength 70,000 infantry, 5,400 cavalry 50,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry Casualties Unknown 40,000 killed, 10,000 captured The Battle of Telamon was fought between the Roman Republic and an alliance of Gauls in 225... Combatants Roman Republic Gauls Commanders Marcellus Viridomarusâ€ The Battle of Clastidium was fought in 222 BC between a Roman Republic army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus and the Gauls led by Viridomarus. ... The Battle of Cremona was fought in 200 BC between the Roman Republic and Cisalpine Gaul. ... The Battle of Mutina was fought in 194 BC between Rome and Gaul. ... Combatants Cimbri and Teutones Roman Republic Commanders Kings Boiorix and Teutobod Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximusâ€ Strength about 200,000 80,000 troops in 10-12 legions with up to 40,000 auxiliaries and camp followers Casualties Unknown, perhaps several thousand An estimated 112,000 The Battle of... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix â€ Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... Combatants Roman Republic Gallic Tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Vercingetorix Commius Strength ~30,000-60,000, 12 Roman legions and auxiliaries ~330,000 some 80,000 besieged ~250,000 relief forces Casualties 12,800 40,000-250,000 [] The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52...

Roman expansion into Italia (343-282 BC)

After recovering surprisingly swiftly from the sack of Rome,^[63] the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. Despite their successes so far, their mastery of the whole of Italy was by no means assured at this point: the Samnites were a people just as martial^[64] and as rich^[65] as the Romans and with an objective of their own of securing more lands in the fertile^[65] Italian plains on which Rome itself lay.^[66] The First Samnite War of between 343 BC and 341 BC that followed widespread Samnite incursions into Rome's territory^[67] was a relatively short affair: the Romans beat the Samnites in both the Battle of Mount Gaurus in 342 BC and the Battle of Suessola in 341 BC but were forced to withdraw from the war before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War.^[68]^[69] Download high resolution version (1023x495, 95 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1023x495, 95 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Latin War (340-338 BC) was a conflict between the Roman Republic and its neighbors the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. ... Belligerents Roman Republic Samnium The First, Second, and Third Samnite wars, between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century, involving almost all the states of Italy, and ended in Roman domination of the Samnites. ... Combatants Carthage* Roman Republic* Epirus Magna Graecia Samnium Commanders Publius Valerius Laevinus Publius Decius Mus Pyrrhus of Epirus * Note: Carthage and Rome were not strong allies in this conflict. ... Combatants Roman Republic Italian allies of the Marsi, Samnites, Marrucini, Vestini, Paeligni, Frentani, Picentes Praetutii, Hirpini Commanders Publius Rutilius Lupus , Gaius Marius, Pompeius Strabo, Lucius Julius Caesar, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Titus Didius, Lucius Porcius Cato Quintus Poppaedius Silo, Gaius Papius Mutilus, Herius Asinius, Publius Vettius Scato, Publius Praesenteius, Gaius Vidacilius... Belligerents Roman Republic Samnium The First, Second, and Third Samnite wars, between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century, involving almost all the states of Italy, and ended in Roman domination of the Samnites. ... The Battle of Mount Gaurus was a battle between the ancient Romans and the Samnites in 342 BC. The battle was a success for the Romans, who were led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. ... The Battle of Suessula was an episode in 241 BC in the Samnite Wars between the Samnite peoples living in the hills around Samnium (todays Campania), and the Roman Republic. ... During the Second Samnite War , from 327 BC to 304 BC, between ancient Rome and the Samnites, the Samnites seized Neapolis in the Capture of Neapolis in 327 BC[1], which the Romans then later re-captured. ... Combatants Roman Republic Samnium Commanders Titus Veturius Calvinus Spurius Postumius Albinus Gaius Pontius Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Insignificant Insignificant {{{notes}}} The Battle of Caudine Forks, 321 BC, was a decisive battle of the Samnite Wars. ... The Battle of Lautulae was fought in 316 BC between the Romans and the Samnites. ... The Battle of Bovianum was fought in 305 BC between the Romans and the Samnites. ... The Battle of Camerinum in 298 BC was the first battle of the Third Samnite War. ... The Battle of Sentinum was the final battle of the Third Samnite War, fought in 295 BC near Sentinum (next to Sassoferrato, Marche), in which the Romans were able to overcome a formidable coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and their Gallic allies. ... The Battle of Aquilonia was fought in 293 BC between Rome and Samnium. ... Samnite warriors Samnium (Oscan Safinim) was a region of the southern Apennines in Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC. Samnium was delimited by Latium in the north, by Lucania in the south... The Samnite Wars were three wars between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium. ... The Battle of Mount Gaurus was a battle between the ancient Romans and the Samnites in 342 BC. The battle was a success for the Romans, who were led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. ... The Battle of Suessula was an episode in 241 BC in the Samnite Wars between the Samnite peoples living in the hills around Samnium (todays Campania), and the Roman Republic. ... The Latin War (340-338 BC) was a conflict between the Roman Republic and its neighbors the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. ...

Rome was therefore forced to contend by around 340 BC against both Samnite incursions into their territory and, simultaneously, in a bitter war against their former allies. Rome bested the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum,^[69] after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.^[70]^[71] Perhaps due to Rome's lenient treatment of their defeated foe,^[68] the Latins submitted largely amicably to Roman rule for the next 200 years. The battle of Vesuvius was fought in 339 BC, during the Latin War between the Roman Republic and the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. ... Combatants Roman Republic Latins Commanders Manlius Imperiosus Unknown The Battle of Trifanum was fought in 338 BC between the Roman Republic and the Latins. ...

The Second Samnite War, from 327 BC to 304 BC, was a much longer and more serious affair for both the Romans and Samnites,^[72] running for over twenty years and incorporating twenty-four battles^[65] that led to massive casualties on both sides. The fortunes of the two sides fluctuated throughout its course: the Samnites seized Neapolis in the Capture of Neapolis in 327 BC,^[72] which the Romans then re-captured before losing at the Battle of the Caudine Forks^[72]^[73]^[65] and the Battle of Lautulae. The Romans then proved victorious at the Battle of Bovianum and the tide turned strongly against the Samnites from 314 BC onwards, leading them to sue for peace with progressively less generous terms. By 304 BC the Romans had effectively annexed the greater degree of the Samnite territory, founding several colonies. This pattern of meeting aggression in force and almost inadvertently gaining territory in strategic counter-attacks was to become a common feature of Roman military history. The Samnite Wars were three wars between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium. ... During the Second Samnite War , from 327 BC to 304 BC, between ancient Rome and the Samnites, the Samnites seized Neapolis in the Capture of Neapolis in 327 BC[1], which the Romans then later re-captured. ... Combatants Roman Republic Samnium Commanders Titus Veturius Calvinus Spurius Postumius Albinus Gaius Pontius Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Insignificant Insignificant {{{notes}}} The Battle of Caudine Forks, 321 BC, was a decisive battle of the Samnite Wars. ... The Battle of Lautulae was fought in 316 BC between the Romans and the Samnites. ... The Battle of Bovianum was fought in 305 BC between the Romans and the Samnites. ...

Seven years after their defeat, with Roman dominance of the area looking assured, the Samnites rose again and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Camerinum in 298 BC, to open the Third Samnite War. With this success in hand they managed to bring together a coalition of several previous enemies of Rome, all of whom were probably keen to prevent any one faction dominating the entire region. The army that faced the Romans at the Battle of Sentinum^[73] in 295 BC therefore included Samnites, Gauls, Etruscans and Umbrians.^[74] When the Roman army won a convincing victory over these combined forces it must have become clear that little could prevent Roman dominance of Italy. In the Battle of Populonia in 282 BC Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region. The Battle of Camerinum in 298 BC was the first battle of the Third Samnite War. ... The Samnite Wars were three wars between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium. ... The Battle of Sentinum was the final battle of the Third Samnite War, fought in 295 BC near Sentinum (next to Sassoferrato, Marche), in which the Romans were able to overcome a formidable coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and their Gallic allies. ... The Battle of Populonia was fought in 282 BC between Rome and the Etruscans. ...

Pyrrhic War (280-275 BC)

By the beginning of the third century, Rome had established itself as a major power on the Italian Peninsula, but had not yet come into conflict with the dominant military powers in the Mediterranean at the time: Carthage and the Greek kingdoms. Rome had all but completely defeated the Samnites, mastered its fellow Latin towns, and greatly reduced Etruscan power in the region. However, the south of Italy was controlled by the Greek colonies of Magna Grecia^[75] who had been allied to the Samnites, and continued Roman expansion brought the two into inevitable conflict.^[76]^[77] Image File history File links Pyrrhus_route. ... Image File history File links Pyrrhus_route. ... Combatants Carthage* Roman Republic* Epirus Magna Graecia Samnium Commanders Publius Valerius Laevinus Publius Decius Mus Pyrrhus of Epirus * Note: Carthage and Rome were not strong allies in this conflict. ... Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Publius Valerius Laevinus Pyrrhus of Epirus Strength 29,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry 31,500 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, 20 war elephants Casualties 7,000 dead 4,000 dead The Battle of Heraclea took place in 280 BC between the Romans under the... Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Publius Decius Mus Pyrrhus of Epirus Strength 40,000 cavalry and infantry, 300 anti-elephant devices 40,000 cavalry and infantry, 20 war elephants Casualties 6,000 dead 3,500 dead The Battle of Asculum (or Ausculum)[1] - took place in 279 BC... Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Manius Curius Dentatus Pyrrhus of Epirus The Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) was the last battle fought between the forces of Pyrrhus of Epirus (without Samnite allies) and the Romans, led by consul Manius Curius Dentatus. ... Satellite view of the Peninsula in spring The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the greatest peninsulas of Europe, spanning 1,000 km from the Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. ... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... Samnite warriors Samnium (Oscan Safinim) was a region of the southern Apennines in Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC. Samnium was delimited by Latium in the north, by Lucania in the south... Extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League cities. ... Magna Graecia (Latin for Greater Greece, Megalê Hellas/Μεγάλη Ελλάς in Greek) is the name of an area in ancient southern Italy and Sicily that was colonised by ancient Greek settlers in the 8th century BCE. Originally, Magna Graecia was the name used by the Romans to describe the greater...

When a diplomatic dispute between Rome and the Greek colony of Tarentum^[78] erupted into open warfare in the naval Battle of Thurii,^[77] Tarentum appealed for military aid to Pyrrhus, ruler of Epirus.^[79]^[77] Motivated by his diplomatic obligations to Tarentum, and a personal desire for military accomplishment,^[80] Pyrrhus landed a Greek army of some 25,000 men^[77] and a contingent of war elephants^[77]^[81] on Italian soil in 280 B.C,^[82] where his forces were joined by some Greek colonists and a portion of the Samnites who revolted against Roman control. Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, southern Italy. ... The naval Battle of Thurii[1] was fought between Ancient Rome and the Greek colony of Tarentum[2] Following the battle, Tarentum appealed for aid to Pyrrhus, ruler of Epirus, for military aid[3][1]. Motivated by his diplomatic obligations to Tarentum, and a personal desire for military accomplishment, Pyrrhus... Pyrrhus of Epirus Pyrrhus (318-272 BC) (Greek: Î ÏÏÏÎ¿Ï‚) was one of the most successful ancient Greek generals of the Hellenistic era. ... Epirus, spanning Greece and Albania. ... The elephants thick hide protects it from injury. ... Samnite warriors Samnium (Oscan Safinim) was a region of the southern Apennines in Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC. Samnium was delimited by Latium in the north, by Lucania in the south...

The Roman army had not yet seen elephants in battle,^[81] and their inexperience turned the tide in Pyrrhus' favour at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC,^[77]^[83]^[81] and again at the Battle of Ausculum in 279 BC.^[84]^[83]^[85]^[81] Despite these victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy.^[86] Furthermore, Rome entered into a treaty of support with Carthage, and Pyrrhus found that despite his expectations, none of the other Italic peoples would defect to the Greek and Samnite cause.^[87] Facing unacceptably heavy losses with each encounter with the Roman army, and failing to find further allies in Italy, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula and campaigned in Sicily against Carthage,^[88] abandoning his allies to deal with the Romans.^[76] Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Publius Valerius Laevinus Pyrrhus of Epirus Strength 29,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry 31,500 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, 20 war elephants Casualties 7,000 dead 4,000 dead The Battle of Heraclea took place in 280 BC between the Romans under the... Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Publius Decius Mus Pyrrhus of Epirus Strength 40,000 cavalry and infantry, 300 anti-elephant devices 40,000 cavalry and infantry, 20 war elephants Casualties 6,000 dead 3,500 dead The Battle of Asculum - also known as the battle of Ausculum[1... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ... Ancient Italic peoples are all those peoples that lived in Italy before the Roman domination. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq. ...

When his Sicilian campaign was also ultimately a failure, and at the request of his Italian allies, Pyrrhus returned to Italy to face Rome once more. In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum.^[84] This time the Romans had devised methods to deal with the war elephants, including the use of javelins,^[84] fire^[88] and, one source claims, simply hitting the elephants heavily on the head.^[81] While Beneventum was indecisive,^[88] Pyrrhus realised that his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns, and seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy. Combatants Roman Republic Epirus, Magna Graecia Commanders Manius Curius Dentatus Pyrrhus of Epirus The Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) was the last battle fought between the forces of Pyrrhus of Epirus (without Samnite allies) and the Romans, led by consul Manius Curius Dentatus. ...

The conflicts with Pyrrhus would have a great effect on Rome, however. Rome had shown that it was capable of pitting its armies successfully against the dominant military powers of the Mediterranean, and further showed that the Greek kingdoms were incapable of defending their colonies in Italy and abroad. Rome quickly moved into southern Italia, subjugating and dividing Magna Grecia.^[89] Effectively dominating the Italian peninsula,^[90] and with a proven international military reputation,^[91] Rome now began to look outwards at expansion from the Italian mainland. Since the Alps formed a natural barrier to the north, and Rome was none too keen to meet the fierce Gauls in battle once more, the city's gaze turned to Sicily and the islands of the Mediterranean, a policy that would bring it into direct conflict with its former ally Carthage.^[92]^[91] For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ...

Mid-Roman Republic (274 BC - 148 BC)

Rome first began to make war outside the Italian peninsula in the Punic wars against Carthage, a former Phoenician colony^[93] on the north coast of Africa that had developed into a powerful state. These wars, starting in 264 BC^[94] were probably the largest conflicts of the ancient world yet ^[95] and saw Rome become most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean, with territory in Sicily, North Africa, Iberia, and with the end of the Macedonian wars (which ran concurrently with the Punic wars) Greece as well. After the defeat of the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus III the Great in the Roman-Syrian War (Treaty of Apamea, 188 BC) in the eastern sea, Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and the most powerful city in the classical world. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC.[1] They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). ... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ... Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... The Macedonian and Seleucid wars were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during and after the second Punic war, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Aegean. ... Silver coin of Antiochus III. The reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... Syrian Wars Syrian War Silver coin of Antiochus III. The reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ...

Punic Wars (264-146 BC)

The onmouseover="pv(event, 493)" onmouseout="unpv(493)" style="">First Punic War began in 264 BC when settlements on Sicily began to appeal to the two powers between which they lay - Rome and Carthage - in order to solve internal conflicts.^[94] The willingness of both Rome and Carthage to become embroiled on the soil of a third party may indicate a willingness to test each other's power without wishing to enter a full war of annihilation; certainly there was considerable disagreement within Rome about whether to prosecute the war at all.^[96] The war saw land battles in Sicily early on such as the Battle of Agrigentum but the theatre shifted to naval battles around Sicily and Africa. For the Romans naval warfare was a relatively unexplored concept.^[97] Before the First Punic War in 264 BC there was no Roman navy to speak of as all previous Roman wars had been fought in Italy. The new war in Sicily against Carthage, a great naval power,^[98] forced Rome to quickly build a fleet and train sailors.^[99] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1108x822, 190 KB) Summary Rome and Carthage at the Beginning of the Second Punic War, 218 B.C. Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1923. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1108x822, 190 KB) Summary Rome and Carthage at the Beginning of the Second Punic War, 218 B.C. Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1923. ... Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ... The battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 261 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthaginians and the Republic of Rome. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Boodes Hannibal Gisco Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina Strength About 20 ships About 17 ships Casualties Unknown Fleet captured {{{notes}}} The Battle of the Lipari Islands or Lipara (Lipara harbour, 260 BC) was the first encounter between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, fought... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Gaius Duilius Hannibal Gisco Strength About 120 ships About 130 ships The Battle of Mylae took place in 260 BC, during the First Punic War, off the coast of Mylae, Sicily, and was the first real naval battle between the fleets of Carthage and the... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus The Battle of Sulci was a naval battle fought in 258 BC between the Roman and Carthagenian navys of the coast near the town of Sulci, in Sardinia. ... Combatants Rome Carthage Commanders Marcus Atilius Regulus Unknown The Battle of Tyndaris is a naval battle of the First Punic War, which took place off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in 257 BC. Tyndaris was a Sicilian town founded as a Greek colony in 396 BC located on the high ground overlooking... Battle of Cape Ecnomus Conflict First Punic War Date 256 BC Place Offshore Cape Ecnomus, in Sicily Result Roman victory The battle of Cape Ecnomus (offshore Cape Ecnomus, southern coast of Sicily, 256 BC) was a naval battle between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, fought during the... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Marcus Atilius Regulus Hasdrubal, Bostar, and Hamilcar (not Barca) Strength 15,000 Infantry 500 Cavalry Army of more than 5000 Infantry, 500 Cavalry, and unknown number of elephants Casualties most likely very few most of infantry; cavalry and elephants escaped The Battle of Adis was... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders L. Caecilius Metellus Hasdrubal Strength Unknown(less than Carthaginians) Unknown(more than Romans) Casualties Unknown Unknown, but probably a sizable amount The Battle of Panormus was fought in 251 BC between Romans led by L. Caecilius Metellus and Carthaginians led by Hasdrubal during the First... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Ad Herbal Hamilcar Barca Publius Claudius Pulcher Strength About 120 ships About 120 ships Casualties None 93 ships captured or sunk The battle of Drepana or Drepanum (offshore modern Trapani, western coast of Sicily, 249 BC) was a naval battle between the fleets of Carthage... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Gaius Lutatius Catulus Hanno the Great Strength About 200 ships About 250 ships Casualties 30 ships sunk 50 ships sunk 70 ships captured The Battle of the Aegates Islands or Aegusa (Aegadian Islands, off the western coast of the island of Sicily, 10 March 241... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax... Sagunt (Spanish Sagunto; Latin Saguntum) is an ancient city in Hispania, in the modern fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Unknown Amellius, Praetor of Sicily Strength 35 Quinqueremes 20 Quinqueremes and Triremes Casualties 7 ships captured Unknown The Battle of Lilybaeum was the first naval clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome during the Second Punic War. ... Belligerents Carthage Volcae, a tribe of Gauls Commanders Hannibal Barca Unknown Strength 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, 37 elephants Unknown Casualties and losses Unknown Unknown The Battle of Rhone Crossing took place during the Second Punic War. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder Strength 6,000 cavalry unknown Casualties small small The Battle of Ticinus was a battle of the Second Punic War fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio in November 218 BC. It... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Tiberius Sempronius Longus Strength 10,000 cavalry, 28,000 infantry and thirty elephants 36,000-38,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry Casualties Unknown, but low 20,000 The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hanno Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus Strength 10,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry 20,000 infantry (2 Roman and 2 Allied Legions), 2,200 cavalry Casualties 6,000 killed and 2,000 captured unknown, light // Introduction The Battle of Cissa is part of the Second Punic... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Gaius Flaminius â€ Strength 30,000 soldiers 30,000-40,000 soldiers Casualties 1,500 soldiers 15,000 killed or drowned 15,000 captured The Battle of Lake Trasimeno (June 24, 217 BC, April on the Julian calendar) was a Roman defeat in the Second... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Himilco Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus Strength 40 Quinqueremes 55 Quinqueremes and Triremes Casualties 4 sunk, 25 captured Unknown Battle of Ebro River was a naval battle fought between a Carthaginian fleet of approximately 40 quinqueremes under Himilco and a Roman fleet of 55 ships under... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Barca Quintus Fabius Maximus Strength 2,000 infantry, 2,000 Oxen, 2000 Camp Followers 4000 infantry, plus reserves Casualties Light 1000+ The Battle of Ager Falernus is part of the Second Punic War. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders M. Minucius Rufus Quintus Fabius Maximus Hannibal Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Geronium was fought in 217 BC during the Second Punic War between Roman forces under M. Minucius Rufus and Hannibals Carthaginian army. ... For the 11th century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018). ... The First Battle of Nola was fought in 216 BC between the forces of Hannibal and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal Barca Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, Publius Cornelius Scipio Strength 25,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, 20 Elephants 30,000 infantry (2 Roman and 2 Allied Legions), 3,000 cavalry Casualties Severe Heavy The Battle of Dertosa, also known as the â€˜â€™â€™Battle of Iberaâ€™â€™â€™, was... The Second Battle of Nola was fought in 215 BC between Hannibals army and a Roman Army under Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal The Bald, Hampsicora Titus Manlius Torquatus Strength 15,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry +Sardinians (?) + Elephants (?) 20,000 infantry (2 Roman and 2 Allied Legions), 1,200 cavalry Casualties Most killed or captured unknown, The Battle of Cornus, or Caralis took place when a Carthaginian... The Third Battle of Nola was fought in 214 BC between Hannibal and Roman army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Tiberius Gracchus Hanno Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Beneventum was fought in 214 BC near modern Benevento during the Second Punic War. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Marcus Livius Strength 10,000 Unknown Casualties Minimal Nearly entire force Second Punic War Saguntum â€“ Lilybaeum â€“ Ticinus â€“ Trebia â€“ Cissa â€“ Lake Trasimene â€“ Ebro River â€“ Ager Falernus â€“ Geronium â€“ Cannae â€“ 1st Nola â€“ Dertosa â€“ 2nd Nola â€“ Cornus â€“ 3rd Nola â€“ Beneventum â€“ 1st Tarentum â€“ 1st Capua â€“ Silarus â€“ 1st Herdonia â€“ Syracuse... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, Appius Claudius Pulcher Strength approximately 30,000 8 Legions, approximately 40,000 Casualties unknown unknown The First Battle of Capua was fought in 212 BC between Hannibal and two Roman consular armies. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Marcus Centenius Penula â€ Casualties moderate entire army destroyed The Battle of the Silarus was fought in 212 BC between Hannibals army and a Roman force led by praetor Marcus Centenius Penula. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Gnaeus Fulvius Strength 20,000-30,000 18,000 Casualties Minimal 16,000 The first Battle of Herdonia was fought in 212 BC during the Second Punic War between Hannibals Carthaginian army and Roman forces led by Praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of... The Siege of Syracuse was fought from 214 BC to 212 BC between the rebellious city of Syracuse, and a Roman army under Marcellus sent to put down the citys rebellion. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal Barca Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ Strength 35,000 foot, 3,000 Numidians, 7,500 Spanish tribals 30,000 foot, 3,000 Horse + 20,000 Celt-Iberian mercenaries Casualties unknown- approximately 22,000 // Introduction The Battle of the Upper Baetis was fought... The Second Battle of Capua was fought in 211 BC when the Romans besieged Capua. ... The Second Battle of Herdonia of the Second Punic War, was fought in 210 BC between Hannibals army and the Roman forces of Fulvius Centumalus. ... The Battle of Numistro was fought in 210 BC between Hannibals army and a Roman army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ... The Battle of Baecula was Scipio Africanusâ€™s first major field battle after he had taken command of Roman interests in Spain during the Second Punic War, in which he routed the Carthaginian army under the command of Hasdrubal Barca. ... The Battle of Grumentum was fought in 207 BC between Romans led by Gaius Claudius Nero, and Hannibals Carthaginian army. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal Barca â€ Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Porcius Licinus Strength unknown Livius: 2 city legions, Nero: 6,000 foot, 1,000 horse, Licinus: 2 legions Casualties 57,000 killed, 5,400 prisoners 8,000 killed The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle... The Battle of Ilipa was a battle of the Second Punic War. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Sempronius Tuditanus The battles of Crotona in 204 and 203 BC were the last larger scale engagements between the Romans and the Carthaginians in Italy during the Second Punic War. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo Syphax Publius Cornelius Scipio Strength much larger than the Roman army approximately 25,000 Casualties reportedly tens of thousands negligible The Battle of Utica was fought in 203 BC between armies of Rome and Carthage during their second war for dominance... Combatants Roman Republic Carthaginian Commanders Scipio Africanus, Masinissa, Laeliu Hasdrubal, Syphax Casualties Unknown Rout of whole army The Battle of the Great plains Hasdrubal and Syphax had both succeded in escaping from their camps which the Roman general Scipio Africanus, and his Numidian allies Masinissa and Laeliu had destroyed. ... The Battle of Cirta was a battle during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage. ... The Po Valley Raid was a engagement during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic East Numidia Commanders Hannibal Scipio Africanus Masinissa Strength almost 58,000 infantry 6,000 cavalry 80 war elephants 34,000 Roman infantry 3,000 Roman cavalry 6,000 Numidian cavalry Casualties 20,000 killed 11,000 wounded 15,000 captured 1,500 killed 4,000 wounded... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Republic of... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Unknown Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage in Africa (near present-day Tunis) and the Roman Republic. ... Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ... The battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 261 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthaginians and the Republic of Rome. ... Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq. ... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ...

Rome took to naval warfare "like a brick to water"^[92] and the first few naval battles of the First Punic War such as the Battle of the Lipari Islands were catastrophic disasters for Rome, as might fairly be expected from a city that had no real prior experience of naval warfare. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine known as a Corvus,^[100] a Roman naval force under C. Duillius was able to roundly defeat a Carthaginian fleet at the Battle of Mylae. In just 4 years, a state without any real naval experience had managed to better a major regional maritime power in battle. Further naval victories followed at the Battle of Tyndaris and Battle of Cape Ecnomus.^[101] Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Boodes Hannibal Gisco Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina Strength About 20 ships About 17 ships Casualties Unknown Fleet captured {{{notes}}} The Battle of the Lipari Islands or Lipara (Lipara harbour, 260 BC) was the first encounter between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, fought... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... A corvus (meaning raven in Latin) was a Roman military boarding device used in naval warfare during the First Punic War against Carthage. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Gaius Duilius Hannibal Gisco Strength About 120 ships About 130 ships The Battle of Mylae took place in 260 BC, during the First Punic War, off the coast of Mylae, Sicily, and was the first real naval battle between the fleets of Carthage and the... Combatants Rome Carthage Commanders Marcus Atilius Regulus Unknown The Battle of Tyndaris is a naval battle of the First Punic War, which took place off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in 257 BC. Tyndaris was a Sicilian town founded as a Greek colony in 396 BC located on the high ground overlooking... Battle of Cape Ecnomus Conflict First Punic War Date 256 BC Place Offshore Cape Ecnomus, in Sicily Result Roman victory The battle of Cape Ecnomus (offshore Cape Ecnomus, southern coast of Sicily, 256 BC) was a naval battle between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, fought during the...

After having won control of the seas, a Roman force landed on the African coast under Regulus, who was at first victorious, winning the Battle of Adys^[102] and forcing Carthage to sue for peace.^[103] However the terms of peace that Rome proposed were so heavy that negotiations failed^[103] and, in response, the Carthaginians hired Xanthippus, a mercenary from the martial Greek city-state of Sparta, to reorganise and lead their army.^[104] Xanthippus managed to cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy, then defeated and captured Regulus^[105] at the Battle of Tunis.^[106] Several notables of the Roman Republic were named Marcus Atilius Regulus. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Marcus Atilius Regulus Hasdrubal, Bostar, and Hamilcar (not Barca) Strength 15,000 Infantry 500 Cavalry Army of more than 5000 Infantry, 500 Cavalry, and unknown number of elephants Casualties most likely very few most of infantry; cavalry and elephants escaped The Battle of Adis was... Xanthippus was a Greek (possibly Spartan) mercenary general hired by the Carthaginians to aid in their war against the Romans during the First Punic War. ... The Battle of Tunis between the Roman Republic and Carthage occurred in 256 BC during the First Punic War. ...

Despite being defeated on African soil, with their newfound naval abilities, the Romans roundly beat the Carthaginians in naval battle again - largely through the tactical innovations of the Roman fleet^[94] - at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and leaving Carthage without a fleet or sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians again sued for peace,^[107] during which Rome battled the Ligures tribe in the Ligurian War^[108] and the Insubres in the Gallic War.^[109] Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Gaius Lutatius Catulus Hanno the Great Strength About 200 ships About 250 ships Casualties 30 ships sunk 50 ships sunk 70 ships captured The Battle of the Aegates Islands or Aegusa (Aegadian Islands, off the western coast of the island of Sicily, 10 March 241... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the mid-first century BC, culminating in the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC which resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ...

Continuing distrust led to the renewal of hostilities in the Second Punic War when Hannibal Barca, a member of the Barcid family of Carthaginian nobility, attacked Saguntum,^[110]^[111] a city with diplomatic ties to Rome.^[112] Hannibal then raised an army in Iberia and famously crossed the Italian Alps to invade Italy.^[113]^[114] In the first battle on Italian soil at Ticinus in 218 BC Hannibal defeated the Romans under Scipio the Elder in a small cavalry fight.^[115]^[116] Hannibal's success continued with victories in the Battle of the Trebia,^[115]^[117] the Battle of Lake Trasimene,where he ambushed an unsuspecting Roman army,^[118]^[119] and the Battle of Cannae,^[120]^[121] in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art, and for a while "Hannibal seemed invincible",^[113] able to beat Roman armies at will.^[122] Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax... Hannibal Barca (247 BC â€“ c. ... The Barcid family was a leading family in the ancient city of Carthage and many of its members were fierce enemies of the Roman Republic. ... Saguntum, now Sagunt, (Castilian Sagunto) is an ancient city in the fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. ... The Battle of Ticinus (also Tichino or Techino) a battle of the Second Punic War fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio in November 218 BC. It was the first battle to take place on Italian soil. ... Publius Cornelius Scipio (died 211 BC) was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Tiberius Sempronius Longus Strength 10,000 cavalry, 28,000 infantry and thirty elephants 36,000-38,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry Casualties Unknown, but low 20,000 The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Gaius Flaminius â€ Strength 30,000 soldiers 30,000-40,000 soldiers Casualties 1,500 soldiers 15,000 killed or drowned 15,000 captured The Battle of Lake Trasimeno (June 24, 217 BC, April on the Julian calendar) was a Roman defeat in the Second... For the 11th century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018). ...

In the three battles of Nola, Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus managed to hold off Hannibal but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies at the First Battle of Capua, the Battle of the Silarus, the Second Battle of Herdonia, the Battle of Numistro and the Battle of Asculum. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Despite being defeated in Iberia in the Battle of Baecula, Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively by Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator on the Metaurus River.^[113] Marcus Claudius Marcellus (ca. ... The First Battle of Capua was fought in 212 BC between Hannibal and a Roman army. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hannibal Marcus Centenius Penula â€ Casualties moderate entire army destroyed The Battle of the Silarus was fought in 212 BC between Hannibals army and a Roman force led by praetor Marcus Centenius Penula. ... The Second Battle of Herdonia of the Second Punic War, was fought in 210 BC between Hannibals army and the Roman forces of Fulvius Centumalus. ... The Battle of Numistro was fought in 210 BC between Hannibals army and a Roman army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ... The Battle of Asculum was fought in 209 BC between Hannibals Carthaginian army, and a Roman force. ... Hasdrubal Barca (d. ... The Battle of Baecula was Scipio Africanusâ€™s first major field battle after he had taken command of Roman interests in Spain during the Second Punic War, in which he routed the Carthaginian army under the command of Hasdrubal Barca. ... Gaius Claudius Nero was a Roman consul who fought in the Battle of the Metaurus (207 BC). ... Marcus Livius Salinator (254 BC-c. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic Commanders Hasdrubal Barca â€ Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Porcius Licinus Strength unknown Livius: 2 city legions, Nero: 6,000 foot, 1,000 horse, Licinus: 2 legions Casualties 57,000 killed, 5,400 prisoners 8,000 killed The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle...

Unable to defeat Hannibal himself on Italian soil, and with Hannibal savaging the Italian countryside but unwilling or unable to destroy Rome itself, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa with the intention of threatening the Carthaginian capital.^[124] In 203 BC at the Battle of Bagbrades the invading Roman army under Scipio Africanus Major defeated the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax and Hannibal was recalled to Africa.^[113] At the famous Battle of Zama Scipio decisively defeated^[125] - perhaps even "annihilated"^[113] - Hannibal's army in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War. The military historian Basil Liddell Hart. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Scipio Africanus. ... The Battle of Bagbrades (also known as Campi Magni, Great Plains) was fought in 203 BC between a combined Carthaginian and Numidian force, and the Roman army of Scipio Africanus. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Scipio Africanus. ... Hasdrubal Gisco was a Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War. ... Syphax was a king of the Masaesyles of western Numidia. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic East Numidia Commanders Hannibal Scipio Africanus Masinissa Strength almost 58,000 infantry 6,000 cavalry 80 war elephants 34,000 Roman infantry 3,000 Roman cavalry 6,000 Numidian cavalry Casualties 20,000 killed 11,000 wounded 15,000 captured 1,500 killed 4,000 wounded... For other uses, see Hannibal (disambiguation). ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax...

Carthage never managed to recover after the Second Punic War^[126] and the Third Punic War that followed is in reality a simple punitive mission to raze the city of Carthage to the ground.^[127] Carthage was almost defenceless and when besieged offered immediate surrender, conceding to a string of outrageous Roman demands.^[128] The Romans refused the surrender, demanding as their further terms of surrender the complete destruction of the city^[129] and, seeing little to lose,^[129] the Carthaginians prepared to fight.^[128] In the Battle of Carthage the city was stormed after a short siege and completely destroyed,^[130] its culture "almost totally extinguished".^[131] Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Republic of... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Unknown Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage in Africa (near present-day Tunis) and the Roman Republic. ...

Conquest of the Iberian peninsula (218-19 BC)

Rome's conflict with the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars led them into expansion in the Iberian peninsula of modern-day Spain and Portugal.^[132] The Punic empire of the Carthaginian Barcid family consisted of territories in Iberia, many of which Rome gained control of during the Punic Wars. Italy remained the main theatre of war for much of the Second Punic War, but the Romans also aimed to destroy the Barcid Empire in Iberia and prevent major Punic allies from linking up with forces in Italy. Peoples of the Iberian peninsula just before the Roman process of conquest The Conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at EmpÃºries in 218 B.C. and ended with the conclusion of the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (or Hispania) by Caesar... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax... The First Celtiberian War was the first of a series of three wars known as the Celtiberian Wars. ... The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and... The Numantine War[1] (from Bellum Numantinum in Appians Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. ... Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ... The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ... This article is about the ancient city-state of Carthage in North Africa. ... The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC.[1] They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... The Barcid family was a notable family in the ancient city of Carthage; many of its members were fierce enemies of the Roman Republic. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax...

Over the years Rome had gradually expanded along the southern Iberian coast until in 211 BC it captured the city of Saguntum. Following two major military expeditions to Iberia, the Romans finally crushed Carthaginian control of the peninsula in 206 BC, at the Battle of Ilipa, and the peninsula became a Roman province known as Hispania. From 206 BC onwards the only opposition to Roman control of the peninsula came from within the native Celtiberian tribes themselves, the disunity of which prevented security from Roman expansion.^[132] Saguntum, now Sagunt, (Castilian Sagunto) is an ancient city in the fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. ... The Battle of Ilipa was a battle of the Second Punic War. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ... The Celtiberians dwelt in the Iberian Peninsula and spoke a Celtic language. ...

Following two small-scale rebellions in 197 BC,^[133] in 195-194 BC, war broke out in between the Romans and the Lusitani people in the Lusitanian War, in modern-day Portugal.^[134] By 179 BC, the Romans had mostly succeeded in pacifying the region and bringing it under their control.^[133] The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ... The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and...

In around 154 BC,^[133] a major revolt was re-ignited in Numantia, which is known as the First Numantine War,^[132] and a long war of resistance was fought between the advancing forces of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania. The praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrived in 151 BC and began the process of subduing the local population.^[135] Galba betrayed the Lusitani leaders he had invited to peace talks and had them killed in 150 BC, ingloriously ending the first phase of the war.^[135] Soria province (red) in Spain (grey) Numantia (Numancia in Spanish) was a town in Hispania (modern-day Spain), which for a long time resisted conquest by Romans in what was known as the Numantine War. ... The Numantine War[1] (from Bellum Numantinum in Appians Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected... Servius Sulpicius Galba was a consul of Rome in 144 BC. He served as tribune of the soldiers in the second legion in Macedonia, under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, to whom he was personally hostile. ... For the Miocene ape, see Proconsul (genus) Under the Roman Empire a proconsul was a promagistrate filling the office of a consul. ... This article is on the consul of 151 BC - for the descendent (this mans grandson) see Lucullus, and for others of this name see Licinius (gens). ...

The Lusitani revolted again in 146 BC under a new leader called Viriathus,^[133] invading Turdetania (southern Iberia) in a guerilla war.^[136] The Lusitanians were initially successful, defeating a Roman army at the Battle of Tribola and going on to sack nearby Carpetania,^[137] and then besting a second Roman army at the First Battle of Mount Venus in 146 BC, again going on to sack another nearby city.^[137] In 144 BC, the general Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus campaigned successfully against the Lusitani, but failed in his attempts to arrest Viriathus. Statue of Viriathus, at Viseu, Portugal Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Castilian) (? - 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Iberia, where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established (in the areas comprising Portugal, south... The Turdetani were an ancient (pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania), living in the valley of the Guadalquivir in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia, Spain). ... are you looking for the political definition of guerilla war? Guerilla War is a video game by SNK. It is an overhead shooter. ... Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus was a Roman statesman and consul Fabius was by adoption a member of the patrician gens Fabia, but by birth he was the eldest son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus and Papiria Masonis and the elder brother of Scipio Aemilianus. ...

In 144 BC, Viriathus formed a league against Rome with several Celtiberian tribes^[138] and persuaded them to rise against Rome too, in the Second Numantine War.^[139] Viriathus' new coalition bested Roman armies at the Second Battle of Mount Venus in 144 BC and again at the failed Siege of Erisone.^[139] In 139 BC, Viriathus was finally killed in his sleep by three of his companions who had been promised gifts by Rome.^[140] In 136 and 135 BC, more attempts were made to gain complete control of the region of Numantia, but they failed. In 134 BC, the Consul Scipio Aemilianus finally succeeded in suppressing the rebellion following the successful Siege of Numantia.^[141] The Numantine War[1] (from Bellum Numantinum in Appians Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. ... Storybook illustration depicting Scipio as the reluctant servant of the Senate as he orchestrated the genocide of the Carthaginians. ... Combatants Roman Republic Celtiberians Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Avarus Strength 60,000 legionnaires 4,000 militia Casualties next to none almost all The Siege of Numantia was the culminating and pacifying action of the long-running Numantine War between the forces of the Roman Republic and those of the native Celtiberian...

Since the Roman invasion of the Iberian peninsula had begun in the south in the territories around the Mediterranean controlled by the Barcids, the last region of the peninsula to be subdued lay in the far north. The Cantabrian Wars or Astur-Cantabrian Wars, from 29 BC to 19 BC, occurred during the Roman conquest of these northern provinces of Cantabria and Asturias. Iberia was fully occupied by 25 BC and the last revolt put down by 19 BC^[142] The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ... For the Mesozoic island Cantabria, see Cantabria (Mesozoic island). ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian has special status Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 kmÂ² 2. ...

Macedon, the Greek poleis, and Illyria (215-148 BC)

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedon in northern Greece, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome.^[143]^[144] However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries, along with emissaries from Hannibal, were captured by a Roman fleet.^[143] Desiring to prevent Philip from aiding Carthage in Italy and elsewhere, Rome sought out land allies in Greece to fight a proxy war against Macedon on its behalf and found partners in the Aetolian League of Greek city-states,^[144] the Illyrians to the north of Macedon and the city-states of Pergamon^[145] and Rhodes,^[145] which lay across the Aegean from Macedon in modern-day Turkey.^[146] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1094x895, 2067 KB)Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1926 ed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1094x895, 2067 KB)Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1926 ed. ... In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. ... The Macedonian and Seleucid wars were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during and after the second Punic war, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Aegean. ... In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. ... Combatants Roman Republic, Aetolian League, Pergamon Macedon Commanders Marcus Valerius Laevinus, Attalus I Philip V of Macedon The First Macedonian War (214 BC - 205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the... The Second Macedonian War (200â€“196 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes. ... The Third Macedonian War (171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. ... The Fourth Macedonian War (150 BC - 148 BC) was the final war between Rome and Macedon. ... Combatants Roman Republic, Aetolian League, Pergamon Macedon Commanders Marcus Valerius Laevinus, Attalus I Philip V of Macedon The First Macedonian War (214 BC - 205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the... Combatants Macedon Aetolia, Rome, Pergamum Commanders Philip V of Macedon Phyrrhias Strength Casualties heavy The First Battle of Lamia was fought in 209 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and the Aetolians led by Phyrrhias. ... Combatants Macedon Aetolia, Rome, Pergamum Commanders Philip V of Macedon Phyrrhias Strength Casualties heavy The Second Battle of Lamia was fought in 209 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and Phyrrhias, a general from Aetolia. ... The Second Macedonian War (200â€“196 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes. ... Combatants Roman Republic Macedon Commanders T. Quinctius Flamininus Philip V of Macedon Strength about 33,400 men about 22,500 men Casualties about 700 8,000 killed, 5,000 captured The Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus... The Third Macedonian War (171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. ... The Battle of Callicinus was fought in 171 BC between Macedon and Rome. ... Combatants Macedon Roman Republic Commanders Perseus of Macedon # Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus Strength 44,000 38,000 Casualties 25,000 killed and wounded 1000+ dead, numerous wounded. ... The Fourth Macedonian War (150 BC - 148 BC) was the final war between Rome and Macedon. ... The Battle of Pydna was fought in 148 BC between Rome and the forces of the Macedonian leader Andriscus. ... Syrian Wars Syrian War Silver coin of Antiochus III. The reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... Combatants Roman Republic Seleucid Empire Commanders Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Antiochus III the Great Strength 22,000 10,500 and some allies Casualties 200 10,000 killed and prisoners The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between a Spartan and Persian army led by consul Manius Acilius Glabrio... The Battle of the Eurymedon was fought in 190 BC between Roman forces and a Seleucid fleet. ... The Battle of Myonessus was fought in 190 BC between a Macedonian fleet and a Roman fleet. ... Combatants Roman Republic Seleucid Empire Commanders Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Scipio Africanus Eumenes II of Pergamum Antiochus III the Great Strength 50. ... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads Î’Î‘Î£Î™Î›Î•Î©Î£ Î¦Î™Î›Î™Î Î ÎŸÎ¥ ([coin] of King Philip). ... Ancient Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (Greek ) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... Illyria (disambiguation) Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined Indo-European[1] group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans (Illyria, roughly from northern Epirus to southern Pannonia) and even perhaps parts of Southern Italy in classical times into the Common era, and spoke Illyrian languages. ... View of the reconstructed Temple of Trajan at Pergamon Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Î ÎÏÎ³Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river... This article is about the Greek island of Rhodes. ...

The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations and when the Aetolians sued for peace with Philip once more Rome's small expeditionary force, with no more allies in Greece, but having achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal, was ready to make peace.^[146] A treaty was drawn up between Rome and Macedon at Phoenice in 205 BC which promised Rome a small indemnity,^[130] formally ending the First Macedonian War.^[147] Combatants Roman Republic, Aetolian League, Pergamon Macedon Commanders Marcus Valerius Laevinus, Attalus I Philip V of Macedon The First Macedonian War (214 BC - 205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the...

Macedon began to encroach on territory claimed by several other Greek city states in 200 BC and these states pleaded for help from their newfound ally Rome.^[148] Rome gave Philip an ultimatum that he must submit Macedonia to being essentially a Roman province. Philip, unsurprisingly, refused and, after initial internal reluctance for further hostilities,^[149] Rome declared war against Philip in the Second Macedonian War.^[148] In the Battle of the Aous Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated the Macedonians,^[150] and in a second larger battle under the same opposing commanders in 197 BC, in the Battle of Cynoscephalae,^[151] Flamininus again beat the Macedonians decisively.^[150]^[152] Macedonia was forced to sign the Treaty of Tempea, in which it lost all claim to territory in Greece and Asia, and had to pay a war indemnity to Rome.^[153] The Second Macedonian War (200â€“196 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes. ... The Battle of the Aous was fought in 198 BC between Rome and Macedon. ... Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. ... Combatants Roman Republic Macedon Commanders T. Quinctius Flamininus Philip V of Macedon Strength about 33,400 men about 22,500 men Casualties about 700 8,000 killed, 5,000 captured The Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus... The Treaty of Tempea put the end of the Second Macedonian War (200 BC â€“ 196 BC) between the Roman republic and Philip V of Macedon. ...

Between the second and third Macedonian wars Rome faced further conflict in the region due to a tapestry of shifting rivalries, alliances and leagues all seeking to gain greater influence. After the Macedonians had been defeated in the Second Macedonian War in 197 BC, the Greek city-state of Sparta stepped into the partial power vacuum in Greece. Fearing the Spartans would take increasing control of the region, the Romans drew on help from allies to prosecute the Roman-Spartan War, defeating a Spartan army at the Battle of Gythium in 195 BC.^[153] They also fought their former allies the Aetolian League in the Aetolian War,^[154] against the Istrians in the Istrian War,^[155] against the Illyrians in the Illyrian War,^[156] and against Achaia in the Achaean War.^[157] For modern day Sparta, see Sparti (municipality). ... Combatants Sparta Achean League, Macedon, Pergamum, Rhodes, Rome Commanders Nabis, Pythagoras, Dexagoridas Gorgopas Titus Quinctius Flaminius, Eumenes II of Pergamum, Aristaenos Strength 15,000+ Around 50,000 The Roman-Spartan War (195 BC) was a military conflict in Ancient Greece fought between Sparta and a coalition comprised of Rome, the... The battle of Gythium took place in Gytheio in Mani, Greece. ... Combatants Aetolian League, Athamania Rome, Achean League, Macedon Commanders Damocritus Marcus Acilius Glabrio, Marcus Fulvius, Philip V The Aetolian War (191BC-189BC) was fought between the Romans and their Achean and Macedonian allies and the Aetolian League and their allies, the kingdom of Athamania. ... This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea. ... In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. ... This article is about the modern Greek district Achaea. ...

Rome now turned its attentions to Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire to the east. After campaigns as far abroad as Bactria, India, Persia and Judea, Antiochus moved to Asia Minor and Thrace^[158] to secure several coastal towns, a move that brought him into conflict with Roman interests. A Roman force under Manius Acilius Glabrio defeated Antiochus at the Battle of Thermopylae^[152] and forced him to evacuate Greece:^[159] the Romans then pursued the Seleucids beyond Greece, beating them again in naval battles at the Battle of the Eurymedon and Battle of Myonessus, and finally in a decisive engagement of the Battle of Magnesia.^[159]^[160] Silver coin of Antiochus III. The reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Manius Acilius Glabrio was a Roman consul, general, and member of a plebeian family. ... Combatants Roman Republic Seleucid Empire Commanders Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Antiochus III the Great Strength 22,000 10,500 and some allies Casualties 200 10,000 killed and prisoners The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between a Spartan and Persian army led by consul Manius Acilius Glabrio... The Battle of the Eurymedon was fought in 190 BC between Roman forces and a Seleucid fleet. ... The Battle of Myonessus was fought in 190 BC between a Macedonian fleet and a Roman fleet. ... Combatants Roman Republic Seleucid Empire Commanders Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Scipio Africanus Eumenes II of Pergamum Antiochus III the Great Strength 50. ...

In 179 BC Philip died^[161] and his talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took his throne and showed a renewed interest in Greece.^[162] He also allied himself with the warlike Bastarnae,^[162] and both this and his actions in Greece possibly violated the treaty signed with the Romans by his father or, if not, certainly was not "behaving as [Rome considered] a subordinate ally should".^[162] Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had greater military success against the Romans than his father, winning the Battle of Callicinus against a Roman consular army. However, as with all such ventures in this period, Rome responded by simply sending another army. The second consular army duly defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC^[163]^[161] and the Macedonians, lacking the reserve of the Romans and with King Perseus captured,^[164] duly capitulated, ending the Third Macedonian War.^[165] The Bastarnae were a Celtic or mixed Germanic-Celtic tribe who lived in the Danube estuary and western Balkans during the last centuries BC and early centuries AD. The origin of their name is uncertain, but may mean mixed-bloods (compare bastard) as opposed to the neighbouring Germanic Skiri clean... The Third Macedonian War (171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. ... The Battle of Callicinus was fought in 171 BC between Macedon and Rome. ... Combatants Macedon Roman Republic Commanders Perseus of Macedon # Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus Strength 44,000 38,000 Casualties 25,000 killed and wounded 1000+ dead, numerous wounded. ... The Third Macedonian War (171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. ...

The Fourth Macedonian War, fought from 150 BC to 148 BC, was the final war between Rome and Macedon and began when Andriscus usurped the Macedonian throne. The Romans raise a consular army under Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who swiftly defeated Andriscus at the Second battle of Pydna. Andriscus, (also spelt Andriskos) often called the pseudo-Philip, a fuller of Adramyttium, who claimed to be a son of Perseus, last king of Macedonia. ... The Caecilii Metellii was one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. ... The Battle of Pydna was fought in 148 BC between Rome and the forces of the Macedonian leader Andriscus. ...

Under Lucius Mummius Corinth was destroyed, following a siege in 146 BC, leading to the surrender and thus conquest of the Achaean League (see Battle of Corinth). Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC), surnamed Achaicus was a Roman statesman and general. ... Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: ÎšÏŒÏÎ¹Î½Î¸Î¿Ï‚, KÃ³rinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ... The Achaean League was a confederation of Greek city states in Achaea, a territory on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. ... This battle between Rome and Corinth in 146 BC resulted in the complete and total destruction of the Greek state famous for its fabulous wealth. ...

Late Roman Republic (147 BC - 30 BC)

Jugurthine War (111-104 BC)

Rome had, in the earlier Punic Wars, gained large tracts of territory in Africa, which they had consolidated in the following centuries,^[166] and much of which had been granted to the kingdom of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria, in return for its past military assistance.^[167] The Jugurthine War of 111-104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia and constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa,^[168] after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the Numidian throne,^[169] a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars,^[170] Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation^[171]^[172]^[173] and was granted half the kingdom. Following further aggression and further bribery attempts, the Romans sent an army to tackle him. The Romans were defeated at the Battle of Suthul^[174] but fared better at the Battle of the Muthul^[175] and finally defeated Jugurtha at the Battle of Thala,^[176]^[177] the Battle of Mulucha,^[178] and the Battle of Cirta(104 BC).^[179] Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery,^[180]^[181] ending the war.^[182] The Jugurthine War (122-105 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and Jugurtha, the renegade king of the African client state of Numidia. ... The Battle of Suthul was fought between ancient Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. ... The Battle of the Muthul was fought in 108 BC between the Numidians led by the Berber King Jugurtha, and a Roman force under Caecilius Metellus. ... The Battle of Thala was part of the Jugurthine War of 111-104 BC between Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. ... Jugurtha, (c. ... Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in North Africa that later alternated between a Roman province and a Roman client state, and is no longer in existence today. ... The Battle of Suthul was fought between ancient Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. ... The Battle of the Muthul was fought in 108 BC between the Numidians led by the Berber King Jugurtha, and a Roman force under Caecilius Metellus. ... The Battle of Thala was part of the Jugurthine War of 111-104 BC between Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. ...

Resurgence of the Celtic threat (121 BC)

By 121 BC, memories of Rome itself being sacked by Celtic tribes from Gaul were still prominent despite their historical distance, having been made into a legendary account that was taught to each generation of Roman youth. However, Rome was, unknown at the time, to face a resurgent Celtic threat within the next year. In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with the Celtic tribes of the Allobroges and the Arverni, both of which they defeated with apparent in ease in the First Battle of Avignon near the Rhone river and the Second Battle of Avignon, the same year.^[183] A map of Gaul in the 1st century BC, showing the relative position of the Allobroges tribe. ... A map of Gaul in the 1st century BC, showing the relative position of the Arverni tribe. ...

New Germanic threat (113-101 BC)

The Cimbrian War (113-101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri^[184] and the Teutons or Teutones^[184] migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories,^[185] and clashed with Rome and her allies.^[186] The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened, and caused great fear in Rome^[186] for some time. The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). It ended in defeat, and near disaster, for the Romans. In 105 BC The Romans suffered one of their worst defeats ever at The Battle of Arausio, It was the costliest defeat Rome had suffered since The Battle of Cannae. After the Cimbri inadvertently granted the Romans a reprieve by diverting to plunder Iberia,^[187] Rome was given the opportunity to carefully prepare for and successfully meet the Cimbri and Teutons in battle^[185] in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae^[187] and the Battle of Vercellae ^[187] where Both tribes were virtually annihalated, ending the threat. Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri, Teutons Commanders Marius, Lutatius Catulus, Servilius Caepio, Mallius Maximus, Papirius Carbo Boiorix, Teutobod Lugius Strength Varied, ranging from around 40,000 to over 80,000 Varied but estimated at around 300,000 maxium Casualties Estimated between 150-180,000 300,000, Both tribes annihalated The Cimbrian... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri and Teutones Commanders Papirius Carbo ? Strength ? ? Casualties ? ? The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). ... Combatants Cimbri and Teutones Roman Republic Commanders Kings Boiorix and Teutobod Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximusâ€ Strength about 200,000 80,000 troops in 10-12 legions with up to 40,000 auxiliaries and camp followers Casualties Unknown, perhaps several thousand An estimated 112,000 The Battle of... Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix â€ Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri, Teutons Commanders Marius, Lutatius Catulus, Servilius Caepio, Mallius Maximus, Papirius Carbo Boiorix, Teutobod Lugius Strength Varied, ranging from around 40,000 to over 80,000 Varied but estimated at around 300,000 maxium Casualties Estimated between 150-180,000 300,000, Both tribes annihalated The Cimbrian... The migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri The Cimbri were a Celtic tribe who together with the Teutones and the Ambrones threatened the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC. The ancient sources located their home of origin in the northern Jutland. ... This entry is about the tribe of the Teutons. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipioâ€ , Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminiusâ€ , Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellusâ€ , Lucius Aemilius Paullusâ€ , Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvusâ€ , Masinissa, Minuciusâ€ , Servilius Geminusâ€ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barcaâ€ , Mago Barcaâ€ , Hasdrubal Giscoâ€ , Syphax... A portion of the Tabula Peutingeriana, a Roman map of the 4th century, depicting the southern part of Italia. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri and Teutones Commanders Papirius Carbo ? Strength ? ? Casualties ? ? The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). ... Combatants Cimbri and Teutones Roman Republic Commanders Kings Boiorix and Teutobod Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximusâ€ Strength about 200,000 80,000 troops in 10-12 legions with up to 40,000 auxiliaries and camp followers Casualties Unknown, perhaps several thousand An estimated 112,000 The Battle of... For the 11th century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018). ... Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix â€ Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine...

Internal unrest (135-71 BC)

The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state, and to a willingness to follow their generals in battle against the state.^[188] Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because in the past century vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the last century before the common era at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern did not break until Octavian (later Caesar Augustus) ended it by becoming a successful challenger to the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (emperor). The Servile Wars were a series of slave revolts that plagued the late Roman Republic. ... The First Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans on the island of Sicily. ... The Second Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans on the island of Sicily. ... Combatants Army of escaped slaves Roman Republic Commanders Crixus â€ , Oenomaus â€ , Spartacus â€ , Castus â€ , Gannicus â€ Gaius Claudius Glaber, Publius Varinius, Gnaeus Clodianus, Lucius Gellius Publicola, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Manlius, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Lucius Quinctius, Gnaeus Tremellius Scrofa Strength 120,000 escaped slaves and gladiators... The Latin War (340-338 BC) was a conflict between the Roman Republic and its neighbors the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. ... Belligerents Roman Republic Samnium The First, Second, and Third Samnite wars, between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century, involving almost all the states of Italy, and ended in Roman domination of the Samnites. ... Combatants Carthage* Roman Republic* Epirus Magna Graecia Samnium Commanders Publius Valerius Laevinus Publius Decius Mus Pyrrhus of Epirus * Note: Carthage and Rome were not strong allies in this conflict. ... Combatants Roman Republic Italian allies of the Marsi, Samnites, Marrucini, Vestini, Paeligni, Frentani, Picentes Praetutii, Hirpini Commanders Publius Rutilius Lupus , Gaius Marius, Pompeius Strabo, Lucius Julius Caesar, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Titus Didius, Lucius Porcius Cato Quintus Poppaedius Silo, Gaius Papius Mutilus, Herius Asinius, Publius Vettius Scato, Publius Praesenteius, Gaius Vidacilius... There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMPÂ·CAESARÂ·DIVIÂ·FÂ·AVGVSTVS) Â¹ (23 September 63 BCâ€“19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... The Latin word Princeps (plural: principes) means the first. This article is devoted to a number of specific historical meanings the word took, by far the most important of which follows first. ...

Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state, the third and final uprising the most serious,^[189] involving ultimately between 120,000^[190] and 150,000^[191] revolting slaves. Additionally, in 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy,^[192]^[193] collectively known as the Socii, over dissent among the allies that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards.^[194]^[195]^[185] Despite defeats such as the Battle of Fucine Lake, Roman troops defeated the Italian militias in decisive engagements, notably the Battle of Asculum. Although they lost militarily, the Socii achieved their objectives with the legal proclamations of the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.^[194] The Servile Wars were a series of slave revolts that plagued the late Roman Republic. ... Combatants Army of escaped slaves Roman Republic Commanders Crixus â€ , Oenomaus â€ , Spartacus â€ , Castus â€ , Gannicus â€ Gaius Claudius Glaber, Publius Varinius, Gnaeus Clodianus, Lucius Gellius Publicola, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Manlius, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Lucius Quinctius, Gnaeus Tremellius Scrofa Strength 120,000 escaped slaves and gladiators... Combatants Roman Republic Italian allies of the Marsi, Samnites, Marrucini, Vestini, Paeligni, Frentani, Picentes Praetutii, Hirpini Commanders Publius Rutilius Lupus , Gaius Marius, Pompeius Strabo, Lucius Julius Caesar, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Titus Didius, Lucius Porcius Cato Quintus Poppaedius Silo, Gaius Papius Mutilus, Herius Asinius, Publius Vettius Scato, Publius Praesenteius, Gaius Vidacilius... The Battle of Fucine Lake was fought in 89 BC between a Roman army and a rebel force during the Social War. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia The term Militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency, law enforcement, or paramilitary service, and those engaged in such activity, without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. ... The Battle of Asculum was fought in 89 BC between Rome and a rebel force. ... Lex Julia (or: Lex Iulia, plural: Leges Juliae/Leges Iuliae) are ancient Roman laws, introduced by any member of the Julian family. ... The Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda (89 BCE) expanded on Roman citizenship legislation enacted the previous year in the Lex Julia de Civitate Latinis Danda. ...

The internal unrest reached its most serious, however, in the two civil wars or marches upon Rome of the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla at the beginning of 82 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Roman senate, along with some Samnite allies.^[196] Whatever the rights and wrongs of his grievances against those in power of the state, his actions marked a watershed of the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars of the triumvirate, the overthrowing of the Senate as the de facto head of the Roman state, and the eventual endemic usurpation of the later Empire. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: Lâ€¢CORNELIVSâ€¢Lâ€¢Fâ€¢Pâ€¢Nâ€¢SVLLAâ€¢FELIX)[1] (ca. ... The battle of the Colline Gate, fought in November of 82 BC, was the final battle of the civil war between the peoples party of ancient Rome (originally led by Marius) and the aristocrats led by Sulla. ... The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful political and/or military leaders. ... Usurpers were a common feature of the late Roman Empire, especially from the so-called crisis of the third century onwards, when political instability became the rule. ...

Conflicts with Mithridates (89-63 BC)

Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus,^[197] a large kingdom in Asia Minor, from 120 to 63 BC. He is remembered as one of Rome's most formidable and successful enemies who engaged three of the most prominent generals of the late Roman Republic: Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey the Great. In a pattern familiar from the Punic Wars, the Romans came into conflict with him after the two states' spheres of influence began to overlap. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom,^[198] and Rome for her part seemed equally keen for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring.^[199]^[197] After conquering western Anatolia (modern Turkey) in 88 BC, Roman sources state that Mithridates ordered the killing of the majority of the 80,000 Romans living there.^[200] The massacre may have been greatly exaggerated by the Romans but it was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper after the Battle of Chaeronea and later Battle of Orchomenus but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival Marius; consequently, Mithridates VI was defeated but not beaten. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull. The First Mithridatic War was fought between the Roman Republic and Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius, the king of Pontus. ... Combatants Pontus Bithynia Commanders Archelaus Nicomedes IV The Battle of the River Amnias was fought in 88 BC between Pontus and Bithynia. ... Combatants Pontus Rome Commanders Archelaus Manius Aquilius The Battle of Mount Scorobas was fought in 88 BC between Rome and Pontus. ... The Battle of Chaeronea was fought near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, in 86 BC during the First Mithridatic War, between Rome and King Mithridates VI of Pontus. ... Combatants Rome Pontus Commanders Lucius Licinius Lucullus Unknown The Battle of Tenedos was fought in 86 BC between the fleets of Rome and Pontus. ... The Battle of Orchomenus was fought in 85 BC between Rome and the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus. ... The Second Mithridatic War (83-82 BCE) was fought between King Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman general Lucius Murena At the end of the First Mithridatic War, Sulla had left Mithridates in control of his kingdom of Pontus. ... Third Mithridatic War (75 - 65 BC) Mithridates VI had long been a thorn in Romes side, having launched two wars against the Roman Republic, in the early 1st century B.C. In response to the chaos in Rome, following the terror of Marius and Sullas dictatorship, the Empire... The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 74 BC between Roman forces and the armies of Mithridates VI of Pontus. ... The Battle of Cabira was fought in 72 BC between Roman and Mithridatic forces. ... Tigranocerta (also spelled Dikranagerd) was the capital of the Armenian Empire that Tigranes the Great founded (95‑56BC) south of the present city of Diyarbakır, Turkey. ... The Battle of Artaxata was fought in 68 BC between Rome and Armenia. ... The Battle of the Lycus was fought in 66 BC between the army of Pompey the Great and the forces of Mithridates VI. Pompey easily won the battle, and Mithridates later committed suicide, ending the Third Mithridatic War. ... Mithridates VI of Pontus, (132 BC- 63 BC), called Eupator Dionysius, was the king of Pontus in Asia Minor and one of Romes most formidable and successful enemies. ... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: LÂ·CORNELIVSÂ·LÂ·FÂ·PÂ·NÂ·SVLLAÂ·FELIX) Â¹ (ca. ... Lucius Licinius Lucullus (c. ... This article refers to the Roman General. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... The First Mithridatic War was fought between the Roman Republic and Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius, the king of Pontus. ... Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: Lâ€¢CORNELIVSâ€¢Lâ€¢Fâ€¢Pâ€¢Nâ€¢SVLLAâ€¢FELIX)[1] (ca. ... The Battle of Chaeronea was fought near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, in 86 BC during the First Mithridatic War, between Rome and King Mithridates VI of Pontus. ... The Battle of Orchomenus was fought in 85 BC between Rome and the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus. ...

The Second Mithridatic War began when Rome tried to annex Bithnyia as a province. In the Third Mithridatic War, first Lucius Licinius Lucullus and then Pompey the Great were sent against Mithridates.^[201] Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey in the night-time Battle of the Lycus.^[202] The Second Mithridatic War (83-82 BCE) was fought between King Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman general Lucius Murena At the end of the First Mithridatic War, Sulla had left Mithridates in control of his kingdom of Pontus. ... Third Mithridatic War (75 - 65 BC) Mithridates VI had long been a thorn in Romes side, having launched two wars against the Roman Republic, in the early 1st century B.C. In response to the chaos in Rome, following the terror of Marius and Sullas dictatorship, the Empire... This article is on the consul of 151 BC - for the descendent (this mans grandson) see Lucullus, and for others of this name see Licinius (gens). ... This article refers to the Roman General. ... The Battle of the Lycus was fought in 66 BC between the army of Pompey the Great and the forces of Mithridates VI. Pompey easily won the battle, and Mithridates later committed suicide, ending the Third Mithridatic War. ...

Campaign against the Cilician pirates (67 BC)

The Mediterranean had at this time fallen into the hands of pirates,^[202] largely from Cilicia.^[203] Rome had destroyed many of the states that had previously policed the Mediterranean with fleets, but had failed to step into the gap created.^[204] The pirates had seized the opportunity of a relative power vacuum and had not only strangled shipping lanes but had plundered many cities on the coasts of Greece and Asia,^[203] and had even made descents upon Italy itself.^[205] After the Roman admiral Marcus Antonius failed to clear the pirates to the satisfaction of the Roman authorities, Pompey was nominated his successor as commander of a special naval task force to campaign against the pirates.^[202]^[201] It took Pompey supposedly just forty days to clear the western portion of the sea of pirates,^[206]^[203] and restore communication between Iberia, Africa, and Italy. Plutarch describes how Pompey first swept their craft from the Mediterranean in a series of small actions and through promise of honouring the surrender of cities and craft. He then followed the main body of the pirates to their strongholds on the coast of Cilicia, and destroyed them there in the naval Battle of Korakesion.^[202] For other meanings see Pompey (disambiguation). ... The Battle of Korakesion, also known as the Battle of Coracesium, was a naval battle fought in 67 BC between the pirates of Cilicia and Pompey of ancient Rome. ... Pirates may refer to: A group of people committing any of these activities: Piracy at sea or on a river/lake. ... The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ... Bust of Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N¹) (c. ... For other meanings see Pompey (disambiguation). ... The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ... The Battle of Korakesion, also known as the Battle of Coracesium, was a naval battle fought in 67 BC between the pirates of Cilicia and Pompey of ancient Rome. ...

Caesar's early campaigns (59-50 BC)

During a term as praetor in Iberia Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar of the Roman Julii clan defeated the Calaici and Lusitani in battle.^[207] Following a consular term, he was then appointed to a five year term as Proconsular Governor of Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (the coast of Dalmatia).^[208]^[207] Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul, which would give him the dramatic military success he sought.^[209] To this end he stirred up popular nightmares of the first sack of Rome by the Gauls and the more recent spectre of the Cimbri and Teutones.^[209] When the Helvetii and Tigurini^[207] tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into)^[210] the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.^[211] After slaughtering the Helvetii tribe,^[212] Caesar prosecuted a "long, bitter and costly"^[213] campaign against other tribes across the breadth of Gaul, many of whom had fought alongside Rome against their common enemy the Helvetii,^[210] and annexed their territory to that of Rome. Plutarch claims that the campaign cost a million Gallic lives.^[214] Although "fierce and able"^[213] the Gauls were handicapped by internal disunity and fell in a series of battles over the course of a decade.^[213]^[215] Image File history File links Caesar_campaigns_gaul. ... Image File history File links Caesar_campaigns_gaul. ... Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ... The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the mid-first century BC, culminating in he Battle of Alesia in 52 BC which resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ... Bibracte was the capital of the Aedui in the Iron Age, one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. ... Image:Map of battle between Caesar and Ariovistus. ... The Battle of the Axona was fought in 57 BC between the Roman army of Julius Caesar and the Belgae. ... Battle of the Sabis Conflict Gallic Wars Date 57 BC Place Gaul Result Roman victory The Battle of the Sabis, also known as the Battle of the Sambre, was fought in 57 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and an association of Belgic tribes in Gaul. ... The Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC at Gergovia (modern Gergovie), the chief town of the Arverni, situated on a hill in Auvergne, about eight miles from the Puy de Dome, France. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gallic Tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Vercingetorix Commius Strength ~30,000-60,000, 12 Roman legions and auxiliaries ~330,000 some 80,000 besieged ~250,000 relief forces Casualties 12,800 40,000-250,000 [] The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... The Callaici, Callaeci, or Gallaeci were a Pre-Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (The Roman Hispania), North of Douro River in Northern Portugal and Galicia (Spain). ... The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ... A map of Gaul showing the northern Alpine position of the Helvetii. ... Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ... A map of Gaul showing the northern Alpine position of the Helvetii. ...

Caesar defeated the Helvetii in 58 BC at the Battle of the Arar and Battle of Bibracte,^[216] the Belgic confederacy known as the Belgae at the Battle of the Axona,^[212]^[207] the Nervii in 57 BC at the Battle of the Sabis,^[217]^[207] the Aquitani, Treviri, Tencteri, Aedui and Eburones in unknown battles,^[212] and the Veneti in 56 BC.^[212] In 55 and 54 BC he made two expeditions to Britain.^[218]^[212] In 52 BC, following the Siege of Avaricum and a string of inconclusive battles,^[219] Caesar defeated a union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix^[220] at the Battle of Alesia,^[221]^[222] completing the Roman conquest of Transalpine Gaul. By 50 BC, the entirety of Gaul lay in Roman hands.^[221] Caesar recorded his own accounts of these campaigns in Commentarii de Bello Gallico ("Commentaries on the Gallic War"). A map of Gaul showing the northern Alpine position of the Helvetii. ... The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the mid-first century BC, culminating in he Battle of Alesia in 52 BC which resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ... Bibracte was the capital of the Aedui in the Iron Age, one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. ... The Battle of the Axona was fought in 57 BC between the Roman army of Julius Caesar and the Belgae. ... Battle of the Sabis Conflict Gallic Wars Date 57 BC Place Gaul Result Roman victory The Battle of the Sabis, also known as the Battle of the Sambre, was fought in 57 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and an association of Belgic tribes in Gaul. ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... Statue of Vercingetorix by Bartholdi, on Place de Jaude, in Clermont-Ferrand Vercingetorix (pronounced in Gaulish) (died 46 BC), chieftain of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of Gergovia, and known as the man who led the Gauls in their ultimately unsuccessful war against Roman rule under Julius Caesar. ... Combatants Roman Republic Gallic Tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Vercingetorix Commius Strength ~30,000-60,000, 12 Roman legions and auxiliaries ~330,000 some 80,000 besieged ~250,000 relief forces Casualties 12,800 40,000-250,000 [] The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52...

Gaul never regained its Celtic identity, never attempted another nationalist rebellion, and remained loyal to Rome until the fall of the Western Empire in 476. However, although Gaul itself was to thereafter remain loyal, cracks were appearing in the political unity of Rome's governing figures - partly over concerns over the loyalty of Caesar's Gallic troops to his person rather than the state^[213] - that were soon to dive Rome into a length series of civil wars.

Triumvirates, Caesarian ascension, and revolt (53-30 BC)

By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to share power and influence.^[223] It was always an uncomfortable alliance given that Crassus and Pompey intensely disliked one another. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire. After initial successes,^[224] he marched his army deep into the desert;^[225] but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and slaughtered^[212] at the Battle of Carrhae^[226]^[227] in "the greatest Roman defeat since Hannibal"^[228] in which Crassus himself perished.^[229] The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. While Caesar was fighting against Vercingetorix in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar^[230] and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies. In 51 BC, some Roman senators demanded that Caesar would not be permitted to stand for Consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state, and the same demands were made of Pompey by other factions.^[231]^[232] Relinquishing his army would leave Caesar defenceless before his enemies. Caesar chose Civil War over laying down his command and facing trial.^[231] The triumvirate was shattered and conflict was inevitable. Image File history File links Caesar_and_Pompey. ... Image File history File links Caesar_and_Pompey. ... Combatants Julius Caesar and supporters, the Populares faction, Roman senate, the Optimates faction, Commanders Julius Caesar Pompeyâ€ , Titus Labienusâ€ , Metellus Scipioâ€ , Cato the youngerâ€ , Gnaeus Pompeiusâ€ Sextus Pompeius The Roman civil war of 49 BC, sometimes called Caesars Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman... Siege and naval battle at Massilia in Caesars civil war. ... Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Spanish army of Pompey the Great, lead by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. ... Siege and naval battle at Massilia in Caesars civil war. ... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Gaius Curio Attius Varus King Juba of Numidia This article is about the battle which was part of Caesars civil war. ... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Gaius Curioâ€ Attius Varus King Juba of Numidia The Battle of the Bagradas River (49 BC) occured on August 24 and was fought between Julius Caesars general Gaius Curio and between the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba of Numidia. ... Combatants Optimates Populares Commanders Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gaius Julius Caesar Strength 45,000 15,000 Casualties Unknown 1,000 The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) on 10 July 48 BC was one of a series of contests between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus that ended with Pompeys... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Gaius Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Strength Approximately 22,000 legionaries, 5,000-10,000 Auxiliaries and Allies, and Allied Cavalry of 1800 Approximately 60,000 legionaries, 4,200 Auxiliaries and Allies, and Allied Cavalry of 5,000-8,000 Casualties 1,200 6,000 The... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus The Battle of Ruspina was fought on January 4, 46 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus. ... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders G. Julius Caesar Metellus Scipio â€ , Cato the younger â€ Strength Unknown (at least 10 legions) Unknown (at least 10 legions), 2,500 cavalry Jubas allied troops with 60 elephants Casualties 1,000 30,000 The Battle of Thapsus took place on February 6, 46 BC near... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus â€ , Gnaeus Pompeius; Strength 8 legions, 8,000 cavalry total: circa 40,000 men 13 legions, cavalry and auxiliaries total: circa 70,000 men Casualties 1,000 30,000 The Battle of Munda took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains... This does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Marcus Licinius Crassus (Latin: MÂ·LICINIVSÂ·PÂ·FÂ·PÂ·NÂ·CRASSVS[1]) (c. ... This article refers to the Roman General. ... Combatants Roman Republic Parthia Commanders Marcus Licinius Crassus â€ , Publius Crassus â€ Surena Strength 35,000 Roman legionaries, 4,000 cavalry, 4,000 light infantry 10,000 cavalry Casualties 20,000 dead, 10,000 captured, 4,000 wounded Reportedly very light The Battle of Carrhae was a decisive battle fought in 53...

Pompey initially assured Rome and the senate that he could defeat Caesar in battle should he march on Rome.^[233]^[234] However, by the spring of 49 BC, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon river with his invading forces and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome.^[233]^[234] Caesar's army was still under-strength, with certain units remaining in Gaul,^[233] but on the other hand Pompey himself only had a small force at his command, and that with uncertain loyalty having served under Caesar.^[234] Tom Holland attributes Pompey's willingness to abandon Rome to waves of panicking refugees stirring ancestral fears of invasions from the north.^[235] Pompey's forces retreated south towards Brundisium,^[236] and then fled to Greece.^[234]^[237] Caesar first directed his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Iberia^[238] but following campaigning by Caesar in the Siege of Massilia and Battle of Ilerda decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece.^[239]^[240] Pompey initially defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium in 48 BC^[241] but failing to follow up on the victory, Pompey was decisively defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC^[242]^[243] despite outnumbering Caesar's forces two to one.^[244] Pompey fled again, this time to Egypt, where he was murdered^[245]^[202] in an attempt to ingratiate the country with Caesar and avoid a war with Rome.^[228]^[242] Siege and naval battle at Massilia in Caesars civil war. ... Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Spanish army of Pompey the Great, lead by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. ... Combatants Optimates Populares Commanders Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gaius Julius Caesar Strength 45,000 15,000 Casualties Unknown 1,000 The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) on 10 July 48 BC was one of a series of contests between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus that ended with Pompeys... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Gaius Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Strength Approximately 22,000 legionaries, 5,000-10,000 Auxiliaries and Allies, and Allied Cavalry of 1800 Approximately 60,000 legionaries, 4,200 Auxiliaries and Allies, and Allied Cavalry of 5,000-8,000 Casualties 1,200 6,000 The...

Pompey's death did not see the end of the civil wars since initially Caesar's enemies were manifold and Pompey's supporters continued to fight on after his death. In 46 BC Caesar lost perhaps as much as a third of his army when his former commander Titus Labienus, who had defected to the Pompeians several years earlier, defeated him at the Battle of Ruspina. However, after this low point Caesar came back to defeat the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in the Battle of Thapsus, after which the Pompeians retreated yet again to Iberia. Caesar defeated the combined forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompey the Younger at the Battle of Munda in Iberia. Labienus was killed in the battle and the Younger Pompey captured and executed. Titus Labienus (ca. ... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus The Battle of Ruspina was fought on January 4, 46 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus. ... The Caecilii Metellii was one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. ... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders G. Julius Caesar Metellus Scipio â€ , Cato the younger â€ Strength Unknown (at least 10 legions) Unknown (at least 10 legions), 2,500 cavalry Jubas allied troops with 60 elephants Casualties 1,000 30,000 The Battle of Thapsus took place on February 6, 46 BC near... Combatants Populares Optimates Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus â€ , Gnaeus Pompeius; Strength 8 legions, 8,000 cavalry total: circa 40,000 men 13 legions, cavalry and auxiliaries total: circa 70,000 men Casualties 1,000 30,000 The Battle of Munda took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains...

Despite his military success, or probably because of it, fear spread of Caesar, now the primary figure of the Roman state, becoming an autocratic ruler and ending the Roman Republic. This fear drove a group of senators naming themselves The Liberators to assassinate him in 44 BC.^[247] Further civil war followed between those loyal to Caesar and those who supported the actions of the Liberators. Caesar's supporter Mark Antony condemned Caesar's assassins and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Octavian was entrusted with the command of the war against him. In the Battle of Forum Gallorum Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeated the forces of the consul Pansa, who was killed, but Antony was then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. At the Battle of Mutina Antony was again defeated in battle by Hirtius, who was killed. Although Antony failed to capture Mutina, Decimus Brutus was murdered shortly thereafter. Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Î Î»Î¿ÏÏ„Î±ÏÏ‡Î¿Ï‚; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Combatants Roman Republic Parthia Commanders Marcus Licinius Crassus â€ , Publius Crassus â€ Surena Strength 35,000 Roman legionaries, 4,000 cavalry, 4,000 light infantry 10,000 cavalry Casualties 20,000 dead, 10,000 captured, 4,000 wounded Reportedly very light The Battle of Carrhae was a decisive battle fought in 53... Brutus is a Roman cognomen used by several politicians of the Junii family, especially in the Roman Republic. ... Forum Gallorum was a village in northern Italy where a battle was fought on April 14, 43 BC, between the forces of Marc Antony and the legions of the Republic under the overall command of Gaius Vibius Pansa, aided by Aulus Hirtius and the untested Octavian (the future Augustus). ... Modena is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. ... The Battle of Mutina was fought on April 21, 43 BC between the forces of Marc Antony and the forces of Aulus Hirtius who was providing aid to one of Caesars assassins, Decimus Brutus. ...

Octavian betrayed his party, and came to terms with Caesarians Antony and Lepidus and on 26 November 43 BC the Second Triumvirate was formed,^[248] this time in an official capacity.^[247] In 42 BC Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fought the indecisive Battle of Philippi with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. Although Brutus defeated Octavian, Antony defeated Cassius, who committed suicide. Brutus also committed suicide shortly afterwards. is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Second Triumvirate (disambiguation). ... The term triumvirate (Latin for rule by three men) or troika in Russian, is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders. ... Bust of Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (Latin: MÂ·ANTONIVSÂ·MÂ·FÂ·MÂ·N[1]) ( January 14 83 BC â€“ August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. ... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ... Belligerents Triumvirs Liberators Commanders Octavian and Mark Antony Brutusâ€ and Cassiusâ€ Strength 19 legions, allied cavalry 33,000; total over 100,000 men 17 legions, allied cavalry 17,000; total about 100,000 men Casualties and losses ? Surrender of entire army The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in... Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC–42 BC), or simply Brutus, was a Roman politician of the late Roman Republic. ... Caius Cassius Longinus featured on a denarius (42 BC). ...

However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed just as the first had almost as soon as its opponents had been removed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony.^[247] Together with Lucius Antonius, Mark Antony's brother, Fulvia raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian but she was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Perugia. Her death led to partial reconciliation between Octavian and Anthony who went on to crush the army of Sextus Pompeius, the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate, in the naval Battle of Naulochus. Bust of Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (Latin: MÂ·ANTONIVSÂ·MÂ·FÂ·MÂ·N[1]) ( January 14 83 BC â€“ August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. ... Fulvia (77 BC - 40 BC) was a Roman woman who lived in the first century BC. Fulvia (as she is known by the ancient sources) was born with the name Fulvia Flacca Bambula and is also known as Fulvia Bambaliae. ... The Battle of Perugia was fought in the winter of 41 BC and 40 BC between Octavian and Lucius Antonius, the brother of Marc Antony, who was aided by Antonys wife, Fulvia. ... Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). ... The naval Battle of Naulochus was fought on 3 September 36 BC between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, near Naulochus, Sicily. ...

As before, once opposition to the triumvirate was crushed, it started to tear at itself. The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed in law and in 31 BC, war began again. At the Battle of Actium,^[249] Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece, using fire to destroy the enemy fleet.^[250] Combatants Octavian Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII of Egypt Commanders Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Mark Antony Strength 260 warships, mostly liburnian vessels 220 warships, mostly quinqueremes and 60 egyptian warships Casualties Unknown Almost all of Antonys fleet The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ... Cleopatra was a co-ruler of Egypt with her father (Ptolemy XII Auletes), her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesars assassination, aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she produced twins. ...

Octavian went on to become Emperor under the name Augustus^[249] and, in the absence of political assassins or usurpers, was able to greatly expand the borders of the Empire.

Early Roman Empire to mid-Roman Empire (30 BC - 180 AD)

Imperial expansion (40 BC-117)

Under emperors secure from interior enemies, such as Augustus and Trajan, the military achieved great territorial gains in both the East and the West. In the West, following humiliating defeats at the hands of the Sugambri, Tencteri and Usipetes tribes in 16 BC,^[251] Roman armies pushed north and west out of Gaul to subdue much of Germania. The Pannonian revolt in AD 6^[251] forced the Romans to cancel their plan to cement their conquest of Germania by invading Bohemia^[252] for the moment.^[253]^[142] Despite the loss of a large army almost to the man in Varus' famous defeat at the hands of the Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD,^[254]^[255]^[256] Rome recovered and continued its expansion up to and beyond the borders of the known world. Roman armies under Germanicus pursued several more campaigns against the Germanic tribes of the Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Chatti,^[257] Cherusci,^[258] Bructeri,^[258] and Marsi.^[259] Overcoming several mutinies in the armies along the Rhine,^[260] Germanicus defeated the Germanic tribes of Arminius in a series of battles culminating in the Battle of the Weser River^[261] and went on to invade Britain. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1218x730, 331 KB) Summary Karte ist erstellt von mir - Vorlage Demis http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1218x730, 331 KB) Summary Karte ist erstellt von mir - Vorlage Demis http://www. ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... Combatants Roman Empire British tribes Commanders Aulus Plautius Togodumnus, Caratacus Strength 4 legions, cavalry and auxiliaries Unknown The Battle of the Medway took place in 43 on the River Medway in the lands of the Iron Age tribe of the Cantiaci, now the English county of Kent. ... The Battle of Caer Caradoc was the final battle in Caratacuss resistance to Roman rule. ... The Battle of Mons Graupius took place in AD 83 or 84. ... A sculpture depicting Boudica, the warrior queen of the Iceni who led the revolt against the Romans in AD 61, and her daughters, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft, stands near Westminster Pier, London Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. ... // Camulodumum[1] (variant spelling - Camulodunum[2]) or Colonia Claudia Victricensis[3], is the Roman name for Colchester, a town in Essex, England. ... Carausius coin from Londinium mint. ... Combatants Roman Empire Iceni, Trinovantes, and other British tribes Commanders Gaius Suetonius Paulinus Boudica â€ Strength About 10,000 to 12,000 Estimated at 200,000 to 400,000 Casualties At least 400 Recorded at over 150,000 The Battle of Watling Street took place in AD 61 between an alliance... The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of Wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 A.D.. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in Roman Empire that started in the... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri, Teutons Commanders Marius, Lutatius Catulus, Servilius Caepio, Mallius Maximus, Papirius Carbo Boiorix, Teutobod Lugius Strength Varied, ranging from around 40,000 to over 80,000 Varied but estimated at around 300,000 maxium Casualties Estimated between 150-180,000 300,000, Both tribes annihalated The Cimbrian... Combatants Roman Republic Cimbri and Teutones Commanders Papirius Carbo ? Strength ? ? Casualties ? ? The Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, was the opening action of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). ... Combatants Cimbri and Teutones Roman Republic Commanders Kings Boiorix and Teutobod Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximusâ€ Strength about 200,000 80,000 troops in 10-12 legions with up to 40,000 auxiliaries and camp followers Casualties Unknown, perhaps several thousand An estimated 112,000 The Battle of... Combatants Teutones Roman Republic Commanders King Teutobod Gaius Marius Strength over 110,000 about 40,000 (6 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 90,000 killed 20,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix â€ Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... The Battle of the Lupia River was fought in 11 BC between a Roman force led by Nero Claudius Drusus and the Sicambri. ... Combatants Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri and Chauci) Roman Empire Commanders Arminius Publius Quinctilius Varus â€ Strength 10,000 to 18,000 3 Roman legions, 3 alae and 6 auxiliary cohorts, probably 20,000 - 25,000 Casualties Unknown; but far less than Roman losses 15,000-20,000 The Battle... Combatants Roman Empire Germanic tribes Commanders Germanicus Arminius The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as a first Battle of Minden, was fought in 16 between Roman legions commanded by Emperor Tiberius heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius. ... Combatants Roman Empire Marcomanni, Quadi, other Germanic peoples along the Danube Commanders Marcus Aurelius The Marcomannic Wars were a series of wars lasting over thirty years during the reign of Marcus Aurelius from about AD 166 until 180, which pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today... The Battle of Abrittus (now Razgrad, Bulgaria), also known as the Battle of Forum Terebronii, occurred in 251 between the Roman legions and Goths under King Cniva. ... The battle of Mediolanum took place in 259, between the Allemanic Germans and the Roman legions under the comand of Emperor Gallineus // Valerian, GallineusÂ´ father, because of his incability to be present in the battlefield, named his son Gallienus the Emperor. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Claudius II Strength 35,000 100,000 Casualties 50,000 The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000 The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... The Battle of Plaentia was fought in January of 271 between a Roman Army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Fano was fought in 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Aurelian ? Casualties ? entire army destroyed The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy), and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alamanni army. ... The Battle of Lingones was fought in 298 between Rome and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Vindonissa was fought in 298 between the Romans, led by Constantius Chlorus and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Reims was fought in 356 between the Roman forces of Julian the Apostate and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Julian Chnodomar Strength 10,000 infantry 2200 cavalry 32,000 infantry 2000-3000 cavalry Casualties 247 dead 1000-2000 wounded 6000 dead The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in 357 between the forces of the Roman Emperor Julian... The Battle of Solicinium was fought in 367 between a Roman army and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths, local rebels, Alanic raiders, Hunnish raiders Commanders Valens, Theodosius Fritigern, Alatheus, Saphrax, Farnobius See also Gothic War (535â€“552) for the war in Italy. ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Stilicho Alaric I The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans and the Visigoths. ... The Battle of Verona was fought in June of 403 by Alarics Visigoths, and a Roman force led by Stilicho. ... An anachronistic fifteenth-century miniature depicting the sack of 410. ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Flavius Aetius Theodoric I The Battle of Narbonne was fought in 436 between Rome and the Visigoths. ... Combatants Dacians Roman Empire Commanders Decebal Trajan Strength around 100,000 (based on population estimate) 70,000-80,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Dacian Wars (101-102, 105-106) were two short wars between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajans rule. ... Two battles took place at Tapae before the Dacian wars, one in 87 and one in 88. ... Combatants Dacia Roman Empire Commanders Decebalus Trajan Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Tapae (101) was the decisive battle of the first Dacian War, in which Roman Emperor Trajan defeated the Dacian King Decebaluss army. ... Combatants Dacia Roman Empire Commanders Decebalus Trajan Strength unknown unknown Casualties heavy heavy The battle of Adamclisi was a major battle in the first Dacian war, in the winter of 101 to 102. ... Combatants Dacia Roman Empire Commanders Decebalus Trajan The Battle for Sarmisegetusa (also spelled Sarmizegethusa), the capital of Dacia, was fough in A.D. 105. ... Marble statue of a woman found in Artashat. ... Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under the Artaxiad Dynasty after the conquests of Tigranes the Great, 80 BC. Tigranakert appears southwest of Lake Van on this map. ... Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under the Artaxiad Dynasty after the conquests of Tigranes the Great, 80 BC. Tigranakert appears southwest of Lake Van on this map. ... Combatants Roman Republic Armenia, Parthia Commanders Lucius Caesennius Paetus Tiridates I of Armenia In the Battle of Rhandeia, in the aftermath of the Mithridatic Wars, the Romans under the legatus of Cappadocia, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, were defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates I of Armenia. ... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... This article or section should include material from Sigambrer The Sugambri, Sigambrer or Sicambri were a west Germanic tribe which existed during the time of the Roman Empire. ... The Tencteri were a small Germanic tribe located on the eastern bank of the Rhine river. ... The Usipetes were a Germanic tribe that existed during the 1st century. ... Pannonia map Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... The Defeated Varus (2003), a sculpture by Wilfried Koch in Haltern am See, Germany. ... The Hermannsdenkmal Arminius (also Armin, 18 BC/17 BC - 21 AD) was a chieftain of the Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. ... Combatants Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri and Chauci) Roman Empire Commanders Arminius Publius Quinctilius Varus â€ Strength 10,000 to 18,000 3 Roman legions, 3 alae and 6 auxiliary cohorts, probably 20,000 - 25,000 Casualties Unknown; but far less than Roman losses 15,000-20,000 The Battle... Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus (24 May 15 BCâ€“October 10, 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... An ancient tribe of Germanic people who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from roughly around 1 AD, to 400 AD. -Alternate spellings: Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Bructeri were a Germanic tribe located in northwestern Germany (Soester Boerde), between the Lippe and Ems rivers south of the Teutoburg Forest, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia around 100 BC through 350 AD. They formed an alliance with the Cherusci, the Marsi (Germanic) and the Chatti, under the... Silver denarius of the Marsian Confederation, during the Social War (89 BC). ... Combatants Roman Empire Germanic tribes Commanders Germanicus Arminius The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as a first Battle of Minden, was fought in 16 between Roman legions commanded by Emperor Tiberius heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius. ... Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ...

After preliminary low-scale invasions of Britain,^[262]^[263] the Romans invaded Britain in force in 43 AD,^[264] forcing their way inland through several battles against British tribes, including the Battle of the Medway,^[264] the Battle of the Thames, the Battle of Caer Caradoc and the Battle of Mona.^[265] Following a general uprising^[266]^[267] in which the Britons sacked Colchester,^[268] St Albans^[269] and London,^[270]^[269] the Romans suppressed the rebellion in the Battle of Watling Street^[271]^[272] and went on to push as far north as central Scotland in the Battle of Mons Graupius.^[273]^[274] Tribes in modern-day Scotland and Northern England repeatedly rebelled against Roman rule and two military bases were established in Britannia to protect against rebellion and incursions from the north, from which Roman troops built and manned Hadrian's Wall.^[275] Combatants Roman Republic and Trinovantes Britons Commanders Julius Caesar, Commius, Trebonius, Mandubracius Cassivellaunus, Cingetorix, Segovax, Carvilius, Taximagulus Strength 56 - Around 10,000 legionary troops (Legio VII, Legio X), unknown numbers of cavalry forces and transports. ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... Combatants Roman Empire British tribes Commanders Aulus Plautius Togodumnus, Caratacus Strength 4 legions, cavalry and auxiliaries Unknown The Battle of the Medway took place in 43 on the River Medway in the lands of the Iron Age tribe of the Cantiaci, now the English county of Kent. ... Combatants British Empire Indian Confederation United States Commanders Henry Procter Tecumseh â€ William Henry Harrison Strength 800 regulars 500 natives1 2,380 militia 1,000 cavalry 120 regulars 260 natives1 Casualties 155 British dead or wounded 477 captured 33 natives dead 15 dead 30 wounded The Battle of the Thames, also... The Battle of Caer Caradoc was the final battle in Caratacuss resistance to Roman rule. ... // Camulodumum[1] (variant spelling - Camulodunum[2]) or Colonia Claudia Victricensis[3], is the Roman name for Colchester, a town in Essex, England. ... Carausius coin from Londinium mint. ... Combatants Roman Empire Iceni, Trinovantes, and other British tribes Commanders Gaius Suetonius Paulinus Boudica â€ Strength About 10,000 to 12,000 Estimated at 200,000 to 400,000 Casualties At least 400 Recorded at over 150,000 The Battle of Watling Street took place in AD 61 between an alliance... The Battle of Mons Graupius took place in AD 83 or 84. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Hadrians Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of modern-day England. ...

On the continent, the extension of the Empire's borders beyond the Rhine hung in the balance for some time, with the emperor Caligula apparently poised to invade Germania in AD 39, and Cnaeus Domitius Corbulo crossing the Rhine in 47 AD and marching into the territory of the Frisii and Chauci^[276] before his successor Claudius ordered the suspension of further attacks across the Rhine,^[276] setting what was to become the permanent limit of the Empire's expansion in this direction.^[2] This article is about the Roman emperor. ... Corbulo. ... The Frisians are an ethnic group of northwestern Europe, inhabiting an area known as Frisia. ... The Chauci were a populous Germanic tribe inhabiting the extreme northwestern shore of Germany during Roman times - basically the stretch of coast between Frisia in the west to the Elbe estuary in the east. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ...

Further east, Trajan turned his attention to Dacia, an area north of Macedon and Greece and east of the Danube that had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Caesar^[278]^[279] when they had beaten a Roman army at the Battle of Histria.^[280] In 85, the Dacians had swarmed over the Danube and pillaged Moesia^[281]^[282] and initially defeated an army the Emperor Domitian sent against them,^[283] but the Romans were victorious in the Battle of Tapae in 88 AD and a truce was drawn up.^[283] Florus, Roman historian, flourished in the time of Trajan and Hadrian. ... The Defeated Varus (2003), a sculpture by Wilfried Koch in Haltern am See, Germany. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ... Histria may refer to one of the following: Ancient name of Istria Peninsula Histria Town an ancient Greek colony on the western shore of the Black Sea, near the modern village of Istria, Romania Category: ... Two battles took place at Tapae before the Dacian wars, one in 87 and one in 88. ...

Emperor Trajan recommenced hostilities against Dacia and, following an uncertain number of battles,^[284] defeated the Dacian general Decebalus in the Second Battle of Tapae in 101 AD.^[285] With Trajan's troops pressing towards the Dacian capital Sarmizegethusa, Decebalus once more sought terms.^[286] Decebalus rebuilt his power over the following years and attacked Roman garrisons again in 105 AD. In response Trajan again marched into Dacia,^[287] besieging the Dacian capital in the Siege of Sarmizethusa, and razing it to the ground.^[288] With Dacia quelled, Trajan subsequently invaded the Parthian empire to the east, his conquests taking the Roman Empire to its greatest extent. Rome's borders in the east were indirectly governed through a system of client states for some time, leading to less direct campaigning than in the west in this period.^[289] Decebalus, from Trajans Column Decebalus (ruled 87 â€“ 106) (Decebal in Romanian) was a Dacian king. ... Combatants Dacia Roman Empire Commanders Decebalus Trajan Strength unknown 9-13 Legions Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Tapae (101) was the decisive battle of the first Dacian War, in which Roman Emperor Trajan defeated the Dacian King Decebaluss army. ... Sarmizegethusa was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Dacia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The land of Armenia between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea became a focus of contention between Rome and the Parthian Empire, and control of the region was repeatedly gained and lost. The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 AD^[290] but in 47 AD the Romans retook control of the kingdom and offered it client kingdom status. Under Nero, the Romans fought a campaign between 55 AD and 63 AD against the Parthian Empire, which had again invaded Armenia. After gaining Armenia once more in 60 AD and subsequently losing it again in 62 AD, the Romans sent Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in 63 AD into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia. Corbulo succeeded in returning Armenia to Roman client status, where it remained for the next century. For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... According to the notion of client states, just as a client of a corporation remains dependent on the corporation for a continued supply of products, and just as it is in the companys interest to make expendable products which need to be replaced regularly, client states of the two... Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo (around AD 7 - AD 67) was a Roman general. ... Vologases I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about 51 to 78. ... Parthia at its greatest extent under Mithridates II (123â€“88 BC) Capital Ctesiphon, Ecbatana Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Parthia, 247 BC]] History - Established 247 BC - Disestablished 220 AD Parthian votive relief. ...

Year of the Four Emperors (69)

In 69 AD, Marcus Salvius Otho, had the Emperor Galba murdered^[291]^[292] and claimed the throne for himself.^[293]^[294] However, Vitellius, governor of the province of Germania Inferior, had also claimed the throne^[295]^[296] and marched on Rome with his troops.^[293]^[294] Following an inconclusive battle near Antipolis,^[297] Vitellius' troops attacked the city of Placentia in the Assault of Placentia, but were repulsed by the Othonian garrison.^[298]^[296] The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. ... Locus Castorum was a village that existed in the 1st century Roman Empire roughly 12 miles from Cremonia. ... The Battle of Bedriacum refers to two battles fought during the Year of the four emperors (69) near the village of Bedriacum (now Calvatone), about twenty miles from the town of Cremona in northern Italy. ... who sleeps in the bed room across from me? ... Xanten (IPA: ) is a town in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany, located in the district of Wesel. ... Trier (French: ; Luxembourgish TrÃ©ier) is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. ... Emperor Otho. ... Servius Sulpicius Galba (December 24, 3 BC â€“ January 15, 69) was Roman Emperor from June 8, 68 until his death. ... Aulus Vitellius (September 24, 15 â€“ December 22, 69), also called Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus, was Roman Emperor from April 17, 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the Four Emperors (the others being Galba, Otho, and Vespasian). ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ...

Otho left Rome on March 14, and marched north towards Placentia to meet his challenger. In the Battle of Locus Castrorum the Othonians had the better of the fighting,^[299] and Vitellius' troops retreated to Cremona. The two armies met again on the Via Postunia, in the First Battle of Bedriacum,^[300] after which the Othonian troops fled back to their camp in Bedriacum,^[301] and the next day surrendered to the Vitellian forces. Otho decided to commit suicide rather than fight on.^[302] Locus Castorum was a village that existed in the 1st century Roman Empire roughly 12 miles from Cremonia. ... The Battle of Bedriacum refers to two battles fought during the Year of the four emperors (69) near the village of Bedriacum (now Calvatone), about twenty miles from the town of Cremona in northern Italy. ...

Meanwhile, the forces stationed in the Middle East provinces of Judaea and Syria had acclaimed Vespasian as emperor^[300] and the Danubian armies of the provinces of Raetia and Moesia also acclaimed Vespasian as Emperor. Vespasians' and Vitellius' armies met in the Second Battle of Bedriacum,^[300]^[303] after which the Vitellian troops were driven back into their camp outside Cremona, which was taken.^[304] Vespasian's troops then attacked Cremona itself,^[305] which surrendered. Iudaea Province in the 1st century Iudaea (Hebrew: ×™×”×•×“×”, Standard Yehuda Tiberian , praise God; Greek: Î™Î¿Ï…Î´Î±Î¯Î±; Latin: Iudaea) was a Roman province that extended over the region of Judea proper, later Palestine. ... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... The Roman Empire ca. ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: ÐœÐ¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ, Miziya; Serbian: ÐœÐµÐ·Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... who sleeps in the bed room across from me? ...

Under pretence of siding with Vespasian, Civilis of Batavia had taken up arms and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel.^[300]^[306] The rebelling Batavians were immediately joined by several neighbouring German tribes including the Frisians. These forces drove out the Roman garrisons near the Rhine and defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Castra Vetera, after which many Roman troops along the Rhine and in Gaul defected to the Batavian cause. However, disputes soon broke out amongst the different tribes, rendering co-operation impossible; Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down his arms, and on his refusal his legions met him in force, defeating him^[282] in the Battle of Augusta Treverorum. Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. By his name, it can be told that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either Augustus Caesar or Caligula. ... The Batavii (or Batavi, Batavians) were a Germanic, or possibly Celtic tribe reported by Julius Caesar and Tacitus to have lived around the Rhine delta, in the area which is currently the Netherlands. ... The Frisians are an ethnic group of northwestern Europe, inhabiting an area known as Frisia. ... Xanten (IPA: ) is a town in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany, located in the district of Wesel. ... Trier (French: ; Luxembourgish TrÃ©ier) is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. ...

Jewish revolts (66–135)

The first Jewish-Roman War, sometimes called The Great Revolt, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea Province against the Roman Empire.^[307] Judea was already a troubled region with bitter violence among several competing Jewish sects^[307] and a long history of rebellion^[308] - Tacitus describes them as regarding the "the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies".^[309] The Jews' anger turned on Rome following robberies from their temples and Roman insensitivity - Tacitus says disgust and repulsion^[309] - towards their religion. The Jews began to prepare for armed revolt. Earlier successes including the repulse of the First Siege of Jerusalem^[310] and the Battle of Beth-Horon^[310] only attracted greater attention from Rome and Emperor Nero appointed general Vespasian to crush the rebellion. Vespasian led his forces in a methodical clearance of the areas in revolt. By the year 68, Jewish resistance in the North had been crushed. A few towns and cities held out for a few years before falling to the Romans, leading to the Siege of Masada in 73 AD^[311]^[312] and the Second Siege of Jerusalem.^[313] Jewish-Roman War can refer to several revolts by the Jews of Judea against the Roman Empire: The First Jewish-Roman War (66â€“73 CE), sometimes called the First Jewish Revolt. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Province Commanders Vespasian, Titus Simon Bar-Giora, Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala), Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000? 1,100,000? Casualties Unknown 1,100,000? (majority Jewish civilian casualties) Jewish-Roman wars First War â€“ Kitos War â€“ Bar Kokhba revolt The first... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Commanders Lusius Quietus Lukuas or Andreas Casualties Roman & Greek deaths: 200,000 in Cyrene, 240,000 in Cyprus (per Cassius Dio). ... Bar Kokhbaâ€™s revolt (132-135 CE) against the Roman Empire, also known as The Second Jewish-Roman War or The Second Jewish Revolt, was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Province Commanders Vespasian, Titus Simon Bar-Giora, Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala), Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000? 1,100,000? Casualties Unknown 1,100,000? (majority Jewish civilian casualties) Jewish-Roman wars First War â€“ Kitos War â€“ Bar Kokhba revolt The first... The remains of the city of Gamala lies on the Golan Hights. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Judea Commanders Titus Flavius Vespasianus Simon Bar-Giora Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala) Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000 men 13,000 men, split among three factions Casualties Unknown 60,000â€“1,100,000 (mass civilian casualties) The Siege of Jerusalem in the... Combatants Jewish Sicarii Roman Empire Commanders Elazar ben Yair Lucius Flavius Silva Strength 960 15,000 Casualties 953 Unknown Masada (a romanisation of the Hebrew ×ž×¦×“×”, Metzada, from ×ž×¦×•×“×”, metzuda, fortress) is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of... This article is about the Judean fortress. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Judea Commanders Titus Flavius Vespasianus Simon Bar-Giora Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala) Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000 men 13,000 men, split among three factions Casualties Unknown 60,000â€“1,100,000 (mass civilian casualties) The Siege of Jerusalem in the...

In 115, revolt broke out again in the province, leading to the second Jewish-Roman war known as the Kitos War, and again in 132 in what is known as Bar Kokhba's revolt. Both were brutally crushed. Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Commanders Lusius Quietus Lukuas or Andreas Casualties Roman & Greek deaths: 200,000 in Cyrene, 240,000 in Cyprus (per Cassius Dio). ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Commanders Hadrian Simon Bar Kokhba Strength ? ? Casualties Unknown 580,000 Jews (mass civilian casualties), 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed (per Cassius Dio). ...

Struggle with Parthia (161–217)

By the second century AD the territories of Persia were controlled by the Arsacid dynasty and known as the Parthian Empire. Due in large part to their employment of powerful heavy cavalry and mobile horse-archers, Parthia was the most formidable enemy of the Roman Empire in the east. As early as 53 BC, the Roman general Crassus had invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae. In the years following the Battle of Carrhae the Romans were divided in civil war and hence unable to campaign against Parthia. Trajan also campaigned against the Parthians and briefly captured their capital, putting a puppet ruler on the throne, but rebellions with the province and the Jewish revolts in Judea made it difficult to maintain the captured province and the territories were abandoned. Parthia at its greatest extent under Mithridates II (123â€“88 BC) Capital Ctesiphon, Ecbatana Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Parthia, 247 BC]] History - Established 247 BC - Disestablished 220 AD Parthian votive relief. ... Ctesiphon, 1932 Ctesiphon (Parthian and Pahlavi: Tyspwn as well as Tisfun, Persian: â€Ž, also known as in Arabic Madain, Maden or Al-Madain: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø§Ø¦Ù†) is one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia and the capital of the Parthian Empire and its successor, the Sassanid Empire, for more than 800 years... The newly excavated Church of Saint Jacob in Nisibis. ... Ctesiphon, 1932 Ctesiphon (Parthian and Pahlavi: Tyspwn as well as Tisfun, Persian: â€Ž, also known as in Arabic Madain, Maden or Al-Madain: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø§Ø¦Ù†) is one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia and the capital of the Parthian Empire and its successor, the Sassanid Empire, for more than 800 years...

A revitalised Parthian Empire renewed its assault in 161, defeating two Roman armies and invading Armenia and Syria. Emperor Lucius Verus and general Gaius Avidius Cassius were sent in 162 to counter the resurgent Parthia. In this war, the Parthian city of Seleucia on the Tigris was destroyed and the palace at the capital Ctesiphon was burned to the ground by Avidius Cassius in 164. The Parthians made peace but were forced to cede western Mesopotamia to the Romans.^[314] Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus Armeniacus (December 15, 130 â€“ 169), known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius (161â€“180), from 161 until his death. ... Gaius Avidius Cassius (ca. ... Gaius Avidius Cassius (c. ...

In 197, Emperor Septimius Severus waged a brief and successful war against the Parthian Empire in retaliation for the support given to rival for the imperial throne Pescennius Niger. The Parthian capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the Roman army, and the northern half of Mesopotamia was restored to Rome. Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Pescennius Niger as emperor. ...

Emperor Caracalla, the son of Severus, marched on Parthia in 217 from Edessa to begin a war against them, but he was assassinated while on the march.^[315] In 224, the Parthian Empire was crushed not by the Romans but by the rebellious Persian vassal king Ardashir, who revolted, leading to the establishment of Sassanid Empire of Persia, which replaced Parthia as Rome's major rival in the East. Caracalla (April 4, 186 â€“ April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 â€“ 217. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226â€“651). ...

Throughout the Parthian wars, tribal groups along the Rhine and Danube took advantage of Rome's preoccupation with the eastern frontier (and the plague that the Romans suffered from after bringing it back form the east) and launched a series of raids and incursions into Rome's territories, including the Marcomannic Wars. Combatants Roman Empire Marcomanni, Quadi, other Germanic peoples along the Danube Commanders Marcus Aurelius The Marcomannic Wars were a series of wars lasting over thirty years during the reign of Marcus Aurelius from about AD 166 until 180, which pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic...

Late Roman Empire (180 AD - 476 AD)

Migration period (163–378)

After Varus' defeat in Germania in the first century, Rome had adopted a largely defensive strategy along the border with Germania, constructing a line of defences known as limes along the Rhine. Although the exact historicity is unclear, since the Romans often assigned one name to several distinct tribal groups, or conversely applied several names to a single group at different times, some mix of Germanic peoples, Celts, and tribes of mixed Celto-Germanic ethnicity were settled in the lands of Germania from the first century onwards. The Cherusci, Bructeri, Tencteri, Usipi, Marsi, and Chatti of Varus' time had by the third century either evolved into or been displaced by a confederacy or alliance of Germanic tribes collectively known as the Alamanni,^[316] first mentioned by Cassius Dio describing the campaign of Caracalla in 213. Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Claudius II Strength 35,000 100,000 Casualties 50,000 The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ... The Battle of Plaentia was fought in January of 271 between a Roman Army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Fano was fought in 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Aurelian ? Casualties ? entire army destroyed The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy), and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alamanni army. ... The Battle of Lingones was fought in 298 between Rome and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Vindonissa was fought in 298 between the Romans, led by Constantius Chlorus and the Alemanni. ... In 356 AD, Roman Emperor Julian received a report that Augustodunum (Autun) was under attack by a group of Alamanni and that as a result of poor state of reparation of the walls, the city was in danger of falling. ... The Battle of Reims was fought in 356 between the Roman forces of Julian the Apostate and the Alemanni. ... Following the Battle of Reims, Emperor Julian pursued Germannic warbands through the Gallic countryside. ... In 356 AD, Roman Empreror Julian over-wintered in Senonae (Send) in Gaul. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Julian Chnodomar Strength 10,000 infantry 2200 cavalry 32,000 infantry 2000-3000 cavalry Casualties 247 dead 1000-2000 wounded 6000 dead The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in 357 between the forces of the Roman Emperor Julian... The Battle of Solicinium was fought in 367 between a Roman army and the Alemanni. ... The battle of Argentovaria was fought in May 378 between the Roman emperor Gratian and the invading army of the Lentienses, at Argentovaria (near Colmar, France). ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000[] The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... Combatants Alamanni Roman Empire Commanders Aurelian The Battle of Fano - also known as the Battle of Fanum Fortunae[1] - was fought in January 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alamanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Trajanus, Profuturus, Richomeres possibly Fritigern, other Gothic leaders Strength unknown unknown Casualties many many The Battle of the Willows (377) took place at a place called ad Salices (town by the willows), or according to Roman records, a road way-station called Ad Salices (By... For other uses, see Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... The limes Germanicus, 2nd century. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Bructeri were a Germanic tribe located in northwestern Germany (Soester Boerde), between the Lippe and Ems rivers south of the Teutoburg Forest, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia around 100 BC through 350 AD. They formed an alliance with the Cherusci, the Marsi (Germanic) and the Chatti, under the... The Tencteri were a small Germanic tribe located on the eastern bank of the Rhine river. ... The Usipi were a German tribe whose territory lay on the right bank of the Rhine (and thus outside the Roman Empire, in Germania), probably between the valleys of the Lahn and Sieg. ... Silver denarius of the Marsian Confederation, during the Social War (89 BC). ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today...

In around 166 AD, several Germanic tribes pushed across the Danube, striking as far as Italy itself in the Siege of Aquileia in 166 AD,^[314] and the heartland of Greece in the Sack of Eleusis.^[314]

Although the essential problem of large tribal groups on the frontier remained much the same as the situation Rome faced in earlier centuries, the third century saw a marked increase in the overall threat,^[317]^[318] although there is disagreement over whether external pressure increased,^[316] or Rome's ability to meet it declined.^[319] The Carpi and Sarmatians whom Rome had held at bay were replaced by the Goths and likewise the Quadi and Marcomanni that Rome had defeated were replaced by the greater confederation of the Alamanni.^[320] Carpi may refer to: Carpi, a large town of Modena province in Italy the Carpi, an ancient Dacian tribe Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, an Italian anatomist Aldo Carpi, an Italian painter Carpi F.C. 1909, an Italian football (soccer) club Giovan Battista Carpi, an Italian comic artist. ... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia EuropÃ¦a separated from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today...

The assembled warbands of the Alamanni frequently crossed the limes, attacking Germania Superior such that they were almost continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire, whilst Goths attacked across the Danube in battles such as the Battle of Beroa^[321] and Battle of Philippopolis in 250^[321] and the Battle of Abrittus in 251,^[321] and both Goths and Heruli ravaged the Aegean and, later, Greece, Thrace and Macedonia.^[320]^[322] However, their first major assault deep into Roman territory came in 268. In that year the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion by another new Germanic tribal confederacy, the Goths, from the east. The pressure of tribal groups pushing into the Empire was the end result of a chain of migrations with its roots far to the east:^[323] Asian Huns from the Russian steppe attacked the Goths,^[324]^[325]^[326] who in turn attacked the Dacians, Alans and Sarmatians at or inside Rome's borders.^[327] The Goths first appeared in history as a distinct people in this invasion of 268 when they swarmed over the Balkan peninsula and over-ran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself. The Battle of Philippopolis was fought in 250 between Rome and the Goths. ... The Battle of Abrittus (now Razgrad, Bulgaria), also known as the Battle of Forum Terebronii, occurred in 251 between the Roman legions and Goths under King Cniva. ... The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths, Huns, and Byzantines in the 3rd to 5th centuries. ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC The Dacians (Lat. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia EuropÃ¦a separated from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ...

The Alamanni seized the opportunity to launch a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy. However, the Visigoths were defeated in battle that summer near the modern Italian-Slovenian border and then routed in the Battle of Naissus^[328] that September by Gallienus, Claudius and Aurelian, who then turned and defeated the Alemanni at the Battle of Lake Benacus. Claudius' successor Aurelian defeated the Goths twice more in the Battle of Fanum Fortunae^[328] and the Battle of Ticinum.^[328] The Goths remained a major threat to the Empire but directed their attacks away from Italy itself for several years after their defeat. By 284 AD, Gothic troops were serving on behalf of the Roman military as federated troops.^[329] Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000 The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214â€“September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270â€“275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Claudius II Strength 35,000 100,000 Casualties 50,000 The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214â€“September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270â€“275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Combatants Alamanni Roman Empire Commanders Aurelian The Battle of Fano - also known as the Battle of Fanum Fortunae[1] - was fought in January 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alamanni. ...

The Alamanni on the other hand resumed their drive towards Italy almost immediately. They defeated Aurelian at the Battle of Placentia in 271 but were beaten back for a short time after they lost the battles of Fano and Pavia later that year. They were beaten again in 298 at the battles of Lingones and Vindonissa but fifty years later they were resurgent again, making incursions in 356 at the Battle of Reims,^[330] in 357 at the Battle of Strasbourg,^[331] in 367 at the Battle of Solicinium and in 378 at Battle of Argentovaria. In the same year the Goths inflicted a crushing defeat on the Eastern Empire at the Battle of Adrianople,^[332]^[333] in which the Eastern Emperor Valens was massacred along with tens of thousands of Roman troops.^[334] Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214â€“September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270â€“275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... The Battle of Plaentia was fought in January of 271 between a Roman Army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Fano was fought in 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Aurelian ? Casualties ? entire army destroyed The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy), and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alamanni army. ... The Battle of Lingones was fought in 298 between Rome and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Vindonissa was fought in 298 between the Romans, led by Constantius Chlorus and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Reims was fought in 356 between the Roman forces of Julian the Apostate and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Julian Chnodomar Strength 10,000 infantry 2200 cavalry 32,000 infantry 2000-3000 cavalry Casualties 247 dead 1000-2000 wounded 6000 dead The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in 357 between the forces of the Roman Emperor Julian... The Battle of Solicinium was fought in 367 between a Roman army and the Alemanni. ... The battle of Argentovaria was fought in May 378 between the Roman emperor Gratian and the invading army of the Lentienses, at Argentovaria (near Colmar, France). ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Combatants Eastern Roman Empire Goths Commanders Valens â€ Fritigern, Alatheus, Saphrax Strength 15,000â€“30,000 10,000â€“20,000 Casualties 10,000â€“20,000 Unknown The second Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman... Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ...

At the same time, Franks raided through the North Sea and the English Channel,^[335] Vandals pressed across the Rhine, Iuthungi against the Danube, Iazyges, Carpi and Taifali harassed Dacia, and Gepids joined the Goths and Heruli in attacks round the Black Sea.^[336] At around the same time, lesser-known tribes such as the Bavares, Baquates and Quinquegentanei^[329] raided Africa.^[336] This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... For the Thoroughbred racehorse of the same name, see English Channel (horse). ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... The Iazyges (Jazyges is an orthographic variant) were a nomadic tribe. ... Carpi may refer to: Carpi, a large town of Modena province in Italy the Carpi, an ancient Dacian tribe Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, an Italian anatomist Aldo Carpi, an Italian painter Carpi F.C. 1909, an Italian football (soccer) club Giovan Battista Carpi, an Italian comic artist. ... The dragon-and-pearl device of the shields of the Equites Taifali unit based in Britain. ... The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila. ...

At the start of the fifth century AD, the pressure on Rome's western borders was growing intense. However, it was not only the western borders that were under threat: Rome was also under threat both internally and on its eastern borders.

Usurpers (193–394)

A military that was often willing to support its commander over its emperor meant that commanders could establish sole control of the army they were responsible for and usurp the imperial throne. The so-called Crisis of the Third Century describes the turmoil of murder, usurpation and in-fighting that is traditionally seen as developing with the murder of the Emperor Alexander Severus in 235.^[337] However, Cassius Dio marks the wider imperial decline as beginning in 180 AD with ascension of Commodus to the throne,^[338] a judgement with which Gibbon concurred,^[339] and Matyszak states that "the rot... had become established long before" even that.^[338] Download high resolution version (614x793, 146 KB)Raphael, Vatican Rooms: Constatine at the battle of Milvian Bridge This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (614x793, 146 KB)Raphael, Vatican Rooms: Constatine at the battle of Milvian Bridge This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Fire in the Borgo, Vatican fresco Giulio Romano (ca 1499? â€“ November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, and decorator. ... Emperor Maximinus Thrax, ruled 235-238, was the first of the emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century. ... The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimus Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger. ... Combatants forces of Septimus Severus forces of Pescennius Niger Commanders Septimus Severus Pescennius Niger The Battle of Nicaea was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimus Severus and his eastern rival, Pescennius Niger. ... The Battle of Issus was fought in 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimus Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger. ... Combatants Roman legions of Pannonia, Illyricum, Moesia and Dacia Roman legions of Britannia and Hispania Commanders Septimius Severus Clodius Albinus Strength 55,000-75,000 55,000-75,000 Casualties Unknown but severe Unknown but severe The Battle of Lugdunum, also called the Battle of Lyon, was fought on 19... The Battle of Antioch on June 8, 218AD took place between two roman armies of roman emperor Macrinus and one contender Elagabalus (whose troops were commanded by General Gannys). ... The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between Carthage and Rome, and ended in 146 BC with the complete destruction of Carthage. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000[] The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... Combatants Roman Empire Palmyrene Empire Commanders Aurelian Zenobia Zabdas The Battle of Immae was fought in 272 between the Roman army of Emperor Aurelian and the armies of Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Queen Zenobia was perceived as a threat by Rome. ... Combatants Roman Empire Palmyrene Empire Commanders Aurelian Zenobia Zabdas The Battle of Emesa was fought in 272 between Roman and Palmyran forces. ... The Battle of Chalons was fought in 273 between Rome and Gaul. ... The Battle of the Margus was fought in 285 between the armies of Roman Emperors Diocletian and Carinus. ... Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February c. ... The Battle of Turin was fought in 312 between Constantine and his rival, Maxentius. ... Combatants Constantinian forces Maxentian forces Commanders Constantine I Ruricius Pompeianusâ€ The Battle of Verona was fought in 312 between the forces of Constantine I and Maxentius. ... Battle of the Milvian Bridge Conflict Date October 28, 312 Place Milvian Bridge (Saxa Rubra), Rome Result Defeat of Maxentius The Battle of Milvian Bridge took place on October 28, 312 between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Maxentius. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Battle of Mardia was fought in 316 between the forces of Constantine I and Licinius. ... The Battle of Adrianople was fought on July 3, 324 between the armies of Constantine and Licinius. ... The Battle of the Hellespont was fought in 324 between a Constantinian fleet led by Flavius Julius Crispus and a larger fleet loyal to Licinius. ... After the defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius by Flavius Julius Crispus, Constantineâ€™s eldest son, he withdrew to Bithynia, where a last stand was made; the Battle of Chrysopolis, near Chalcedon, resulted in his final submission. ... Combatants forces of Licinius forces of Maximinus Commanders Licinius Maximinus The Battle of Tzirallum was fought in 313 between the armies of Licinius and Maximinus. ... Combatants Roman Empire Roman Empire Commanders Magnentius Constantius II Strength about 36,000 about 60,000 Casualties 24,000 30,000 The Battle of Mursa Major was fought in 351 between a Roman army led by Constantius II and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. ... Combatants Roman Empire Roman Empire Commanders Magnentius Constantius II The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the forces of Constantius II and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. ... Combatants Roman Empire Procopius Commanders Valens Gomoarius The Battle of Thyatira was fought in 366 at Thyatira, Phrygia (modern Turkey), between the army of the Roman Emperor Valens and the army of the usurper Procopius, led by his general Gomoarius. ... Combatants Eastern Roman Empire forces of Magnus Maximus Commanders Theodosius I Magnus Maximus The Battle of the Save was fought in 388 between the forces of Roman usurper Magnus Maximus and the Eastern Roman Empire [1]. Emperor Theodosius I defeated Magnus Maximus army in battle. ... Combatants Eastern Roman Empire Visigoths Western Roman Empire Franks Commanders Theodosius I, Stilicho, Alaric Eugeniusâ€ , Arbogastâ€ Casualties Unknown Eugenius killed, Arbogast commits suicide The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought between September 5-6 394, between the army of the Eastern Emperor... Emperor Maximinus Thrax, ruled 235-238, was the first of the emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 â€“ December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192. ... Edward Gibbon (1737â€“1794). ... Philip Matyszak is a British non-fiction author, primarily of historical works relating to ancient Rome [1]. Matyszak has a doctorate in Roman history from St Johns College, Oxford. ...

Though the crisis of the third century was not the absolute beginning of Rome's decline, nevertheless it did mark a severe strain on the empire as Romans waged war on one another as they had not done since the final days of the Republic. Within the space of a single century, twenty-seven military officers claimed themselves emperors and reigned over parts of the empire for months or days, all but two meeting with a violent end.^[340]^[316] The time was characterised by a Roman army that was as likely to be attacking itself as an outside invader, reaching a low point around 258 AD.^[341] Ironically, while it was these usurpations that led to the break up of the Empire during the crisis, it was the strength of several frontier generals that helped reunify the empire through force of arms.

The situation was complex, often with 3 or more usurpers in existence at once. Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger, both rebel generals promoted as emperors by the troops they commanded, clashed for the first time in 193 AD at the Battle of Cyzicus, in which Niger was defeated. However, it took two further defeats at the Battle of Nicaea later that year and the Battle of Issus the following year, for Niger to be definitively defeated. Almost as soon as Niger's hopes of the imperial crown had been laid to rest, Severus was forced to deal with another rival for the throne in the person of Clodius Albinus, who had originally been allied to Severus. Albinus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in Britain and, crossing over to Gaul, defeated Severus' general Virius Lupus in battle, before being in turn defeated and killed himself in the Battle of Lugdunum by Severus himself. Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Pescennius Niger as emperor. ... The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimus Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger. ... Combatants forces of Septimus Severus forces of Pescennius Niger Commanders Septimus Severus Pescennius Niger The Battle of Nicaea was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimus Severus and his eastern rival, Pescennius Niger. ... The Battle of Issus was fought in 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimus Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger. ... Clodius Albinus. ... Virius Lupus was a Roman soldier and politician of the late second and early third century AD. He served as a legate of one of the German provinces and supported Septimus Severus during the civil war that followed the murder of Pertinax. ... The battle of Lugdunum, also called the battle of Lyon, was fought on 19 February 197 at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France), between the armies of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus and of the Roman usurper Clodius Albinus. ...

After this turmoil, Severus faced no more internal threats for the rest of his reign,^[342] and the reign of his successor Caracalla passed uninterrupted for a while until he was murdered by Macrinus,^[342] who proclaimed himsef emperor in his place. Despite Macrinus having his position ratified by the Roman senate, the troops of Varius Avitus declared him to be emperor instead, and the two met in battle at the Battle of Antioch in 218 AD, in which Macrinus was defeated.^[343] However, Avitus himself - taking the imperial name Elagabalus - was murdered shortly afterwards^[343] and Alexander Severus was proclaimed emperor by both the Praetorian Guard and the senate who, after a short reign, was murdered in turn.^[343] His murderers were working on behalf of the army who were unhappy with their lot under his rule and who raised in his place Maximinus Thrax. However, just as he had been raised by the army, Maximinus was also brought down by them and despite winning the Battle of Carthage against the senate's newly-proclaimed Gordian II, he was murdered^[344] when it appeared to his forces as though he would not be able to best the next senatorial candidate for the throne, Gordian III. Caracalla (April 4, 186 â€“ April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 â€“ 217. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... The Battle of Antioch on June 8, 218AD took place between two roman armies of roman emperor Macrinus and one contender Elagabalus (whose troops were commanded by General Gannys). ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (c. ... The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between Carthage and Rome, and ended in 146 BC with the complete destruction of Carthage. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (c. ... 3 (three) is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4. ...

Gordian III's fate is not certain, although he may have been murdered by his own successor, Philip the Arab, who ruled for only a few years before the army again raised a general to proclaimed emperor, this time Decius, who defeated Philip in the Battle of Verona to seize the throne.^[345] Several succeeding generals avoided battling usurpers for the throne chiefly by virtue of being murdered by their own troops before battle could commence, which at least relieved the empire momentarily of manpower losses to internal strife. The lone exception to this rule was Gallienus, emperor from 260 AD to 268 AD, who saw off a remarkable array of usurpers, most of whom he defeated in pitched battle. The army was therefore mostly spared further infighting until around 273 AD, when Aurelian defeated the Gallic usurper Tetricus in the Battle of Chalons. The next decade saw a barely credible number of usurpers, sometimes 3 at the same time, all vying for the imperial throne. Most of the battles are not recorded, primarily due to the turmoil of the time, until Diocletian, a usurper himself, defeated Carinus at the Battle of the Margus to become emperor. Marcus Julius Philippus (c. ... Bust of Traianus Decius. ... The Battle of Verona was fought in June of 403 by Alarics Visigoths, and a Roman force led by Stilicho. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Î§Ã‰The Gallienus usurpers were the usurpers who claimed imperial power during the reign of Gallienus (253â€“268). ... Tertricus Coin Caius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was emperor of the Gallic Empire from 270/271 to 273, following the murder of Victorinus. ... The Battle of Chalons was fought in 273 between Rome and Gaul. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman emperor, 283 - July, 285, was the elder son of the emperor Carus, on whose accession he was appointed governor of the western portion of the empire. ... The Battle of the Margus was fought in 285 between the armies of Diocletian and Carinus. ...

Some small measure of stability again returned at this point, with the empire split into a Tetrarchy of two greater and two lesses emperors, a system that staved off civil wars for a short time until 312 AD. In that year, relations between the tetrarchy collapsed for good and Constantine I, Licinius, Maxentius and Maximinus jostled for control of the empire. In the Battle of Turin Constantine defeated Maxentius, and in the Battle of Tzirallum Licinius defeated Maximinus. From 314 AD onwards, Constantine defeated Licinius in the Battle of Cibalae, then the Battle of Mardia, and then again at the Battle of Adrianople, the Battle of the Hellespont and the Battle of Chrysopolis. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February c. ... Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the obverse). ... Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius ( 278-28 October 312) was Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 312. ... This article deals with 4th century Roman Emperor. ... The Battle of Turin was fought in 312 between Constantine and his rival, Maxentius. ... The Battle of Tzirallum was fought in 313 between the armies of Licinius and Maximinus. ... Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the obverse). ... This article deals with 4th century Roman Emperor. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Battle of Mardia was fought in 316 between the forces of Constantine I and Licinius. ... The Battle of Adrianople was fought on July 3, 324 between the armies of Constantine and Licinius. ... The Battle of the Hellespont was fought in 324 between a Constantinian fleet led by Flavius Julius Crispus and a larger fleet loyal to Licinius. ... After the defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius by Flavius Julius Crispus, Constantineâ€™s eldest son, he withdrew to Bithynia, where a last stand was made; the Battle of Chrysopolis, near Chalcedon, resulted in his final submission. ...

Constantine then turned to Maxentius, beating him in the Battle of Verona and the Battle of Milvian Bridge in the same year. Constantine's son Constantius II inherited his father's rule and later defeated the usurper Magnentius in first the Battle of Mursa Major and then the Battle of Mons Seleucus. Combatants Constantinian forces Maxentian forces Commanders Constantine I Ruricius Pompeianusâ€ The Battle of Verona was fought in 312 between the forces of Constantine I and Maxentius. ... Combatants Constantinian forces Maxentian forces Commanders Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentiusâ€ Strength ~50000 men ~75000-120000 men Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Milvian Bridge took place on October 28, 312 between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Maxentius. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Magnentius (303â€“August 11, 353) was a Roman usurper (January 18, 350 â€“ August 11, 353). ... The Battle of Mursa Major was fought in 351 between a Roman army led by Constantius II and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. ... The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the forces of Constantius II and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. ...

Successive emperors Valens and Theodosius I also defeated usurpers in, respectively, the Battle of Thyatira, and the battles of the Save and the Frigidus. Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ... An engraving depicting what Theodosius may have looked like, ca. ... Combatants Roman Empire Procopius Commanders Valens Gomoarius Strength Casualties The Battle of Thyatira was fought in 366 at Thyatira, Phrygia (modern Turkey), between the army of the Roman Emperor Valens and the army of the usurper Procopius, led by his general Gomoarius. ... The Battle of the Save was fought in 388 between the forces of Magnus Maximus and the Eastern Roman Empire. ... Combatants Eastern Roman Empire Western Roman Empire Commanders Theodosius I, Stilicho, Alaric Eugeniusâ€ , Arbogastâ€ Strength unknown, but included 20,000 Goths[1] Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought between September 5-6 394, between the army of the...

Struggle with the Sassanid Empire (230–363)

After overthrowing the Parthian confederacy,^[346]^[316] the Sassanid Empire that arose from its remains pursued a more aggressive expansionist policy than their predecessors^[347]^[348] and continued to make war against Rome. In 230 AD, the first Sassanid emperor attacked Roman territory in first Armenia and then Mesopotamia^[348] but Roman losses were largely restored by Severus within a few years.^[347] In 243, Emperor Gordian III's army retook the Roman cities of Hatra, Nisibis and Carrhae from the Sassanids after defeating the Sassanids at the Battle of Resaena^[349] but what happened next is unclear: Persian sources claim that Gordian was defeated and killed in the Battle of Misikhe^[350] but Roman sources mention this battle only as an insignificant setback and suggest that Gordian died elsewhere.^[351] The Battle of Resaena was fought in 243 between the forces of Gordian III and Persia. ... In 243, Emperor Gordian III of Romes army retook the Roman cities of Hatra, Nisibis and Carrhae from the Sassanid Empire after defeating the Sassanids at the Battle of Resaena. ... Combatants Sassanid Persians Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Unknown Strength Unknown 60,000-70,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Barbalissos was fought between the Sassanid Persians and Romans at Barbalissos. ... Antiochia or Antiocheia or Antiochea or Antiokheia (Greek: Î‘Î½Ï„Î¹ÏŒÏ‡ÎµÎ¹Î±) may refer any of several Hellenistic cities in the Near East most of which were founded or rebuilt by Antiochus I: Antiochia on the Orontes (Antiochia ad Orontem, Syrian Antiochia or Great Antiochia), now Antakya in Turkey Principality of Antiochia, a Crusader... Combatants Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Valerian Strength 40,000 70,000 including Praetorian Guard Casualties Minimal Heavy The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and Sassanid forces under King Shapur I in 259. ... Combatants Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Commanders Shapur II Constantius II Casualties Minimal Minimal The Battle of Singara was fought in 344 between Roman and Sassanid Persian forces. ... The Battle of Amida was fought between Rome and Persia in 359. ... The Siege of Pirisabora was part of the war between ancient Rome and the Sassanid Empire. ... Combatants Romans Persians Commanders Julian the Apostate Shapur II Strength 90,000 N/A Casualties low, but include Julian, and casualties from disease 2,500 dead The Battle of Ctesiphon took place in June 26, 363 AD between the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate and the Persian emperor Shapur II... Combatants Sassanid Persians Roman Empire Commanders Shapur II Julian the Apostate Strength Unknown; either equal or less than the Byzantine army 35,000 Casualties Unknown Very heavy The battle of Samarra took place in 363 after the invasion of Sassanid Persia (Iran) by the Romans. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226â€“651). ... Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (January 20, 225 - February 11, 244), known in English as Gordian III, was Roman Emperor from 238 to 244. ... The Battle of Resaena was fought in 243 between the forces of Gordian III and Persia. ... In 243, Emperor Gordian III of Romes army retook the Roman cities of Hatra, Nisibis and Carrhae from the Sassanid Empire after defeating the Sassanids at the Battle of Resaena. ...

Certainly, the Sassanids had not been cowed by the previous battles with Rome and in 253 the Sassanids under Shapur I penetrated deeply into Roman territory several times, defeating a Roman force at the Battle of Barbalissos^[351] and conquering and plundering Antiochia in 252 following the Siege of Antiochia.^[351]^[346] The Romans recovered Antioch by 253 AD,^[352] and Emperor Valerian gathered an army and marched eastward to the Sassanid borders. In 260 at the Battle of Edessa the Sassanids defeated the Roman army^[352] and captured the Roman Emperor Valerian.^[348]^[346] A coin of Shapur I. Shapur I, son of Ardashir I (226â€“241), was King of Persia from 241 to 272. ... Combatants Sassanid Persians Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Unknown Strength Unknown 60,000-70,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Barbalissos was fought between the Sassanid Persians and Romans at Barbalissos. ... This is about one of the cities called Antioch in Asia Minor, now Turkey. ... Antiochia or Antiocheia or Antiochea or Antiokheia (Greek: Î‘Î½Ï„Î¹ÏŒÏ‡ÎµÎ¹Î±) may refer any of several Hellenistic cities in the Near East most of which were founded or rebuilt by Antiochus I: Antiochia on the Orontes (Antiochia ad Orontem, Syrian Antiochia or Great Antiochia), now Antakya in Turkey Principality of Antiochia, a Crusader... Combatants Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Valerian Strength 40,000 70,000 including Praetorian Guard Casualties Minimal Heavy The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and Sassanid forces under King Shapur I in 259. ... Publius Licinius Valerianus[1] (c. ...

There was a lasting peace between Rome and the Sassanid Empire between 297 and 337 following a treaty between Narseh and Emperor Diocletian. However, just before the death of Constantine I in 337, Shapur II broke the peace and began a twenty-six year conflict, attempting with little success to conquer Roman fortresses in the region. After early Sassanid successes including the Battle of Amida in 359 AD and the Siege of Pirisabora in 363 AD,^[353] Emperor Julian met Shapur in 363 in the Battle of Ctesiphon outside the walls of the Persian capital.^[353] The Romans were victorious but were unable to take the city, and were forced to retreat due to their vulnerable position in the middle of hostile territory. Julian was killed in the Battle of Samarra during the retreat, possibly by one of his own men.^[353] Narseh (whose name is also sometimes written as Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sassanid King of Persia (293â€“302), and son of Shapur I (241â€“272). ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February c. ... Shapur II was king of Persia (310 - 379). ... The Battle of Amida was fought between Rome and Persia in 359. ... The Siege of Pirisabora was part of the war between ancient Rome and the Sassanid Empire. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331â€“June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361â€“363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Combatants Romans Persians Commanders Julian the Apostate Shapur II Strength 90,000 N/A Casualties low, but include Julian, and casualties from disease 2,500 dead The Battle of Ctesiphon took place in June 26, 363 AD between the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate and the Persian emperor Shapur II... Combatants Sassanid Persians Roman Empire Commanders Shapur II Julian the Apostate Strength Unknown; either equal or less than the Byzantine army 35,000 Casualties Unknown Very heavy The battle of Samarra took place in 363 after the invasion of Sassanid Persia (Iran) by the Romans. ...

There were several future wars, although all brief and small-scale, since both the Romans and the Sassanids were forced to deal with threats from other directions during the fifth century. A war against Bahram V in 420 over the persecution of the Christians in Persia led to a brief war that was soon concluded by treaty and in 441 a war with Yazdegerd II was again swiftly concluded by treaty after both parties battled threats elsewhere.^[354] Bahram V, King of Persia (421â€“438), also called Bahram Gur, son of Yazdegerd I of Persia (399â€“421), after whose sudden death (or assassination. ... Yazdegerd II, (made by God, Izdegerdes), king of Persia was the son of Bahram V Gor and reigned from 438 to 457. ...

Collapse of the Western Empire (402–476)

Many theories have been advanced in explanation of the decline of the Roman Empire, and many dates given for its fall, from the onset of its decline in the third century^[355] to the fall of Constantinople in 1453.^[356] Militarily, however, the Empire finally fell after first being overrun by various non-Roman peoples and then having its heart in Italy seized by Germanic troops in a revolt. The historicity and exact dates are uncertain, and some historians deny that the Empire fell at all at this point. They are able to hold this position since the decline of the Empire had been a long and gradual process rather than a single event. Image File history File links 476eur. ... Image File history File links 476eur. ... Image File history File links 628px-Western_and_Eastern_Roman_Empires_476AD(3). ... Image File history File links 628px-Western_and_Eastern_Roman_Empires_476AD(3). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Stilicho Alaric I The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans and the Visigoths. ... An anachronistic fifteenth-century miniature depicting the sack of 410. ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Flavius Aetius Theodoric I The Battle of Narbonne was fought in 436 between Rome and the Visigoths. ... Combatants Western Roman Empire, Visigoths, Alans Huns, Ostrogoths, Burgundians Commanders Flavius AÃ«tius, Theodoricâ€ Attila the Hun Strength 30,000â€“50,000 30,000â€“50,000 At the Battle of Chalons (also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun) in 451, a Roman coalition... There have been several battles near the city of Ravenna: Battle of Ravenna (419), between the Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths. ... This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ...

The Empire became gradually less Romanised and increasingly Germanic in nature: although the Empire buckled under Visigothic assault, the overthrow of the last Emperor Romulus Augustus was carried out by federated Germanic troops from within the Roman army rather than by foreign troops. In this sense had Odoacer not renounced the title of Emperor and named himself "King of Italy" instead, the Empire might have continued in name. Its identity, however, was no longer Roman - it was increasingly populated and governed by Germanic peoples long before 476. The Roman people were by the fifth century "bereft of their military ethos"^[357] and the Roman army itself a mere supplement to federated troops of Goths, Huns, Franks and others fighting on their behalf. This article is about the Roman Emperor. ...

Rome's last gasp began when the Visigoths revolted around 395 AD.^[358] Led by Alaric I,^[359] they attempted to seize Constantinople,^[360] but were rebuffed and instead plundered much of Thrace in northern Greece.^[361]^[359] In 402 AD they besieged Mediolanum, the capital of Roman Emperor Honorius, defended by Roman Gothic troops. The arrival of the Roman Stilicho and his army forced Alaric to relieve the siege and move towards Hasta (modern Asti) in western Italy, where Stilicho attacked it at the Battle of Pollentia,^[362]^[363] capturing Alaric's camp. Stilicho offered to return the prisoners in exchange for the Visigoths returning to Illyricum but upon arriving at Verona, Alaric halted his retreat. Stilicho again attacked at the Battle of Verona^[364] and again defeated Alaric,^[365] forcing him to withdraw from Italy. An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ... See: Flavius Augustus Honorius, western Roman emperor 395-423 Saint Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury 627-655 Pope Honorius I, pope 625-638 Pope Honorius II, pope 1124-1130 Pope Honorius III, pope 1216-1227 Pope Honorius IV, pope 1285-1287 Antipope Honorius II, 1061-1064 This is a disambiguation page... Stilicho (right) with his wife Serena and son Eucherius Flavius Stilicho (occasionally written as Stilico) (ca. ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Stilicho Alaric I The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans and the Visigoths. ... The Battle of Verona was fought in June of 403 by Alarics Visigoths, and a Roman force led by Stilicho. ...

In 405 AD, the Ostrogoths invaded Italy itself, but were defeated. However, in 406 AD an unprecedented number of tribes took advantage of the freezing of the Rhine to cross en masse: Vandals, Suevi, Alans and Burgundians swept across the river and met little resistance in the Sack of Moguntiacum and the Sack of Treviri,^[366] completely over-running Gaul. Despite this grave danger, or perhaps because of it, the Roman army continued to be wracked by usurpation, in one of which Stilicho, Rome's foremost defender of the period, was put to death.^[367]

It is in this climate that, despite his earlier setback, Alaric returned again in 410 and managed to sack Rome.^[368]^[369]^[359] The Roman capital had already been moved to the Italian city of Ravenna,^[370] but some historians view 410 as an alternative date for the true fall of the Roman Empire.^[371] Without possession of Rome or many of its former provinces, and increasingly Germanic in nature, the Roman Empire after 410 had little in common with the earlier Empire. By 410 AD, Britain had been mostly denuded of Roman troops,^[372]^[373] and by 425 AD was no longer part of the Empire,^[359] and much of western Europe was beset "by all kinds of calamities and disasters",^[374] coming under barbarian kingdoms ruled by Vandals, Suebians, Visigoths and Burgundians.^[375] An anachronistic fifteenth-century miniature depicting the sack of 410. ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653â€“672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

The remainder of Rome's territory, if not its nature, was defended for several decades following 410 largely by Flavius Aëtius, who managed to play off each of Rome's barbarian invaders against one another: in 436 he led a Hunnic army against the Visigoths at the Battle of Arles, and again in 436 at the Battle of Narbonne, and then in 451 led a combined army including his former enemy the Visigoths against the Huns at the Battle of the Catalunian Plains,^[377]^[378]^[379] beating them so soundly that although they later sacked Concordia, Altinum, Mediolanum^[380] and Ticinum^[380] and Patavium, they never again directly threatened Rome. Despite being the only clear champion of the Empire at this point Aëtius was slain by the Emperor Valentinian IIIs own hand, leading Sidonius Apollinaris to observe, "I am ignorant, sir, of your motives or provocations; I only know that you have acted like a man who has cut off his right hand with his left".^[381] Combatants Western Roman Empire, Visigoths, Alans Huns, Ostrogoths, Burgundians Commanders Flavius AÃ«tius, Theodoricâ€ Attila the Hun Strength 30,000â€“50,000 30,000â€“50,000 At the Battle of Chalons (also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun) in 451, a Roman coalition... Flavius AÃ«tius or simply Aetius, ( 396â€“454), was a Roman general of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire. ... Combatants Roman Empire Visigoths Commanders Flavius Aetius Theodoric I The Battle of Narbonne was fought in 436 between Rome and the Visigoths. ... Combatants Western Roman Empire, Visigoths, Alans Huns, Ostrogoths, Burgundians Commanders Flavius AÃ«tius, Theodoricâ€ Attila the Hun Strength 30,000â€“50,000 30,000â€“50,000 At the Battle of Chalons (also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun) in 451, a Roman coalition... Concordia is the Latin word for harmony, literally with (one) heart. ... Altinum (mod. ... Arcadius solidus, from Mediolanum mint, 400s. ... Ticinum (the modern Pavia) is an ancient city of Gallia Transpadana, founded on the banks of the river of the same name (now the Ticino river) a little way above its confluence with the Padus (Po). ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ... Solidus minted in Thessalonica to celebrate the marriage of Valentinian III to Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. On the reverse, the three of them in wedding dresses. ... Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris (c. ...

Carthage, the second largest city in the empire, was lost along with much of North Africa in 439 AD to the Vandals,^[382]^[383] and the fate of Rome seemed sealed. By 476, what remained of the Empire was completely in the hands of federated Germanic troops and when they revolted led by Odoacer and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustus^[384] there was nobody to stop them. Odoacer happened to hold the part of the Empire around Italy and Rome but other parts of the Empire were ruled by Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Alans and others. The Empire in the West had fallen,^[375]^[384] and its remnant in Italy was no longer Roman in nature. The Byzantine Empire and the Goths continued to fight over Rome and the surrounding area for many years, though by this point Rome's importance was negligible. Following years of grinding war the city was by 540 AD near-abandoned and desolate with much of its environment turned into an unhealthy marsh, an inglorious end for a city that once ruled much of the known world. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Byzantine redirects here. ...

At this point, Roman military history becomes Byzantine military history. The Byzantine Army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine Navy. ...

Assessment

There can be few militaries, either ancient or modern, who have campaigned so widely and over such a long period as the Roman military. Despite Napoleon's famous assertion that "The Gauls were not conquered by the Roman [army], but by Caesar",^[385] the fact remains that Romans were willing to absorb horrific losses of life in the pursuit of their campaigns.^[8] Although Roman generals often shared in the fate of their soldiers, it was by the millions of soldiers of the Roman military that the greatest sacrifice was borne, and for much of Rome's history, its soldiers f ought loyally and selflessly for the state and their homes.

However, in the later Empire soldiers followed commanders for little more than the promise of gold,^[337] and although the threat to Rome from external enemies was great, it should have been able to withstand it had the soldiers of the late Empire not been campaigning almost as often against one another, and its generals plotting on usurping the throne rather than supporting it.^[386]

Although the traditional view has been that the Roman expansion was a noble enterprise that was justified in that it "carried the torch of civilization into the barbarian darkness",^[387] an alternative view has emerged recently that the flourishing of Rome that followed its military expansion occurred only at the expense of extinguishing other nascent, vibrant cultures, such as the Celts and Dacians.^[387] Perhaps the very fact that so much of the heritage, laws, institutions and concepts of western life are influenced by a Rome from which we have inherited so much^[388]^[389]^[390] breeds the concept that Rome was the only culture with much to offer - that nothing much was lost in those cultures that the Roman military extinguished - and hides the fact that much of Europe developed from a flat Roman monoculture. This concept however ignores the fact that Rome essentially passed on Greek culture, so the monoculture was Greek/Roman, rather than merely Latin, especially in the East, which was more Greek than Roman as the centuries passed. Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ... Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC The Dacians (Lat. ...

Citations

^ Trigger, Understanding Early Civilisations, p. 240
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 38
^ Goldsmith, An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire, p. 263
^ Johnson, The Dream of Rome, p. 8
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 15
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 312
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 31
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 96
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. 3, para. 8
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 23
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 3
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 1
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 2
^ ^a ^b ^c Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 6
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 3
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 4
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. V, para. 1
^ Grant,The History of Rome, p. 21
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 13
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 3
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 15
^ ^a ^b ^c Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 9
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 33
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 27
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 44
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 46
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 5
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 6
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 7
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 56
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 61
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 10
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 66
^ ^a ^b ^c Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 9
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 31
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. VI, para. 1
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 33
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 32
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 77
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, xxxi
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 80
^ ^a ^b Florus, The Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 11
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 38
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 37
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 89
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 17
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 16
^ ^a ^b ^c The Enemies of Rome, p. 13
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 39
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 96
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 41
^ ^a ^b ^c Florus, The Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 12
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 42
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VII, 20
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. II
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grant, The History of Rome, p. 44
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Florus, The Epitome of Roman History, Book 1, ch. 13
^ ^a ^b ^c Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 2
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 329
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 283
^ Livy, The Rise of Rome, p. 330
^ Appian, History of Rome, The Gallic Wars, §1
^ Pennell, Ancient Rme, Ch. IX, para. 4
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 23
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 1, ch. 16
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 282
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 8
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 48
^ ^a ^b Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 13
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 49
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. IX, para. 14
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, The History of Rome, p. 52
^ ^a ^b Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 290
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 53
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 77
^ ^a ^b MatyszakThe Enemies of Rome, p. 14
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grant, The History of Rome, p. 78
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 294
^ Cantor, Antiquity, p. 151
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. X, para. 6
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 1, ch. 18
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 304
^ ^a ^b Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 305
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, The History of Rome, p. 79
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 79
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman history, Vol. 1, VIII, 3
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. X, para. 11
^ ^a ^b ^c Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 306
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 307
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XI, para. 1
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 80
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 16
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, XIX
^ ^a ^b ^c Cantor, Antiquity, p. 152
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 13
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p.68
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History, Vol. 1, VIII, 8
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XII, para. 14
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 309
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 113
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 84
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 86
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 87
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 88
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 310
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 90
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 128
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 3
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 4
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 29
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 25
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XIII, para. 15
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cantor, Antiquity, p. 153
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 27
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 30
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 29
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 31
^ Polybius, The Histories, 243
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 34
^ Polybius, The Histories, 263
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 36
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 38
^ Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus, p. xiii
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 40
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 41
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XV, para. 24
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 338
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 339
^ ^a ^b Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 15
^ ^a ^b Cantor, Antiquity, p. 154
^ Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p. 12
^ ^a ^b ^c Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 17
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grant, The History of Rome, p. 122
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XX, para. 2
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 54
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 56
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 57
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XX, para. 4
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 58
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 61
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 123
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 8
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 47
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 115
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 116
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 48
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 71
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 49
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 72
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 73
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 117
^ ^a ^b Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 325
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome. p. 51
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 9
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 10
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 13
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 2, ch. 16
^ Pennell, Ancient Rome, Ch. XVII, para. 1
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 119
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 326
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 120
^ ^a ^b ^c Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 75
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 92
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 328
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 53
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 9
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, V
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 29
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, XII
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 64
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 65
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch. 1
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, XIII
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, XVIII
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, LII
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 69
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, LXXVI
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, XCIV
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, CI
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 153
^ Sallust, The Jugurthine War, CXIII
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 71
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 152
^ ^a ^b Appian, History of Rome, §6
^ ^a ^b ^c Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 75
^ ^a ^b Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 6
^ ^a ^b ^c Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch. 3
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 39
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 77
^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1, 117
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 43
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 156
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 351
^ ^a ^b Cantor, Antiquity, p. 167
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 30
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 161
^ ^a ^b Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch. 5
^ Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch. 5
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 76
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 158
^ ^a ^b Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 363
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Plutarch, Lives, Pompey
^ ^a ^b ^c Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch. 6
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 165
^ Holland, Rubicon, p. 170
^ Cicero, Pro Lege Manilia, 12 or De Imperio Cn. Pompei (in favour of the Manilian Law on the command of Pompey), 66 BC.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Plutarch, Lives, Caesar
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 58
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 187
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 117
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 191
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Florus, The Epitome of Roman history, Book 3, ch.10
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cantor, Antiquity, p. 162
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 48
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 116
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 59
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 201
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 60
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 204
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 78
^ ^a ^b Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 62
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 212
^ Cantor, Antiquity, p. 168
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 133
^ Plutarch, Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, p. 266
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 213
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 79
^ ^a ^b Cantor, Antiquity, p. 169
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 271
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 214
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 215
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 398
^ ^a ^b ^c Holland, Rubicon, p. 299
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 216
^ Holland, Rubicon, p. 298
^ Holland, Rubicon, p. 303
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 402
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 217
^ Julius Caesar, The Civil War, 81–92
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 218
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 220
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 227
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 403
^ Holland, Rubicon, p. 312
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 404
^ Plutarch, Life of Crassus, XXIII-V
^ ^a ^b ^c Cantor, Antiquity, p. 170
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 237
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 7
^ Cassius Dio, The Roman History:The Reign of Augusutus, p. 61
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 244
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 37
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 208
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 245
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 159
^ Clunn, In Quest of the Lost Legions, p. xv
^ Tacitus, The Annals, Book 1, ch, 56
^ ^a ^b Tacitus, The Annals, Book 1, ch. 60
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 143–144
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 248
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 260
^ Churchill, A History of the English Speaking Peoples, p. 1
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 379
^ ^a ^b Churchill, A History of the English Speaking Peoples, p. 4
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 5
^ Tacitus, Annals 14.29–39, Agricola 14–16
^ Dio Cassius, Roman History, 62.1–12
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 6
^ ^a ^b Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 7
^ Welch, Britannia: The Roman Conquest & Occupation of Britain, 1963, p. 107
^ Tacitus, Annals, 14.37
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 189
^ Fraser, The Roman Conquest Of Scotland: The Battle Of Mons Graupius AD 84
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 9
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 10
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 269
^ Clunn, In Quest of the Lost Legions, p. 303
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 322
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 213
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 215
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 216
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 53
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 217
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 219
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 54
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 329
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 222
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 223
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 39
^ Tacitus, The Annals, Book 2, ch, 3
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 41
^ Plutarch, Lives, Galba
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 51
^ ^a ^b Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 542
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 57
^ ^a ^b Plutarch, Lives, Otho
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 14–15
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 22
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch, 26
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 52
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 44
^ Tacitus, The Histories, Book 1, ch. 49
^ Tactitus, The Histories, Book 3, ch. 18
^ Tactitus, The Histories, Book 3, ch. 25
^ Tactitus, The Histories, Book 3, ch. 31
^ Lane Fox, The Classical World, p. 543
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 294
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 192
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 194
^ ^a ^b Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 295
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 146
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 3
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 292
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, The History of Rome, p. 273
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 279
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 128
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 146
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 282
^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 150
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 147
^ ^a ^b ^c Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 103
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 108
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 624
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 270
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 322
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 121
^ Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 196
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, The History of Rome, p. 285
^ ^a ^b Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 110
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 344
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 345
^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31.
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 138.
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 534
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 284
^ ^a ^b Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 149
^ ^a ^b Grant, The History of Rome, p. 280
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 226
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 113
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 227
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 133
^ ^a ^b Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 129
^ ^a ^b ^c Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 130
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 131
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 135
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, The History of Rome, p. 283
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 234
^ ^a ^b ^c Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 151
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 235
^ Shapur, Deeds of the God-Emperor Shapur
^ ^a ^b ^c Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 236
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 237
^ ^a ^b ^c Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 358
^ Procopius, History of the Wars, Book 1, Pt 1, Ch. 2
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 361
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 231
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 285
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 147
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Procopius, History of the Wars, Book 3, Pt 1, Ch. 2
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 551
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 260
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 563
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 154
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 565
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 263
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 324
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 327
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 267
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 589
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 587
^ Wood, In Search of the First Civilizations, p. 177
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 560
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 16
^ Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, p. 17
^ ^a ^b Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens, p. 187
^ Jordanes, History of the Goths, 207
^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 276
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 489
^ Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 197
^ ^a ^b Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 222
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. 35
^ Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 618
^ Procopius, History of the Wars, Book 3, Pt 1, Ch. 4
^ ^a ^b Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, 243
^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 377
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 332
^ ^a ^b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 9
^ Grant, The History of Rome, p. 1
^ Saggs, Civilization Before Greece and Rome, p. 1
^ Wood, In Search of the First Civilizations, p. 176

Bibliography

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Jacques Amyot (October 30, 1513 - February 6, 1593), French writer, was born of poor parents, at Melun. ... Sir Thomas North (1535? - 1601?), English translator of Plutarch, second son of the 1st Baron North, was born about 1535. ... Southern Illinois University Press is a publisher and part of Southern Illinois University. ... Polybius (c. ... LacusCurtius is a website specializing in ancient Rome, currently hosted on a server at the University of Chicago. ... The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Gaius Sallustius Crispus, simply known as Sallust, (86-34 BC). ... John Carew Rolfe, Ph. ... The Loeb Classical Library is a series of books, today published by the Harvard University Press, which present important works of ancient Greek and Latin Literature in a way designed to make the text accessible to the broadest possible audience, by presenting the original Greek or Latin text on each... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... John Bagnell Bury (16 October 1861 â€“ 1 June 1927) was an eminent Irish historian, classical scholar, Byzantinist and philologist. ... LacusCurtius is a website specializing in ancient Rome, currently hosted on a server at the University of Chicago. ... Norman F. Cantor (born in Winnipeg, Canada on November 19, 1929, died in Miami, Florida, United States on September 18, 2004) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. ... Churchill redirects here. ... Arther Ferrill, now a professor emeritus of history at the University of Washington at Seattle[1], is also a respected expert on Ancient Rome and military history. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ... People named James Fraser include: James Fraser (Australian politician), Australian politician James A. Fraser (Founder and Executive Director of Dignitas International) James Fraser (bishop), Bishop of Manchester 1870-1885 James Fraser (New Brunswick), premier of New Brunswick until 1882 James Baillie Fraser (1783-1856), Scottish traveller and author James Earle... Edward Gibbon (1737â€“1794). ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... Raymond W. Goldsmith (b. ... Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and military writer. ... Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and military writer. ... Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and military writer. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ... There are several people with the name Michael Grant: Michael Grant (author), the historian who wrote about the Roman empire Michael Grant (boxer), the boxer Michael Grant, 12th Baron de Longueuil This human name article is a disambiguation page â€” a list of pages that might otherwise share the same title... Faber and Faber, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the UK, notable in particular for publishing a great deal of poetry and for its former editor T. S. Eliot. ... Victor Davis Hanson giving a lecture at Kenyon College. ... Albert Harkness (1822-1907) was an American classical scholar and educator, born at Mendon, Mass. ... Peter Heather is a teacher at Worcester College, University of Oxford who is considered a leading authority on the barbarians of the Roman era. ... Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held international publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ... Tom Holland was born on July 11th, 1943 in Phoughkeepsie, New York, USA. He has directed five movies including: Childs Play Fright Night External Links Tom Holland at the Internet Movie Database Categories: Movie stubs ... Little, Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown. ... Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (commonly known as Boris Johnson, born 19 June 1964, New York City)[1] is a British Conservative Party politician, journalist and former editor of The Spectator. ... Arnold Hugh Martin A.H.M. Jones (1904-1970) was a prominent 20th century historian of classical antiquity, particularly of the later Roman Empire. ... The Johns Hopkins University Press is a publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in academic publishing. ... Robin Lane Fox (born 1946) is an English academic and historian, currently a Fellow of New College, Oxford, and University Reader in Ancient History. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... The military historian Basil Liddell Hart. ... Edward Nicolae Luttwak (born 1942) is an economist and historian known for his many publications on military strategy and international relations. ... The Johns Hopkins University Press is a publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in academic publishing. ... Philip Matyszak is a British non-fiction author, primarily of historical works relating to ancient Rome [1]. Matyszak has a doctorate in Roman history from St Johns College, Oxford. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ... Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (November 30, 1817â€“November 1, 1903) was a Danish/German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist[1] and writer[2], generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. ... Henry William Frederick Saggs (born 1920, died 2005) was a classicist and orientalist. ... Yale University Press is a book publisher founded in 1908. ... Antonio Santosuosso (born 1936) is a Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. ... Bruce Graham Trigger (June 18, 1937â€“December 1, 2006) was a Canadian archaeologist. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Michael Wood reading from an edition of the Domesday Book in a BBC Four documentary about Gilbert White This article is about the historian Michael Wood. ... BBC Books is the book publishing division of BBC Worldwide, the commercial subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation. ... George Patrick Welch is a historian and author, whose works include Britannia: The Roman conquest and occupation of Britain He was born in 1929 in Minneapolis, in the United States Categories: | ... This is a list of topics related to ancient Rome that aims to include aspects of both the ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses, see History of Rome (disambiguation). ... This is a Timeline of events concerning ancient Rome, from the city foundation until the last attempt of the Roman Empire of the East to conquer Rome. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The ancient quarters of Rome. ... This article is about the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For the state which existed in the 18th century, see Roman Republic (18th century). ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a political leader, whether or not he is formally head of state and/or head of government. ... The Dominate was the despotic last of the two phases of government in the ancient Roman Empire between its establishment in 27 BC and the formal date of the collapse of the Western Empire in AD 476. ... This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... A Curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people, i. ... The Forum of Jerash, in Jordan. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The cursus honorum (Latin: course of honours) was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honours Emperor Institutions and Law Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Roman assemblies were the Comitia Calata, the Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, and the Comitia Tributa. ... Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ... A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was equivalent to a modern general officer in the Roman army. ... The Misspeling of Ducks ... Officium (plural officia) is a Latin word with various meanings, including service, (sense of) duty, courtesy, ceremony and the likes. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Vigintisexviri (sing. ... The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare (to bind), was a member of a special class of Roman civil servant, with special tasks of attending magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium. ... Magister militum (Latin for Master of the Soldiers) was a top-level command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine. ... The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ... The princeps senatus (plural principes senatus) was the leader of the Roman senate. ... Alternate meanings: see Pontifex (disambiguation) In Ancient Rome, the Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the collegium of the Pontifices, the most august position in Roman religion, open only to a patrician, until 254 BC, when a plebeian first occupied this post. ... Augustus (plural augusti) is Latin for majestic, the increaser, or venerable. The feminine form is Augusta. ... Caesar (plural Caesars), Latin: CÃ¦sar (plural CÃ¦sares), is a title of imperial character. ... The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ... Magistratus ordinarii (ordinary magistrates) and Magistratus extraordinarii (extraordinary magistrates) were two categories of officials who held political, military, and, in some cases, religious power in the Roman Republic. ... Magistratus ordinarii (ordinary magistrates) and Magistratus extraordinarii (extraordinary magistrates) were two categories of officials who held political, military, and, in some cases, religious power in the Roman Republic. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by 2-3 elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ... Quaestores were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. ... Aedile (Latin Aedilis, from aedes, aedis temple, building) was an office of the Roman Republic. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected... This article is about the highest office of the Roman Republic. ... Censor was the title of two magistrates of high rank in the Roman Republic. ... See Roman Governor for the duties of a promagistrate as a governor of a province A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ... Magistratus ordinarii (ordinary magistrates) and Magistratus extraordinarii (extraordinary magistrates) were two categories of officials who held political, military, and, in some cases, religious power in the Roman Republic. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. ... The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ... Decemviri (singular decemvir) is a Latin term meaning Ten Men which designates any such commission in the Roman Republic (cf. ... Military tribunes elected with consular power during the Conflict of the Orders in the Roman Republic on and off starting in 444 BCE and then continuiously from 408 BCE - 394 BCE and from 391 BCE - 367 BCE The practice of electing consular tribunes ended in 366 BCE when the Lex... The term triumvirate (Latin for rule by three men) or troika in Russian, is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The King of Rome (Latin: rex, regis) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. ... Using the term Roman law in a broader sense, one may say that Roman law is not only the legal system of ancient Rome but the law that was applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 18th century. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum, more informally simply Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. ... The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen. ... Auctoritas is the Latin origin of English authority. According to Benveniste [citation?], auctor (which also gives us English author) is derived from Latin augeÃ³ (to augment): The auctor is is qui auget, the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. ... Imperium can, in a broad sense, be translated as power. ... The system for Roman litigation passed through three stages over the years: until around 150 BC, the Legis Actiones system; from around 150 BC until around 342 AD, the formulary system; and from 342 AD onwards, the cognito procedure. ... Map of all the territories once occupied by the Roman Empire. ... Main article: Military history of ancient Rome As the Roman kingdom successfully overcame opposition from the Italic hill tribes and became a larger state, the age of tyranny in the eastern Mediterranean began to pass away. ... The branches of the Roman military at the highest level were the Roman army and the Roman navy. ... The technology history of the Roman military covers the development of and application of technologies for use in the armies and navies of Rome from the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ... Root directory at Military history of ancient Rome Romes military was always tightly keyed to its political system. ... Map of all the territories once occupied by the Roman Empire, along with locations of limes Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire. ... Basic ideal plan of a Roman castrum. ... The strategy of the Roman Military encompasses its grand strategy (the arrangements made by the state to implement its political goals through a selection of military goals, a process of diplomacy backed by threat of military action, and a dedication to the military of part of its production and resources... Roman military engineering is a type of Roman engineering carried out by the Roman Army - almost exclusively by the Roman legions for the furthering of military objectives. ... The Roman army was a set of land-based military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military. ... Legion redirects here. ... Roman infantry tactics refers to the theoretical and historical deployment, formation and maneuvers of the Roman infantry from the start of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ... Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns and used in an established way. ... Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. ... Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ... Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ... Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = supports) formed the standing non-citizen corps of the Roman army of the Principate (30 BC - 284 AD), alongside the citizen legions. ... As with most other military forces the Roman military adopted a carrot and stick approach to military, with an extensive list of decorations for military gallantry and likewise a range of punishments for the punishment of military transgressions. ... Julius Caesar, from the bust in the British Museum, in Cassells History of England (1902). ... This article is about theatrical performances in ancient Rome. ... The toga was the distinctive garb of Romen men, while women wore stolas. ... Still life with fruit basket and vases (Pompeii, ca. ... Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. ... Fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries. ... We know less about the music of ancient Rome than we do about the music of ancient Greece. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Roman Funerals and Burial Introduction In ancient Rome, important people had elaborate funerals. ... Within the wider stream of influences that contributed to the Christianization of the Roman Empire, followers of the Ancient Roman religion were persecuted by Christians during the period after the death of Constantine and the reign of Julian, only to enjoy a respite for a number of years before the... The Imperial cult in Ancient Rome was the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god. ... A head of Minerva found in the ruins of the Roman baths in Bath Roman mythology, the mythological beliefs of the people of Ancient Rome, can be considered as having two parts. ... The Forum of Jerash, in Jordan. ... For the series of murder mystery novels, see SPQR series. ... The Pont du Gard in France is a Roman aqueduct built in ca. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For centuries the monetary affairs of the Roman Republic had rested in the hands of the Senate, which was steady and fiscally conservative. ... Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire. ... The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. ... Clothing in Ancient Rome consisted generally of the toga, the stola, brooches for them, and breeches. ... Roman holidays generally were celebrated to worship and celebrate a certain god or mythological occurrence, and consisted of religious observances, various festival traditions and usually a large feast. ... Circus Maximus, Rome The Roman Circus, the theatre and the amphitheatre were the most important buildings in the cities for public entertainment in the Roman Empire. ... The institution of slavery in ancient Rome made many people non-persons before their legal system. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... For the Old Latin Bible used before the Vulgate, see Vetus Latina. ... Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ... Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. ... Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, particularly by the humanist movement. ... New Latin (or Neo-Latin) is a post-medieval version of Latin, now used primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and systematics. ... Recent Latin is the form of Latin used from the late nineteenth century down to the present. ... The Duenos inscription, from the 6th century BC, is the second-earliest known Latin text. ... Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire â€” different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) refers to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... The following is a List of Roman wars fought by the ancient Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire, organized by date. ... The following is a List of Roman battles (fought by the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire), organized by date. ... // Manius Acilius Glabrio -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC) -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91) -- Titus Aebutius Helva -- Aegidius -- Lucius Aemilius Barbula -- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) -- Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus -- Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC) -- Flavius AÃ«tius -- Lucius Afranius (consul) -- Sextus Calpurnius Agricola -- Gnaeus Julius Agricola -- Flavius Antoninus -- Marcus... This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... List of ancient Roman triumphal arches (By modern country) // France Orange Reims: Porte de Mars Saint RÃ©my de Provence: Roman site of Glanum Saintes: Arch of Germanicus Greece Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki Hadrians Arch, Athens Italy It has been suggested that List of Roman arches in Rome be... This is a tentative list of topics regarding political institutions of Ancient Rome. ... This is an attempted alphabetical List of Roman laws. ... Abbreviations: Imp. ...

Contents

Pre-Republic (756 BC - 459 BC) GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");