Camphor
General
Systematic name	1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-one
Other names	2-bornanone, 2-camphanone bornan-2-one, Formosa
Molecular formula	C10H16O
SMILES	CC1(C)C2(C)C(=O)CC(C1)CCC2
Molar mass	152.23 g/mol
Appearance	White or colourless crystals
CAS number	[76-22-2] (unspecified) [464-49-3] ((1R)-Camphor) [464-48-2] ((1S)-Camphor}
Properties
Density and phase	0.990, solid
Solubility in water	0.12 g in 100 ml
Solubility in acetic acid	~200 g in 100 ml
Solubility in ethanol	~100 g in 100 ml
Solubility in acetone	~250 g in 100 ml
Solubility in ether	~100 g in 100 ml
Solubility in chloroform	~200 g in 100 ml
Melting point	179.75 °C (452.9 K)
Boiling point	204 °C (477 K)
Acidity (pKa)	?
Chiral rotation [α]D	+44.1°, (1R)-Camphor
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	flammable
NFPA 704	2 0 0
R-phrases	11-20/21/22-36/37/38
S-phrases	16-26-36
RTECS number	EX1260000 (R) EX1250000 (S)
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Related ketones	fenchone,thujone
Related compounds	camphene, pinene borneol, isoborneol 10-Camphorsulfonic acid
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Camphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₆O. It is found in wood of the Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia (particularly in Borneo and Formosa, hence its alternate name). It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. It can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, in religious ceremonies and for medicinal purposes. A major source of camphor in Asia is Camphor basil. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (581x894, 13 KB) Chemical structure of camphor created with ChemDraw. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1055x1100, 204 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Camphor ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: ρ (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate... The specific rotation of a chemical compound [α] is defined as the observed angle of optical rotation α when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a path length of 1 decimeter and a sample concentration of 1 gram per 1 millilitre. ... An example MSDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links NFPA_704. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the IR region of the EM spectrum. ... It has been suggested that NMR Data Processing be merged into this article or section. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... Ketone group A ketone(key tone) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... Fenchone is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene and a ketone. ... Thujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that exists in two stereoisomeric forms: (+)-3-thujone or α-thujone and (-)-3-thujone or β-thujone. ... Camphene is bicyclic monoterpene. ... The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. ... Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. ... Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Binomial name Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... This article is about the history, geography, and people of the island known as Taiwan. ... Binomial name Ocotea usambarensis Engl. ... For the band, see Turpentine (band). ...

History

The word camphor derives from the French word camphre, itself from Medieval Latin camfora, from Arabic kafur, from Malay kapur Barus meaning "Barus chalk". In fact Malay traders from whom Indian and Middle East merchants would buy camphor called it kapur, "chalk" because of its white colour [1]. Barus was the port on the western coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra where foreign traders would call to buy camphor. In the Indian language Sanskrit, the word 'karpoor' is used to denote Camphore. A south-indian adaptation of this word, 'karpooram' has been used for camphor in many south-indian/dravidian languages (like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam) Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the southern state of Karnataka. ... Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...

Camphor was first synthesized by Gustaf Komppa in 1903. Previously, some organic compounds (such as urea) had been synthesized in the laboratory as a proof of concept, but camphor was a scarce natural product with a worldwide demand. The synthesis was the first industrial total synthesis, when Komppa began industrial production in Tainionkoski, Finland, in 1907. Gustaf Komppa (1867-1949) was a Finnish chemist best known for developing the Worlds first total synthesis, that of camphor in 1903. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... A proof of concept is a short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea(s) to demonstrate its feasibility. ... A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) precursors. ...

Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three methyl groups replaced by hydrogen. In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ...

Other substances deriving from trees are sometimes wrongly sold as camphor.

Camphor Trees are widely found in very deep jungles of Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala states in South India.

Uses

Modern uses include as a plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, as a moth repellent, as an antimicrobial substance, in embalming, and in fireworks. Camphor crystals are also used to prevent damage to insect collections by other small insects. A form of anti-itch gel currently on the market uses camphor as its active ingredient. It is also used in medicine. Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin and produces a feeling of cooling similar to that of menthol and acts as slight local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. Camphor is an active ingredient (along with menthol) in vapor-steam products, such as Vicks VapoRub, and it is effective as a cough suppressant. It may also be administered orally in small quantities (50 mg) for minor heart symptoms and fatigue.^{[citation needed]} Nitrocellulose (Cellulose nitrate, guncotton) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose (e. ... A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant used when storing clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae. ... Fireworks over Miami, Florida, USA on American Independence Day Fireworks at Epcot, Florida, USA The Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House illuminated under New Years Eve Fireworks 2005 A fireworks event (also called a fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices... Insect collection is historically a widespread, essential predecessor of scientific entomology and at the same time the formerly (up to the 2nd world war) popular educational hobby of collecting insects, that has left traces namely in European cultural history, literature and songs (e. ... Antipruritic is a drug which reduces pruritis, or itching. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ... Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or slows the growth of microbes like bacteria (antibacterial activity), fungi (antifungal activity), viruses (antiviral activity), or parasites (antiparasitic activity). ... Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. ... 50g Vicks VapoRub. ...

In the 17th Century, it was used by Auenbrugger in the treatment of mania^{[citation needed]}. Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...

It is also believed that camphor will deter snakes and other reptiles due to it's strong odor. Similarly, camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent^{[citation needed]}.

Camphor is also used in the Mahashiva ratri celebrations of Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction of evil. Its natural pitch substance burns cool without leaving an ash residue, which symbolizes the consciousness.

Recently, carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized using camphor in chemical vapor deposition process [4]. An electronic device known as a diode can be formed by joining two nanoscale carbon tubes with different electronic properties. ... DC plasma (violet) enhances the growth of carbon nanotubes in this laboratory-scale PECVD apparatus. ...

Culinary

Currently, camphor is mostly used as a flavoring for sweets in Asia. In ancient and medieval Europe it was widely used as ingredient for sweets but it is now mainly used for medicinal purposes. Camphor was used as a flavouring in confections resembling ice cream in China during the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907).^{[citation needed]} Camphor is widely used in cooking (mainly for desert dishes) in India where it is known as Pachha Karpooram (literally meaning "green camphor" though "Pachha" in Tamil can also be translated to mean "raw" which is "Pachha Karpooram's" intended meaning). It is widely available at Indian grocery stores and is labeled as "Edible Camphor." In Hindu poojas and ceremonies, camphor is burned in a ceremonial spoon for performing aarti. This type of camphor is also sold at Indian grocery stores but it is not suitable for cooking. The only type that should be used for food are those which are labeled as "Edible Camphor." Missing image Ice cream is often served on a stick Boxes of ice cream are often found in stores in a display freezer. ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Middle Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li... Pooja can mean: In Hinduism, a pooja or puja is a form of worship. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Toxicology

In larger quantities, it is poisonous when ingested and can cause seizures, confusion, irritability, and neuromuscular hyperactivity. In 1980, the United States Food and Drug Administration set a limit of 11% allowable camphor in consumer products and totally banned products labeled as camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor liniment, and camphorated liniment (but "white camphor essential oil" contains no significant amount of camphor). Since alternative treatments exist, medicinal use of camphor is discouraged by the FDA, except for skin-related uses, such as medicated powders, which contain only small amounts of camphor. Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Main Entry: neu·ro·mus·cu·lar Pronunciation: nur-O-m&s-ky&-l&r, nyur- of or relating to nerves and muscles; especially : jointly involving nervous and muscular elements <a neuromuscular junction> ... Hyperactivity can be described as a state in which a person is abnormally easily excitable and exuberant. ... FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ... Liniment, from the Latin linere, to anoint, is a medicinal preparation meant for external use, but one that is thinner in consistency than an ointment. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ...

Reactions

Typical camphor reactions are:

• bromination

• oxidation with nitric acid

• conversion to isonitrosocamphor

Camphor can also be reduced to isoborneol using sodium borohydride. Halogenation is a chemical reaction that replaces a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. ... Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydroborate, has the chemical formula NaBH4. ...

Biosynthesis

In biosynthesis camphor is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate to bornyl pyrophosphate, followed by hydrolysis to borneol and oxidation to camphor. Biosynthesis is a phenomenon where chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. ... Geraniol (C10H18O 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol) is an alcohol. ... In chemistry, the anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. ... Linalool is a common aroma chemical found in many commercial applications. ... Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. ... Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x227, 34 KB) // Summary Summary The biosynthesis of camphor, drawn in ChemDraw by User:Walkerma in September 2005. ...

References

1. J. Mann, R. S. Davidson, J. B. Hobbs, D. V. Banthorpe, J. B. Harborne, Natural Products, pp. 309-311, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., Harlow, UK, 1994. ISBN 0-582-06009-5.
2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
3. The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merk & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
4. Mukul Kumar, Yoshinori Ando, Carbon Nanotubes from Camphor: An Environment-Friendly Nanotechnology, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 61 (2007) 643–646

External links