Canadian Gaelic Gàidhlig Canadanach
Pronunciation:	IPA: [ˈkɑːlʲəˈ kanatanax]
Spoken in:	Canada
Region:	limited to Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia;
Total speakers:	500–1000 endangered
Language family:	Indo-European  Celtic   Insular Celtic    Goidelic     Scots Gaelic      Canadian Gaelic
Writing system:	Latin alphabet (Gaelic variant); Insular alphabet
Official status
Official language of:	none
Regulated by:	Comhairle na Gàidhlig
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	gd
ISO 639-2:	gla
ISO/FDIS 639-3:	gla
Geographical distribution throughout Nova Scotia.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

Canadian Gaelic (Gaelic: Gàidhlig Canadanach, locally just Gaelic or The Gaelic) is the dialect of Scots Gaelic that has been spoken continuously for more than 200 years on Cape Breton Island and in isolated enclaves on the Nova Scotia mainland. To a lesser extent the language is also spoken on nearby Prince Edward Island, and by emigrant Gaels living in major Canadian cities such as Toronto. At its peak in the mid-19th century Gaelic was the third most spoken language in Canada after English and French.^[1] The language has sharply declined since that period, however, and is now nearly extinct. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, the Americas as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... The Insular Celtic hypothesis concerns the origin of the Celtic languages. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) are one of two major divisions of modern-day Insular Celtic languages (the other being the Brythonic languages). ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Scottish Gaelic alphabet contains 18 letters, five of which are vowels. ... The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code Twenty-two of the languages have two three-letter codes: a code for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B) a code for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links Canadian-gaelic-map. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of sounds and the human voice. ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti The Small Protected By The Great) Official languages English Flower Pink Ladys Slipper Tree Red Oak Bird Blue Jay Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor Barbara Oliver Hagerman Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total  - Land  - Water... The Gaels are an ethno-linguistic group in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, whose language is of the Gaelic (Goidelic) family, a division of Insular Celtic languages. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

History

Early Speakers

In 1621 King James VI of Scotland allowed privateer William Alexander to establish the first Scottish colony overseas. The group of Highlanders — all of whom were Gaelic-speaking — settled at Port Royal, on the eastern shore of Nova Scotia, but within a year the colony had failed. Subsequent attempts to relaunch it were cancelled when in 1631 the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye returned Nova Scotia to French rule.^[2] 1621 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... James VI and I (James Stuart) (June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) was King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland and was the first to style himself King of Great Britain. ... Sir William Alexander (c. ... Scottish colonization of the Americas consisted of a number of failed or abandoned Scottish settlements in North America, a colony at Darien, Panama and a number of wholly or largely Scottish settlements made after the Acts of Union 1707. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on March 29, 1632. ...

A half-century later in 1670 the Hudson's Bay Company was given exclusive trading rights to all North American lands draining into Hudson Bay — about 3.9 million km² (an area larger than India). Many of the traders were Scottish Orkneymen and Highlanders, the latter of whom brought Gaelic to the interior. Those who intermarried with the local First Nations people passed on their language, to the effect that by the mid-1700s there existed a sizeable population of Métis (mixed-race) traders with Scottish and aboriginal ancestry, and command of spoken Gaelic.^[3] 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and is one of the oldest in the world. ... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Hudson Bay, Canada. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... First Nations is a term of ethnicity used in Canada. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Métis (pronounced MAY tee, IPA: , in French or , in Michif ), also historically known as Bois Brule, Countryborn, or Black Scots, are one of three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. ...

Settlement

Nova Scotia remained the property of France until 1758, when Fortress Louisbourg (built on the original Port Royal site) fell to the British, followed by the rest of New France in the ensuing Battle at the Plaines d'Abraham. As a result of the conflict Highland regiments who fought for the British secured a reputation for tenacity and combat prowess.^[4] In turn the countryside itself secured a reputation among the Highlanders for its size, beauty, and wealth of natural resources.^[5] 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Fortress Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction of an 18th century French fortress at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. ... Flag Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature none Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Surrender of Quebec 1759  - Surrender of Montreal 1760  - Surrender of claim to British February 10, 1763... Combatants Britain France Commanders James Wolfe † Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm † Strength 4,800 regulars 4,000 regulars 300 militia Casualties 658 dead or wounded 644 dead or wounded The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought September 13, 1759, was a decisive battle of the North American theatre of... The Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) was a British Army infantry regiment, part of the Scottish Division. ...

They would remember Canada when in 1762 the earliest of the Fuadaich nan Gàidheal (Scottish Highland Clearances) forced many Gaelic families off their ancestral lands. The first ship loaded with Hebridean colonists arrived on “St. John's Island” (Prince Edward Island) in 1770, with later ships following in 1772, and 1774.^[6] In 1773 a ship named The Hector landed in Pictou, Nova Scotia, with 169 settlers mostly originating from the Isle of Skye.^[7] In 1784 the last barrier to Scottish settlement — a law restricting land-ownership on Cape Breton Island — was repealed, and soon both PEI and Nova Scotia were predominantly Gaelic-speaking.^[8] It is estimated more than 50 000 Gaelic settlers immigrated to Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island between 1815 and 1870.^[9] 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Highland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal, the expulsion of the Gael) is a name given to the forced displacement of the population of the Scottish Highlands from their ancient ways of warrior clan subsistence farming, leading to mass emigration. ... The Hebrides The Hebrides comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, and in geological terms are composed of the oldest rocks in the British Isles. ... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti The Small Protected By The Great) Official languages English Flower Pink Ladys Slipper Tree Red Oak Bird Blue Jay Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor Barbara Oliver Hagerman Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total  - Land  - Water... Battle of Chesma, by Ivan Aivazovsky. ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Pictou is a small town on the northern coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in Pictou County. ... Looking towards Quiraing, Skye. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ...

With the end of the American War of Independence, immigrants newly arrived from Scotland would soon be joined by Loyalist emigrants escaping persecution from American Partisans. These settlers arrived on a mass scale at the arable lands of British North America, with large numbers settling in Glengarry County in present-day Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships of Québec.^[10] The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies. ... Britannia gives a heros welcome to returning American Loyalists. ... Patriots (also known as Americans, Whigs, or Rebels) were British North American colonists who rebelled against the British monarchy during the American Revolution and established the independent states that became the United States of America. ... British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... Glengarry County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages None Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total... The Eastern Townships (in French les Cantons de lest) is a region in south central Quebec, lying between the Saint Lawrence River and the US border. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor Linné) Tree Yellow Birch Bird Snowy Owl Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of...

Red River Colony

In 1812 Lord Selkirk of Scotland obtained 300 000 km² to build a colony at the forks of the Red River, in what would become Manitoba. He brought over 70 Scottish settlers, many of whom spoke only Gaelic, and there established a small farming colony. The settlement soon attracted local First Nations groups, resulting in an unprecedented interaction of Scottish (Lowland, Highland, and Orkney), English, Cree, French, Ojibwe, Saulteaux, and Métis traditions all in close contact.^[11] For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... Categories: People stubs | 1771 births | 1820 deaths | Peers ... In 1811, a wealthy Scottish aristocrat, named Earl of Selkirk decided to make the Red Rivew colony for poor immigrants that came from the Scottish highlands. ... See also the Red River disambiguation page. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English and French, per mandate of the Constitution Act 1982 Flower Prairie Crocus Tree White Spruce Bird Great Grey Owl Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 14... First Nations is the current title used by Canada to describe the various societies of the indigenous peoples, called Native Americans in the U.S. They have also been known as Indians, Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, Amer-Indians, or Aboriginals, and are officially called Indians in the Indian Act, which... In physical geography, a lowland is any broad expanse of land with a general low level. ... The Highland unitary authority area (Roinn na Gàidhealtachd in Gaelic) is a local government area in the Scottish Highlands and the largest local government area in Scotland. ... Orkney (sometimes known as the Orkney Islands) is an archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles north of the coast of Caithness. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... The Cree are an indigenous people of North America whose people range from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean in both Canada and the United States. ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... The Saulteaux are a First Nation in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada. ... Metis can refer to a number of things: Metis was a Titaness and the first wife of Zeus. ...

In the 1840s Toronto Reverend Dr. John Black was sent to preach to the settlement, but "his lack of the Gaelic was at first a grievous disappointment" to parisioners.^[12] With continuing immigration the population of Scots colonists grew to more than 300, but by the 1860s the French-Métis outnumbered the Scots, and tensions between the two groups would prove a major factor in the ensuing Red River Rebellion.^[13] 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anglican Church of Canada The Anglican Church of Canada (the ACC) is the Canadian branch of the Anglican Communion. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Métis provisional government The Red River Rebellion or Red River Resistance are the names given to the events surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel in 1869 at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba. ...

The continuing association between the Selkirk colonists and surrounding First Nations groups evolved into a unique contact dialect. Used primarily by the Anglo- and Scots-Métis traders, the “Red River Dialect” or Bungee was a mixture of Gaelic and English with many terms borrowed from the local native languages. Whether the dialect was a trade pidgin or a fully developed mixed language is unknown. Today the Scots-Métis have largely been absorbed by the more dominant French-Métis culture, and the Bungee dialect is most likely extinct. First Nations is a term of ethnicity used in Canada. ... A pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ... A division of the Metis people of Canada, the Anglo-Metis were children of the fur trade; typically of Scottish or Orkney descent (although some were English) on their fathers sides and aboriginal on their mothers. ... A division of the Metis people of Canada, the Anglo-Metis were children of the fur trade; typically of Scottish or Orkney descent (although some were English) on their fathers sides and aboriginal on their mothers. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when two languages are in contact and there is a high degree of bilingualism among speakers. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Nineteenth Century

Rt Hon. Dr Tòmas Raibeart Mac Aonghais.

By 1850 Gaelic was the third most-common mother tongue in British North America after English and French, and is believed to have been spoken by more than 200 000 British North Americans at that time.^[14] A large population who spoke the mutally comprehensible Irish Gaelic immigrated to Scots Gaelic communities and to Irish settlements in Newfoundland. In PEI and Cape Breton there were large areas of Gaelic monolingualism ^[15], and communities of Gaelic-speakers had established themselves in northeastern Nova Scotia (around Pictou and Antigonish); in Glengarry, Stormont, Grey, and Bruce Counties in Ontario; in the Codroy Valley of Newfoundland; in Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Eastern Québec.^[16] Image File history File links ThomasMcInnes. ... Image File history File links ThomasMcInnes. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ... British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Newfoundland Irish (Irish: Gaeilge Talamh an Éisc) is a dialect of the Irish language specific to the island of Newfoundland and widely spoken until the mid-20th century. ... Newfoundland —   (stress on final syllable; for mispronunciations, see Newfoundland travel guide from Wikitravel)— (French: , Irish: ) is a large island off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... Antigonish is a Canadian town in north-eastern Nova Scotia, just west of Cape Breton. ... Stormont County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Categories: Stub | Ontario counties and regions ... Bruce County is a county in western Ontario, Canada, and includes the Bruce Peninsula. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages None Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Official languages English Flower Pitcher Plant Tree Black Spruce Bird Atlantic Puffin Capital St. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One With the Strength of Many) Location City Information Established: 1738 (Fort Rouge), 1873 (City of Winnipeg) Area: 465. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English and French, per mandate of the Constitution Act 1982 Flower Prairie Crocus Tree White Spruce Bird Great Grey Owl Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 14... The Eastern Townships (in French les Cantons de lest) is a region in south central Quebec, lying between the Saint Lawrence River and the US border. ...

At the time of Confederation in 1867 the most common mother-tongue among the Fathers of Confederation was Gaelic.^[17] In 1890, Tòmas Raibeart Mac Aonghais, an independent Senator from British Columbia (born Lake Ainslie, Cape Breton Island) tabled a bill entitled “An Act to Provide for the Use of Gaelic in Official Proceedings.”^[18] He cited the ten Scottish and eight Irish senators who spoke Gaelic, and thirty-two members of the House of Commons who spoke either Scots- or Irish Gaelic. The bill was defeated 42–7.^[19] Despite the widespread disregard by government of Gaelic issues, records exist of at least one criminal trial conducted entirely in Gaelic, c.1880–1900 in Baddeck, and presided over by Chief Justice Seumas Mac Dhòmhnaill.^[20] A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ... Canadian Confederation, or the Confederation of Canada, was the process that ultimately brought together a union among the provinces, colonies and territories of British North America to form a Dominion of the British Empire, which today is a federal nation state simply known as Canada. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Thomas Robert McInnes or (Gaelic) Tòmas Mac Aonghais (November 5, 1840 – March 19, 1904) was a Canadian physician, Member of Parliament and Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. ... The Senate of Canada (French: Le Sénat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Official languages English de facto (none stated in law) Flower Pacific dogwood Tree Western Redcedar Bird Stellers Jay Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 36 6 Area... Lake Ainslie on Cape Breton Island is the largest natural freshwater lake in Nova Scotia. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... The Senate of Canada (French: Le Sénat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... The House of Commons (French: Chambre des communes) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... The village of Baddeck is located in Victoria County, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island in the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. ...

Linguistic features

The pronunciation of Canadian Gaelic has diverged in several ways from the standard Gaelic spoken in Scotland.^[21] Gaelic terms unique to Canada exist, though research on the exact number is deficient.^[22] The language has also had a considerable and well-known effect on Cape Breton English. The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonological point of view. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Phonology

/ ʟ / → / w /

The most common Canadian Gaelic shibboleth, where broad “ l ” is pronounced as “ w.” This form was well-known in Western Scotland where it was called the “gwug Eigeach” (“Eigg cluck”), for its putative use among speakers from the Isle of Eigg.^[23]

/ ɴ / → / m /

When “ n ” occurs after a rounded vowel, speakers tend to pronounce it as “ m.”^[24]

/ ɴ / → / w /

This form is limited mostly to the plural ending “-annan,” wherein the first ” n‘s ” are pronounced as ” w.”^[25]

/ r / → / ʃ /

This change occurs frequently in many Scotland dialects when “ r ” is realised next to specific consonants; however such conditions are not necessary in Canadian Gaelic, where ” r ” is pronounced as “ sh” regardless of surrounding sounds.^[26]

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. ... Island of Eigg, as seen from a ferry An Sgurr Eigg is one of the Small Isles, in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... This article is about a lingustic term. ...

Vocabulary

fermeireachd verb. to farm.^[27]

lodan noun. velvet offering pouch for church.^[28]

mogan noun. moccassin.^[29]

pàirc-coillidh or pàirce-choilleadh noun. wooded clearing burnt for planting crops.^[30]

Gaelic in Cape Breton English

boomaler noun. raucous drunkard. (possibly from buidheam-òlar, lit. “drunken fits and starts” ).

sgudal noun. garbage.^[31]

skiff noun. a deep blanket of snow covering the ground. (from sguabach or sgiobhag ).^[32]

Arts and Culture

Government of Nova Scotia official Gaelic wordmark.

A.W.R. MacKenzie founded the Nova Scotia Gaelic College at St Anns in 1939.^[33] St Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia has a Celtic Studies department with Gaelic-speaking faculty members.^[34] it is the only such department in North America to offer four full years of Scottish Gaelic instruction.^[35] Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Nova Scotia Gaelic College is located in the community of St. ... St. ... Antigonish is town located in the eastern Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

Eòin Baoideach of Antigonish published the monthly Gaelic magazine An Cuaintear Og Gaelach (The Gaelic Tourist) around 1851.^[36] The world's longest-running Gaelic periodical MacTalla (Echo), was printed by Eòin G. MacFhionghain for eleven years between 1892 and 1904, in Sydney, NS.^[37] 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Downtown Sydney, Nova Scotia Sydney, Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island Sydney is a community and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada, and is located on its namesake harbour in eastern Cape Breton County. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total...

Many English-speaking artists of Canadian Gaelic heritage have featured Canadian Gaelic in their works, among them Alistair MacLeod (No Great Mischief), Ann-Marie MacDonald (Fall on your Knees), and D.R. MacDonald (Cape Breton Road). Gael (Ancient people) : A Gael is a member of a distinct culture existing in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man whose language is one that is Gaelic. ... Cover of Island (2001). ... No Great Mischief is a 1999 novel by Alistair MacLeod. ... Ann-Marie MacDonald, born in 1958, is a Canadian playwright, novelist, actor and broadcast journalist who lives in Toronto, Ontario. ... An international Bestseller by Ann-Marie MacDonald. ...

Gaelic-language singer Mary Jane Lamond has released several albums in the language, including the 1997 hit the "Horo Ghoid thu Nighean," ("Jenny Dang the Weaver.") Cape Breton fiddling is a unique tradition of gaelic and acadian styles, known in fiddling circles worldwide. Mary Jane Lamond is a Canadian folk musician who performs renditions of traditional Gaelic folk songs from Cape Breton Island. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cape Breton fiddling is a lively regional violin style which falls within the Celtic Music idiom. ... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ...

The school cheer of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario is "Oilthigh na Banrighinn a'Banrighinn gu brath!" ("The College of the Queen forever!"), and is traditionally sung after scoring a touchdown in football matches. The university's team is nicknamed the Golden Gaels. Queens University, generally referred to simply as Queens, is a coeducational, non-sectarian, research-intensive university located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. ... Murney Tower, Kingston. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages None Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total... The fight song of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. ... Canadian football is a sport in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards (100. ... Queens Golden Gaels Logo The Queens Golden Gaels are the athletic teams that represent Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. ...

"Glen Breton Rare" is the world's only single malt whisky made outside of Scotland. Glen Breton Rare with Collectors Case Glen Breton Rare is a Canadian single malt whisky. ... Single malt whiskey, sometimes spelled whisky, is an alcoholic beverage which comes from a single distillery, in which all the grain used for the mash has been malted. ...

Gaelic-speaking settlers in Windsor, Nova Scotia adapted the popular Gaelic sport shinty (shinny) to be played on ice wearing skates, the precursor to modern hockey. St. ... // A Shinty Game In Progress Shinty, (Scottish Gaelic camanachd or iomain), is a team sport played with sticks and a ball. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ...

The first Gaelic language film to be made in North America, The Wake of Calum MacLeod is a six-minute short filmed in Cape Breton.^[38] World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

Reasons for Decline

Despite the long history of Gaelic in Canada, the fluent population started to decline after 1850. This drop was a result of prejudice (both from outside, and from within the Gaelic community itself), aggressive dissuasion in school and government, and the perceived prestige of English. 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Prestige means good reputation or high esteem, although it originally meant a delusion or magicians trick (Latin præstigum). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Gaelic has faced widespread prejudice in Great Britain for generations, and those feelings were easily transposed to British North America.^[39] In 1868 the Scottish-American Journal mockingly reported that "...the preliminary indispensables for acquiring Gaelic are: swallowing a neat assortment of nutmeal-graters, catching a chronic bronchitis, having one nostril hermetically sealed up, and submitting to a dislocation of the jaw."^[40] British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

That Gaelic had not received official status in its homeland made it easier for Canadian legislators to disregard the concerns of domestic speakers. Legislators questioned why "privileges should be asked for Highland Scotchmen in [the Canadian Parliament] that are not asked for in their own country?.” ^[41] Politicians who themselves spoke the language held opinions that would today be considered misinformed; Lunenburg Senator Henry A.N. Kaulbach, in response to Tòmas Mac Aonghais's Gaelic bill, described the language as only “well suited to poetry and fairy tales.”^[42] The belief that certain languages had inherent strengths and weaknesses was typical in the 19th century, but has been wholly refuted by modern linguistics. Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... Lunenburg, Nova Scotia can mean: Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (town) Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (municipal district) Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Thomas Robert McInnes or (Gaelic) Tòmas Mac Aonghais (November 5, 1840 – March 19, 1904) was a Canadian physician, Member of Parliament and Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. ... In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ...

Around 1880 Mac Diarmaid am bhàrd from The North Shore, wrote An Tè a' Chaill a' Ghàidhlig (The Girl who Lost her Gaelic), a humorous song recounting the growing phenomenon of Gaels shunning their mother-tongue.^[43]

1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Inverness County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ...

With the outbreak of World War II the Canadian government attempted to prevent the use of Gaelic on public telecommunications systems. The government believed Gaelic was used by subversives affiliated with Ireland, a neutral country sometimes perceived as tacit supporters of the Nazis.^[44] In Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton where the Gaelic language was strongest, it was actively discouraged in schools with corporal punishment. Children were beaten with the maide-crochaidh (hanging stick) if caught speaking Gaelic.^[45] Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian... National Socialism redirects here. ... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti The Small Protected By The Great) Official languages English Flower Pink Ladys Slipper Tree Red Oak Bird Blue Jay Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor Barbara Oliver Hagerman Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total  - Land  - Water... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to correct behavior or to punish. ...

Job opportunities for monolingual Gaels were few and restricted to the dwindling Gaelic-communities, compelling most into the mines or the fishery. Many saw English fluency as the key to success, and for the first time in Canadian history Gaelic-speaking parents were teaching their children to speak English en masse. The sudden stop of the Gaelic tradition-bearing bho ghlùin gu glùin ("from knee to knee"), caused by shame and prejudice, was the immediate cause of the drastic decline in Gaelic fluency in the Twentieth Century.^[46] This article is about mineral extraction. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ...

Ultimately the population dropped from a peak of 200 000 in 1850, to 80 000 in 1900, to 30 000 in 1930 and 500–1000 today.^[47] There are no longer entire communities of Canadian Gaelic-speakers, although traces of the language and pockets of speakers are relatively commonplace on Cape Breton, and especially in traditional strongholds like Christmas Island, The North Shore, and Baddeck. 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... // The term Cape Breton appears in several different things: Geographic locations Cape Breton Island, a Canadian island on the Atlantic Ocean coast Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, Canada. ... Inverness County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... The village of Baddeck is located in Victoria County, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island in the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. ...

Outlook and Development

In 2006 the second annual Halifax Celtic Fèis was cancelled due to the organisers' inability to "provide the attending public with a first rate festival," though plans are underway for future events.^[48] In 2005 the homepage for the popular Canadian Gaelic magazine "Am Braighe" went offline, and the magazine itself has ceased publication.^[49] 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

The oft-quoted statistic that "Scots Gaelic is spoken by more people in Cape Breton than in Scotland" is a fallacy. As of 2001 the official UK estimation is 58,652 Gaelic speakers; a figure fifty times larger than the most optimistic Canadian statistic. This article is about the year 2001. ... Census 2001 is the name by which the national census conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 is known. ...

In the past fifteen years interest in the language has grown, in parallel to a similar build on the opposite side of the Atlantic.^{[citation needed]} Although not on the scale of the Scotland revival (for example there are no Canadian Gaelic-language immersion schools), several government initiatives have been undertaken to assess the current state of the language and language-community. Look up Atlantic Ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

The Gaelic Economic-impact Study and the Gaelic Preservation Strategy are the two most significant documents on the subject thus far. They were specifically commisssioned by the Government of Nova Scotia and call for developing the community, strengthening education, legislating signs and publications, and building ties between the Gaelic community and other Nova Scotia heritage language communities (In Nova Scotia, this refers to Speakers of Mi'kmaq and Acadian french. Increased ties were called for between Nova Scotia and Scotland, and the first such agreement, the memorandum of understanding, was signed in 2002.^[50] Community Development, informally called community building, is a broad term applied to the practices and academic disciplines of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various aspects of local communities. ... A German Autobahn overhead direction sign A U.S. warning sign indicating that drivers who do not wish to exit immediately should merge left, and a prohibitory No Stopping sign A Traffic sign in Road construction image Most countries erect signage, known as traffic signs or road signs, at the... The Mikmaq language (also spelled Míkmaq, Migmaq, and Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by around 7,300 Mikmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Mikmaq population of roughly 20,000. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

Today in Cape Breton introductory Gaelic courses are offerred at the secondary level, in addition to the advanced programmes at St Francis Xavier and the Gaelic College. Private schools and individual tutours are also widely available, across Nova Scotia and urban Canada. // The term Cape Breton appears in several different things: Geographic locations Cape Breton Island, a Canadian island on the Atlantic Ocean coast Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, Canada. ... Secondary school is the term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... St. ... The Nova Scotia Gaelic College is located in the community of St. ...

Gaelic Placenames in Canada

Glengarry County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... Newfoundland —   (stress on final syllable; for mispronunciations, see Newfoundland travel guide from Wikitravel)— (French: , Irish: ) is a large island off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti The Small Protected By The Great) Official languages English Flower Pink Ladys Slipper Tree Red Oak Bird Blue Jay Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor Barbara Oliver Hagerman Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total  - Land  - Water... Lot 60 is a township in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. ... Calgary is the largest city in the province of Alberta, Canada. ...

See also

// Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Newfoundland Irish (Irish: Gaeilge Talamh an Éisc) is a dialect of the Irish language specific to the island of Newfoundland and widely spoken until the mid-20th century. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada NASA landsat photo of Cape Breton Island Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Cape Breton accent is a variety of Canadian English spoken on Cape Breton Island off the eastern coast of the province of Nova Scotia in Canada. ... Language acquisition is the process by which the language capability develops in a human. ...

Notes and References

Notes

References

• Scottish Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts
• Leugh Seo, library
• Scottish Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia
• Gàidhlig placenames of Nova Scotia
• Gaelic Economic-impact Study
• Gaelic Preservation Strategy
• Nova Scotia Gaelic Resources
• Highland Village in Cape Breton
• Gaelic in Prince Edward Island