Canards (blue) on the Saab Viggen

In aeronautics, canard (French for duck) is an airframe configuration of fixed-wing aircraft in which the tailplane is ahead of the main lifting surfaces, rather than behind them as in conventional aircraft, or when there is an additional small set of wings in front of the main lifting surface. The earliest models, such as the Santos-Dumont 14-bis, were seen by observers to resemble a flying duck — hence the name. In aeronautics, canard (French for duck) is a type of fixed-wing aircraft in which the tailplane is ahead of the main lifting surfaces, rather than behind them as in conventional aircraft, or when there is an additional small set of wings in front of the main lifting surface. ... Image File history File linksMetadata SaabViggen_Canards. ... Image File history File linksMetadata SaabViggen_Canards. ... The Saab Viggen (Thunder Bolt or Bolt ¹) or Saab 37 is a Swedish fighter aircraft manufactured between 1970 and 1990 to replace the Saab Draken (Dragon). ... Six F-16 Fighting Falcons with the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds aerial demonstration team fly in delta formation in front of the Empire State Building. ... // Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... An Air France Boeing 777, a modern passenger jet. ... A tailplane, also known as horizontal stabilizer, is a small lifting surface located behind the main lifting surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft as well as other non-fixed wing aircraft such as helicopters and gyroplanes. ... A Laughing Gull on the beach in Atlantic City, USA. Wing shapes: a swept wing KC-10 Extender from Travis Air Force Base, California, refuels a delta wing F/A-22 Raptor. ... For the Brazilian band, see 14 Bis (Band) The 14-bis, also known as Oiseau de proie (French for bird of prey), was an early fixed-wing aircraft designed and built by Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont. ...

The term "canard" has also come to mean any horizontal airfoil mounted in front of the main wing, whether moving or not.

Canard aircraft characteristics

Advantages

• Canard designs can sometimes have a more useful range of centre of gravity.

• The fuselage in a canard design is supported in two places, as the plane has two wings. Because of the added support the fuselage does not have to be as strong, which means it can be lighter. However this saving in weight is minimal when compared to the extra weight needed to strengthen and enlarge the wing.

• Canard designs include elevators, stabilators, or elevons, the last of which enhances roll rate.

• Because the canard reduces the lift of the main wing, it reduces the lift-induced drag of the wing, lowering the overall drag of the aircraft.

• Prior to a stall, the canard stalls before the main wing. This causes the nose to pitch down, which typically prevents the main wing from a stall.

In physics, the center of gravity (CoG) of an object is the average location of its weight. ... The fuselage can be short, and seemingly unaerodynamic, as in this Christen Eagle 2 The fuselage (from the French fuselé spindle-shaped) is an aircrafts main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo. ... In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, or induced drag, is a drag force which occurs whenever a lifting body or a wing of finite span generates lift. ... For other uses, see stall A stall is the slowing or stopping of a process. ...

Disadvantages

• The wing operates in the downwash from the canard surface, which reduces its efficiency although the effects of the downwash does not cause as large of a problem as the tailplane would experience in a conventional set-up.

• Because the main wing operates in the downwash of the horizontal stabilizer the wing root does not achieve its maximum lift. This means that the wing tip creates more lift than the wing root, as a result the wing has to be significantly strengthened. Strengthening the wing adds weight to the aircraft. Another adverse effect of the wing not creating its maximum lift is that more wing area is needed.

• It is often difficult to apply flaps to the wing in a canard design. Deploying flaps causes a large nose-down pitching moment, but in a conventional aeroplane this effect is considerably reduced by the increased downwash on the tailplane which produces a restoring nose-up pitching moment. With a canard design there is no tailplane to alleviate this effect. The Beechcraft Starship attempted to overcome this problem with a swing-wing canard surface which swept forwards to counteract the effect of deploying flaps, but many canard designs have no flaps at all.

• In order to achieve longitudinal stability, most canard designs feature a small canard surface operating at a high lift coefficient (C_L), while the main wing, although much larger, operates at a much smaller C_L and never achieves its full lift potential. Because the maximum lift potential of the wing is typically unavailable, and flaps are absent or difficult to use, takeoff and landing distances and speeds are often higher than for similar conventional aircraft.

In physics, mechanical efficiency is the effectiveness of a machine and is defined as Efficiency is often indicated by a percentage, the efficiency of an ideal machine is 100%. Due to the fact that energy cannot emerge from nothing and the Second law of thermodynamics which states that the quality... The wing root of a simple aircraft, an American Aviation AA-1 Yankee, showing a wing root fairing The wing root is that part of the wing, on a fixed-wing aircraft, that is closest to the fuselage. ... The wing tip of a Quad City Challenger II, formed with an aluminum bow The wing tip of an American Aviation AA-1 Yankee, showing its Hoerner style design A Piper PA-28 Cherokee with huge winglets installed The wing tip is that part of the wing most distant from... The wing root of a simple aircraft, an American Aviation AA-1 Yankee, showing a wing root fairing The wing root is that part of the wing, on a fixed-wing aircraft, that is closest to the fuselage. ... Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of an airplane wing which, when deployed, increase the lift (and drag) of a wing by changing the camber of the airfoil. ... The pitching moment of an airfoil, in aerodynamics, is a moment produced by a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the airfoil, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down[1]. References ↑ Preston, Ray (2006). ... Beechcraft 2000 Starship (NASA) Beechcraft Starship (NASA) The Beechcraft Starship is a futuristic-looking aircraft designed by Burt Rutans Scaled Composites and produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation. ... The coefficient of lift is a number associated with a particular shape of an aerofoil, and is incorporated in the lift equation to predict the lift force generated by a wing using this particular cross section. ...

Examples of canard aircraft

Aircraft that have successfully employed this configuration include:

The Atlas Cheetah is a fighter aircraft of the South African Air Force. ... The Boeing (formerly Rockwell International) B-1B Lancer is a long-range strategic bomber in service with the United States Air Force (USAF). ... Beechcraft 2000 Starship (NASA) Beechcraft Starship (NASA) The Beechcraft Starship is a futuristic-looking aircraft designed by Burt Rutans Scaled Composites and produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation. ... Berkut 360 Berkut 360 Berkut aircraft are tandem-seating two-seat homebuilt canard aircraft that are built primarily of carbon fiber and fiberglass. ... The Chengdu J-10 is a multirole fighter aircraft designed and produced by the Peoples Republic of Chinas Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) for the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). ... The Rutan derivative Cozy Mk. ... The Curtiss-Wright Corporation was once a leading aircraft manufacturer of the United States, but has since become a component manufacturer, specializing in actuators, controls, valves, and metal treatment. ... The Curtiss-Wright Corporation was once a leading aircraft manufacturer of the United States, but has since become a component manufacturer, specializing in actuators, controls, valves, and metal treatment. ... The second XP-55 built, 278846 The XP-55 Ascender was a prototype fighter aircraft built by Curtiss. ... The logo of the Dassault Rafale program. ... The Eurofighter Typhoon is a twin-engine multi-role canard-delta strike fighter aircraft, designed and built by a consortium of European aerospace manufacturers through Eurofighter GmbH which was formed in 1986. ... The Grumman X-29 explored a number of new technologies, the most immediately obvious being the forward swept wings (FSW) and canard control surface. ... The Israel Aircraft Industries Kfir (Hebrew: כפיר, Lion Cub) is an Israeli-built all-weather, multi-role combat aircraft based on a modified Dassault Mirage 5 airframe, with Israeli avionics and an Israeli-made version of the General Electric J79 turbojet engine. ... The IAI Lavi (Hebrew: לביא,) was a multi billion dollar project that was allegedly disbanded under preasure from the US Governmant due to fears of the political implications of a self reliant Israel Air Force. ... The Kyūshū J7W1 Shinden (震電, Magnificent Lightning) fighter was a World War II Japanese propeller driven aircraft that was built in a canard design. ... DC-10, retired from American Airlines fleet at gate McDonnell Douglas was a major American aerospace manufacturer, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is an aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ... The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F-15S/MTD (Short Takeoff and Landing/Maneuver Technology Demonstrator) is a modified variant of the F-15 Eagle. ... The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 (МиГ-8 in Cyrillic script) was a Soviet experimental aircraft of 1945. ... The SM-64 Navaho was the last-built in a line of intermediate-range ballistic missiles designed by North American Aviation in the late 1950s for the U.S. Air Force. ... The North American X-10, much like the X-9 Shrike, was an unmanned technology demonstrator for advanced missile technologies. ... The Peterson 260SE is a STOL conversion of a Cessna 182 airframe made by Todd Peterson. ... STOL is an acronym for Short Take-Off and Landing, used in the aircraft industry to describe airplanes with very short runway requirements. ... A Piaggio P.180 in flight, demonstrating the unique design. ... The collaborative U.S.-German Rockwell-MBB X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability program was designed to test fighter thrust vectoring technology. ... The Rutan Defiant is a four-seat, twin-engine aircraft with one propeller in front and one in the rear. ... Long-EZ belonging to NOAA The Rutan Model 61 Long-EZ is a homebuilt aircraft with a canard layout designed by Burt Rutans Rutan Aircraft Factory. ... Rutan VariEze The Rutan Model 31 VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. ... VariViggen is a plane designed by Burt Rutan, he named it after Swedish fighterplane Saab Viggen. ... For the Brazilian band, see 14 Bis (Band) The 14-bis, also known as Oiseau de proie (French for bird of prey), was an early fixed-wing aircraft designed and built by Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont. ... The Saab Viggen (Thunder Bolt or Bolt ¹) or Saab 37 is a Swedish fighter aircraft manufactured between 1970 and 1990 to replace the Saab Draken (Dragon). ... The Saab JAS-39 Gripen (Griffin) is a fighter aircraft from Sweden manufactured by Saab. ... Stagger-Ez is Steve Wrights three place canard aircraft featuring staggered seating, dihedral canard, rounder fuselage etc. ... The Sukhoi Su-30 is a military aircraft that was produced by the Russian company Sukhoi in 1996. ... An Su-33 preparing for take-off from the deck of the aircraft carrierKuznetsov To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sukhoi Su-35 (NATO designation: Flanker-E) is an advanced fighter aircraft in the Russian Federation Air Force inventory. ... The Sukhoi Su-37 Terminator (NATO designation: Flanker-F) is a Russian multi-role jet fighter aircraft. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Sukhoi T-4 was a Soviet medium-range bomber. ... The Tupolev Tu-144 (NATO reporting name: Charger) was a supersonic airliner constructed under management of the Soviet Tupolev design bureau headed by Alexei Tupolev (1925–2001). ... See also Rutan Long-EZ Rutan VariEze Rutan Defiant Berkut aircraft Cozy MK IV Velocity SE Velocity XL Canard External links [Velocity aircraft] Category: ... See also Rutan Long-EZ Rutan VariEze Rutan Defiant Berkut aircraft Cozy MK IV Velocity SE Canard External links [Velocity aircraft] ... The Wright Flyer (often retrospectively referred to as Flyer I and occasionally Kitty Hawk) was the first powered aircraft designed and built by the Wright brothers. ... The North American XB-70 Valkyrie was conceived for the Strategic Air Command in the 1950s as a high-altitude bomber that could fly three times the speed of sound (Mach 3). ...

Gallery

Eurofighter Typhoon of the Royal Air Force displaying at the Farnborough Air Show, 2006	Dassault Rafale	Canards visible on a JAS-39 Gripen at the Farnborough Air Show
Grumman X-29	Chengdu J-10	Sukhoi Su-47
Canards (just behind the flight deck) on the XB-70 Valkyrie experimental bomber aircraft	Piaggio P180 Avanti	Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8, 1945
Beechcraft Starship	Rutan Long-EZ, with canard just ahead of the pilot	The Rutan derivative Cozy Mk.III

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x644, 47 KB) Taken and donated by John Mullen I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x644, 47 KB) Taken and donated by John Mullen I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Eurofighter Typhoon is a twin-engine multi-role canard-delta strike fighter aircraft, designed and built by a consortium of European aerospace manufacturers through Eurofighter GmbH which was formed in 1986. ... RAF redirects here. ... Farnborough 2006 Farnborough 2006 The Red Arrows in formation at Farnborough The Airbus A380, at Farnborough The Farnborough International Airshow is a seven-day international trade fair for the aerospace business which is held biannually in England. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x1002, 50 KB) source: [1] Auteur:Arnaud Gaillard arnaud () amarys . ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x1002, 50 KB) source: [1] Auteur:Arnaud Gaillard arnaud () amarys . ... The logo of the Dassault Rafale program. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (841x1000, 102 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (841x1000, 102 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (Griffin) is a 4. ... Farnborough 2006 Farnborough 2006 The Red Arrows in formation at Farnborough The Airbus A380, at Farnborough The Farnborough International Airshow is a seven-day international trade fair for the aerospace business which is held biannually in England. ... Grumman X-29A, 1991 From: http://www. ... Grumman X-29A, 1991 From: http://www. ... The Grumman X-29 explored a number of new technologies, the most immediately obvious being the forward swept wings and canard control surface. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x600, 276 KB) Summary Chengdu J-10 multirole fighter, PLAAF. Unknown photographer; image has been cropped and retouched. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x600, 276 KB) Summary Chengdu J-10 multirole fighter, PLAAF. Unknown photographer; image has been cropped and retouched. ... The Chengdu J-10 is a multirole fighter aircraft designed and produced by the Peoples Republic of Chinas Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) for the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). ... Image File history File links S-37_in_flight1_jno_rvb. ... Image File history File links S-37_in_flight1_jno_rvb. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (958x768, 116 KB) North American XB-70, NASA picture Source: http://www1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (958x768, 116 KB) North American XB-70, NASA picture Source: http://www1. ... The North American XB-70 Valkyrie was conceived for the Strategic Air Command in the 1950s as a high-altitude bomber that could fly three times the speed of sound (Mach 3). ... Download high resolution version (902x662, 108 KB)Piaggio P180 airplane Producers homepage This is a copyrighted image that has been released by a company or organisation to promote their works in the media. ... Download high resolution version (902x662, 108 KB)Piaggio P180 airplane Producers homepage This is a copyrighted image that has been released by a company or organisation to promote their works in the media. ... A Piaggio P.180 in flight, demonstrating the unique design. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1357x610, 95 KB) Picture published in USSR prior 1954, own scan File links The following pages link to this file: Canard Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1357x610, 95 KB) Picture published in USSR prior 1954, own scan File links The following pages link to this file: Canard Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... From [1]. Credited to NASA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... From [1]. Credited to NASA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Beechcraft 2000 Starship (NASA) Beechcraft Starship (NASA) The Beechcraft Starship is a futuristic-looking aircraft designed by Burt Rutans Scaled Composites and produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1255, 542 KB) Rutan Long-EZ 160 (UK registration G-WILY) taking off at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, England. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1255, 542 KB) Rutan Long-EZ 160 (UK registration G-WILY) taking off at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, England. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1699x1150, 327 KB) Rutan Cosy Mk. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1699x1150, 327 KB) Rutan Cosy Mk. ...

Naval canards

Submarines also use canards to control "flight" through water without noisy variation in ballast. Large surface vessels use retractable canards to stabilize in rough seas or extreme manoeuvers.

References

see also

• tandem wing

A tandem wing aircraft usually involves two full-sized wings, both of which are full airfoils. ...

External links