NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cane Toad

The Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), also known as the Giant Neotropical Toad or Marine Toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to Central and South America. It is a member of the subgenus Chaunus of the genus Bufo, which includes many different true toad species throughout Central and South America. The Cane Toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with large numbers of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among Anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10 to 15 centimetres (4–6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen weighed 2.65 kg (5.8 lb) with a length of 38 cm (15 in) from snout to vent. Cane Toad in Tampa, Florida image by: Bill Waller --Bare Foot Billy 13:54, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC) Licensed for use in accordance with the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cane Toad in Tampa, Florida image by: Bill Waller --Bare Foot Billy 13:54, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC) Licensed for use in accordance with the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Species See text. ... The true toads are amphibians in the Bufonidae family. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Species See text. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Frog spawn Spawning is the production or depositing of eggs in large numbers by aquatic animals. ... In most birds and reptiles, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ... Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. ...

The Cane Toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Because of its voracious appetite, the Cane Toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control, notably failing in the case of Australia in 1935, and derives its common name from its use against the greyback cane beetle pests. The Cane Toad is now considered a pest in many of its introduced regions, because its toxic skin kills many native predators when ingested. It has many negative effects on farmers because of pets and animals eating the creatures. For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... Human submaxillary gland. ... For other uses, see Tadpole (disambiguation). ... Pacific redirects here. ... West Indies redirects here. ... A crop duster applies low-insecticide bait that is targeted against Western corn rootworms Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is believed to be detrimental to a persons health, the ecology or the economy Pest control is... Binomial name Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse, 1875) The cane beetle, Dermolepida albohirtum, is a native Australian beetle and a pest of sugar cane. ...

Taxonomy

The common name of "Cane Toad" is derived from the original purpose of using it to eradicate pests in sugar cane crops. The Cane Toad has many other common names, including "Giant Toad" and "Marine Toad"; the former refers to their size, and the latter to the binomial name, Bufo marinus. It was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae.^[2] Linnaeus based the specific epithet, marinus, on an illustration by Albertus Seba, who mistakenly believed the Cane Toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments.^[3] Other common names include "Giant Neotropical Toad," "Dominican Toad," "Giant Marine Toad," and "South American Cane Toad." In Trinidadian English they are commonly called "Crapaud" (the French name for "toad"). Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] â€“ January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Cover of the tenth edition of Linnaeuss Systema Naturae (1758). ... A specific epithet is a biological epithet of a species. ... Albertus Seba (1665-1736) was a Zoologist who published an early Thesaurus of animal specimens. ... For other uses, see Trinidad (disambiguation). ...

In Australia, the adults may be confused with species of the Limnodynastes, Neobatrachus, Mixophyes, and Notaden genera. These species can be readily distinguished from the Cane Toad by the lack of large parotoid glands behind their eyes. Cane toads have been confused with the Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus), because both are large and warty in appearance; however, the Giant Burrowing Frog can be readily distinguished from the Cane Toad by its vertical pupils. Juvenile Cane Toads may be confused with species of the Uperoleia genus, because they all have large parotoid glands; juvenile Cane Toads can be distinguished from these species by the ridging around their eyes and the lack of bright colouring on their thighs.^[4] Species See text Limnodynastes is a genus of frogs native to Australia and Southern New Guinea. ... Species See text Neobatrachus is a genus of burrowing ground frogs widespread through much of Australia. ... Species See text The Barred Frogs are a group of frogs in the genus Mixophyes, which are Australian frogs of the Limnodynastidae family. ... Species See text Notaden is a genus of burrowing ground frogs native to central and northern Australia. ... The largest parotoid gland can be seen just behind the ear of this Cane Toad, although all warts on the toad are also parotoid glands. ... Binomial name Heleioporus australiacus (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) The Giant burrowing frog (Heleioporus australiacus) is a large frog species that occurs in coastal south east New South Wales and Victoria. ... Species Uperoleia is a genus of frogs, native to Australia in the family Myobatrachidae. ...

In the United States, the Cane Toad closely resembles many Bufonid species. In particular, it could be confused with the Southern toad (Bufo terrestris) and Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri). The Southern Toad can be distinguished by the presence of two bulbs in front of the parotoid glands, and the Fowler's Toad has a pale, cream-white stripe that runs down the dorsal surface; the Cane Toad lacks this stripe. Binomial name Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789 The southern toad (Bufo terrestris) is a medium sized (approximately 3 inches, the largest recorded toad was 4 1/2 inches) toad native to the southeastern United States, from eastern Louisiana to southeastern North Carolina. ...

It is possible to confuse the Cane Toad with the Rococo Toad (Bufo schneideri), sometimes referred to as Schneider's Toad, whose range overlaps that of the Cane Toad. The Rococo Toad grows to nearly the same size but has additional poison glands on its back legs which can be used to reliably identify it. Within its native range, the Cane Toad can be distinguished from the other true toads by the shape of its paratoid glands and the arrangement of the ridges on its head. Binomial name Bufo schneideri Werner, 1829 Synonyms Bufo paracnemis The Rococo Toad (Bufo schneideri), sometimes referred to as Schneiders Toad, is a large toad native to the South America countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. ...

Description

The Cane Toad is very large; the females are larger than males, reaching an average length of 10–15 centimetres (4–6 in), and much longer in some cases. "Prinsen", a toad kept as a pet in Sweden, is listed by the Guinness Book of Records as the largest recorded specimen. It reportedly weighed 2.65 kilograms (5.84 lb) and measured 38 centimetres (15 in) from snout to vent, or 54 centimetres (21 in) when fully extended.^[5] (3 lb).^[6] They have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild and as long as 20 years in captivity. Guinness World Records 2008 edition. ...

The skin of the Cane Toad is dry and warty. It has distinct ridges above the eyes which run down the snout. Cane Toads can be grey, brown, red-brown or olive in colour, with varying patterns. A large parotoid gland lies behind each eye. The ventral surface is cream and may have blotches in shades of black or brown. The pupils are horizontal and the irises golden. The toes have a fleshy webbing at their base, and the fingers are free of webbing.

Juvenile Cane Toads are much smaller than adult cane toads—only 5 to 10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long. Typically, they have smooth, dark skin, although some specimens have a red wash. Juveniles lack the adults' large parotoid glands, so they are usually less poisonous. Because they lack this key defence, it is estimated that only 0.5% of metamorph Cane Toads reach adulthood.^[7] The tadpoles are small and uniformly black. They are bottom-dwellers and congregate around plants forming schools. Tadpoles reach 27 millimetres (1 in) in length but are smaller—up to 22 millimetres (0.9 in)—under overcrowded conditions. School of juvenile herring - many fish have the opercula wide open for ram feeding and you can see the red gills The term swarm (schooling or swarming) is applied to fish, birds and insects and describes a behavior of an aggregation (school) of animals of similar size and body orientation...

Ecology, behaviour and life history

Adult Cane Toads possess enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes and other glands across the back. When threatened, the Cane Toad secretes a milky-white fluid known as bufotoxin from these glands. Bufotoxin contains components that are toxic to many animals. There are many reported deaths of animals and even reported deaths of humans,^[8] after consumption of Cane Toads. A Cane Toad is capable of inflating its lungs, puffing up and lifting its body off the ground to appear taller and larger to a predator. Bufotoxin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Most frogs identify prey by their movements; Cane Toads can also locate food using their sense of smell. They are therefore not limited to living prey and can eat plants, carrion, dog food and household refuse apart from the normal frog prey of small vertebrates and a range of invertebrates. They are active primarily at night and can range far from water. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Invertebrate is an English word that describes any animal without a spinal column. ...

The common name of "Marine Toad", and the scientific name Bufo marinus, suggest a link to marine life; however, there is no such link. Adult Cane Toads are entirely terrestrial, venturing to fresh water to breed, and tadpoles have been found to only tolerate salt concentrations equivalent to 15% that of sea water.^[9] Both eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals. This toxic protection remains at all life stages and very young cane toads kill small reptiles that eat them. Cane Toads inhabit open grassland and woodland, generally avoiding heavily forested areas; this inhibits their spread in many of the regions in which they were introduced. Various species of reef fish in the Hawaiian Islands. ...

Many species prey on the Cane Toad in its native distribution. These include the Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris), the Banded Cat-eyed Snake (Leptodeira annulata), the eel (family: Anguillidae), various species of killifish, the Jungle Perch (Kuhila rubestris), some species of catfish (order: Siluriformes) and some species of ibis (subfamily: Threskiornithinae). Predators outside the Cane Toad's native range include the Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus), the Rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and the Water Monitor (Varanus salvator). Occasional cases of the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) and the Papuan Frogmouth (Podargus papuensis)^[10] and afuran snakes (Acrochordus arafurae)^{[citation needed]} feeding on Cane Toads have been reported. These predators possess either a tolerance to the Cane Toad's toxins or behavioural adaptations that allow them to avoid the most poisonous areas of the frog as they hunt and consume it. Species Binomial name Caiman latirostris {{{author}}}, {{{date}}} The Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) is a crocodilian reptile found in parts of South America. ... Binomial name Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Leptodeira annulata, the Machete Savane is a small snake found in northern South America, Margarita and Trinidad and Tobago. ... Species See text Anguillidae is a family of fishes that contains many of the freshwater eels. ... A bluefin notho killifish, Nothobranchius rachovii, from East Africa. ... This article is about the siluriform catfishes; for the Atlantic catfish, see Seawolf (fish); for other uses, see Catfish (disambiguation). ... Genera Threskiornis Pseudibis Thaumatibis Geronticus Nipponia Bostrychia Theristicus Cercibis Mesembrinibis Phimosus Eudocimus Plegadis Lophotibis Ibises are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. ... Binomial name Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) The Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus is found throughout Australia. ... This article deals with the Australian Water Rat. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Rat range The Black Rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the Asian black rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily Murinae (murine rodents). ... Binomial name (Laurenti, 1768) The Water monitor Varanus salvator is a member of the monitor lizard family. ... Binomial name Podargus strigoides Latham, 1802 The Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides, is an Australian variety of frogmouth, a type of bird found throughout the Australian mainland, Tasmania and southern New Guinea. ... Binomial name Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 The Papuan Frogmouth (Podargus papuensis) is a species of bird in the Podargidae family. ...

Poison

Bufotenin, one of the chemicals excreted by the Cane Toad, is classified as a Class 1 drug under Australian drug laws. This is the same classification as heroin and marijuana. It is thought that the effects of bufotenin are similar to that of mild poisoning; the stimulating effect, which includes mild hallucinations, lasts for less than one hour.^[11] Since the Cane Toad excretes bufotenin in very small amounts, and other toxins in relatively large amounts, toad licking could result in serious illness or death.^[12] Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ... A Cannabis sativa plant The drug cannabis, also called marijuana, is produced from parts of the cannabis plant, primarily the cured flowers and gathered trichomes of the female plant. ... Psychoactive toad is a name used for toads from which psychoactive substances from the family of bufotoxins can be derived. ...

Distribution

The Cane Toad is native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas to central Amazon and south-eastern Peru. This range includes both tropical and semi-arid environments. The density of the Cane Toad within its native distribution is significantly lower than that of its introduced distribution. In South America, it is recorded at densities of 20 adults per 100 metres of shoreline, but in Australia the density reaches 1,000–2,000 adults over the same area.The Cane Toad was originally brought to Australia to eat the Cane grub.^[13] World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... The Rio Grande Valley is an area located in the southernmost tip of Texas. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ... In general terms, the climate of a locale or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Introductions

The Cane Toad has been introduced to many regions of the world, particularly the Pacific, for the biological control of agricultural pests. Up until 1844, Cane Toads had been introduced into Martinique, Barbados and Jamaica. They were unsuccessfully introduced into Jamaica to control the rat population. Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ...

In 1920, Cane Toads were introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of white-grub (Phyllophaga spp.), a pest of sugar cane. By 1932, the Cane Toad was well established on the island, and the populations of white-grubs were dramatically decreased. The decrease in the white-grub population was attributed to the Cane Toad, although there may have been other factors. The six year period after 1931 (when the Cane Toad was most prolific, and the white-grub saw dramatic decline) recorded the highest ever rainfall for Puerto Rico.^[14] However, the assumption that the Cane Toad controlled the white-grub led to the large scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific. Phyllophaga is a genus of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. ...

There are introduced populations in Australia, Florida, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ogasawara and Ryukyu Islands of Japan, most Caribbean islands and many Pacific islands, including Hawaii and Fiji. Cane Toads were introduced into Fiji to combat insects which infest sugar cane plantations. The introductions generally failed to control the targeted pests, most of which were later controlled by the use of insecticides. Since then, the Cane Toad has become a pest in the host countries, posing a serious threat to native animals. The introduction of the Cane Toad has had a particularly great effect on Australian biodiversity. This is probably because of the large number of species that the Cane Toad successfully competes with and the large areas of open grassland and open woodland. This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... A map of the Ogasawara Islands south of Japan The Ogasawara Islands (å°ç¬ åŽŸè«¸å³¶) are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical islands some 1,000 km directly south of central Tokyo, Japan. ... Location of Ryukyu Islands The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the Nansei Islands ) are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit of the East China Sea. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... The Konza tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas. ...

The Cane Toad was successfully introduced into New Guinea to control the hawk moth larvae, which were eating the sweet potato crops. Cane Toads have since become abundant in rural and urban regions and have not penetrated the forested areas; because most of the native wildlife is restricted to forested areas, the Cane Toad has not caused significant environmental problems. Genera Macroglossinae Smerinthinae Sphinginae etc. ... Binomial name (L.) Lam. ...

Australia

The cane toad in Australia is regarded as an exemplary case of a "feral species" -- others being rabbits, foxes, cats, and Giant Mimosa. The island-continent's relative isolation prior to European colonisation and the industrial revolution -- both of which dramatically increased traffic and importation of novel species -- allowed development of a complex, interdepending system of ecology, but one which provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. The recent, sudden inundation of foreign species has led to severe breakdowns in Australian ecology, after overwhelming proliferation of a number of introduced species for which the continent has no efficient natural predator or parasite, and which displace native species -- in some cases these species are physically destructive to habitat as well. For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ... This article is about the animal. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... For the journal, see Ecology (journal). ... IT is a new species. ...

102 Cane Toads were introduced to Australia from Hawaii in June 1935 in an attempt to control the native Cane Beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum). They bred immediately in captivity, and by August 1935 more than 3,000 young toads were released in areas around Cairns, Gordonvale and Innisfail in northern Queensland. More toads were released around Ingham, Ayr, Mackay and Bundaberg. Releases were temporarily limited because of environmental concerns but resumed in other areas after September 1936. Since their release, toads have rapidly multiplied in population and now number over 200 million and have been known to spread diseases affecting local biodiversity.^[15] The toads have steadily expanded their range through Queensland, reaching the border with New South Wales in 1978 and the Northern Territory in 1984. The toads on the western frontier of their advance have evolved larger legs;^[16] this is thought to be related to their ability to travel farther. As a consequence of their longer legs, larger bodies, and faster movement, about 10% of the leading edge Cane Toads have also developed arthritis.^[17] It is estimated that Cane Toads migrate at an average of 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year.^[18] Image File history File links Bufoinvasion. ... Image File history File links Bufoinvasion. ... Binomial name Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse, 1875) The cane beetle, Dermolepida albohirtum, is a native Australian beetle and a pest of sugar cane. ... Cairns redirects here. ... Mulgrave Central Mill and mountains. ... Innisfail redirects here. ... Ingham is a town in North Queensland, Australia. ... Ayr is a town in Queensland, Australia near the delta of the Burdekin River. ... Mackay (, pop. ... For the Bundaberg Distillery, see Bundaberg Rum. ... NSW redirects here. ... For similar terms, see Northern Territories (disambiguation) Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Motto(s): none Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Constitutional monarchy Administrator Ted Egan Chief Minister Clare Martin (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 2 - Senate seats 2 Gross Territorial Product (2004...

The long-term impact of toads on the Australian environment is difficult to determine. Precipitous declines in populations of the Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) have been observed after toads have invaded an area. There are a number of reports of declines in goanna and snake populations after the arrival of toads.^[19] The preliminary risk assessment of Cane Toads in Kakadu National Park stated that the predation of the Cane Toad by native wildlife is the greatest risk to biodiversity. Other factors, such as competition with native wildlife for resources, and the predation of the Cane Toad on native wildlife, were considered much lower risk factors.^[20] In the Northern Territory, goanna predation on cane toads has been linked to a rise in the amount of undamaged salt water crocodile eggs.^[21] Cane toads were present within a few days of the crocodiles hatching in April, 2007. ^[22] Binomial name Dasyurus hallucatus Gould, 1842 The Northern Quoll is a carnivorous marsupial mammal, native to Australia. ... For other uses, see Goanna (disambiguation). ... Kakadu National Park is in the Northern Territory of Australia, 171 km east of Darwin. ... Binomial name Crocodylus porosus (Schneider, 1801) The saltwater or estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all existing reptiles, and is often said to be the most dangerous to humans. ...

Numerous native species have been reported as successfully preying on toads. Some birds, such as the Black Kite (Milvus migrans),^[23] have learned to attack the toad's belly, avoiding the poison producing glands on the back of the head. Reports in the Northern Territory suggest that a native frog, Dahl's Tree Frog (Litoria dahlii), is able to eat the tadpoles and live young of the toad without being affected by the poison that often kills other predators.^[24] This is believed to account for slower than expected infestations of toads in certain areas of the Northern Territory. Some snakes have been reported to have evolved smaller jaws so that they are unable to swallow large Cane Toads which have large quantities of poison.^[25] Another study, however, notes that the Cane Toad is adapting to a wider environmental range and may in the future be spreading into habitats currently not available.^[26] Binomial name Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. ...

As of 2005, ultraviolet light which attracts the moths the toads love has been used to lure and capture Cane Toads for extermination.^[27] In June 2006, the University of Queensland announced research into a gene to reverse the sex of female Cane Toads. This would lead to a population of males, and thus eliminate the population.^[28] For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ... The University of Queensland (UQ) is the longest-established university in the state of Queensland, Australia, a member of Australias Group of Eight, and the Sandstone Universities. ...

In popular culture

The introduction and migration of the Cane Toad in Australia was popularised by the film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History (1988), which tells the tale with a humorous edge and is often shown in Environmental Science courses. Don Spencer, a popular children's entertainer, sang the song "Warts 'n' All", which was used in the documentary. Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... Don Spencer is an Australian Childrens TV presenter and musician, best known for his long-running role as a presenter on Play School in both Australia and the United Kingdom. ...

The toxic skin is regarded by some as a useful drug, and has been smoked to obtain its hallucinogenic effects. For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation). ... Hallucinogenic drug - drugs that can alter sensory perceptions. ...

In Australia, attempts have been made to make use of dead Cane Toads, which can number in the thousands and cause hygiene problems. This includes processing the carcasses into liquid fertilisers.^[29] Their skin can be made into leather, and comical cane-toad purses, or coin-purses, retaining the toad fore-body, are sometimes seen (eg see accompanying photo). Cane toads have also been known to be a significant source of food for humans in their native environment; cane toads are cooked by skinning them and taking out the internal organs (including the poisonous glands), and then roasting them. Many people who have eaten cane toads say they are like chicken except with a drier taste. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1840 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Giant Neotropical Toad ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1840 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Giant Neotropical Toad ...

In Australian states where the Cane Toad is common, some rather cruel 'sports' have developed, such as Cane Toad golf and Cane Toad cricket, where cane toads are used as balls. In April 2005, Dave Tollner, a Northern Territory Member of Parliament, called for legalisation of attacking Cane Toads. This was criticized by many animal and conservation groups who claim freezing is a more humane way to kill cane toads than hitting them with cricket bats.^[30] The short film "Cane Toad - What happened to Baz?" displays an Australian attitude towards the Cane Toad. This film won the "Best Comedy" award at the 2003 St Kilda Film Festival. The film relies on humour which Australians especially connect with, and screenings in overseas festivals have been less well received. Dave Tollner David Tollner (born 31 January 1966), Australian politician, has been a Country Liberal Party member of the Australian House of Representatives since November 2001, representing the Division of Solomon, Northern Territory. ... Type Lower house Speaker of the House David Hawker, Liberal since November 16, 2004 Members 150 Political groups ALP (85) Liberal Party (53) National Party (10) Last elections 24 November 2007 Meeting place Parliament House, Canberra, ACT Web site House of Representatives Entrance to the House of Representatives Judicial High... St Kilda ( ) is an inner city suburb of the Victorian capital of Melbourne, Australia. ...

The Cane Toad has been listed by the National Trust of Queensland as a state icon of Queensland, alongside the Great Barrier Reef, and past icons, the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the backyard mango tree (also an introduced species).^[31] The Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral reef system,[1][2] composed of over 2 900 individual reefs[3] and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometres (1,616 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (132,974 sq mi). ... The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (RFDS, informally known as The Flying Doctors) is an air ambulance service for those living in the remote inland areas of Australia. ... Species About 35 species, including: Mangifera altissima Mangifera applanata Mangifera caesia Mangifera camptosperma Mangifera casturi Mangifera decandra Mangifera foetida Mangifera gedebe Mangifera griffithii Mangifera indica Mangifera kemanga Mangifera laurina Mangifera longipes Mangifera macrocarpa Mangifera mekongensis Mangifera odorata Mangifera pajang Mangifera pentandra Mangifera persiciformis Mangifera quadrifida Mangifera siamensis Mangifera similis Mangifera...

Cane Toad is also a colloquial term for an inhabitant of Queensland, particularly the state's State of Origin football team members and supporters. Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 28 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $158,506 (3rd... Players are selected to play for the state in which they played their first senior football, hence the name state of origin. Prior to 1980 players were selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time. ...

In an episode of The Simpsons entitled "Bart vs. Australia", Bart Simpson tries to bring a bullfrog into Australia only to find that foreign organisms are not permitted through customs. He decides to leave the frog at a fountain in the airport but the frog quickly escapes through an open window. Throughout the rest of the episode, bullfrogs are seen rapidly multiplying and becoming an overall nuisance. By the end of the episode, as the Simpsons escape the American consulate via helicopter, the entire continent is shown to be overrun with frogs. Simpsons redirects here. ... Bart vs. ... For the comic book series of the same name, see Bart Simpson comics. ... For other uses, see Bullfrog (disambiguation). ... Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of a country. ...

Notes

^ Solís et al (2004). Bufo marinus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for this species is of least concern
^ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)., 824.
^ Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
^ Identifying a Cane Toad. Retrieved on 2006-09-07.
^ Wyse, E. (editor) (1997). Guinness Book of Records 1998. Guinness Publishing, 249. ISBN 0-85112-044-X.
^ Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books, 108. ISBN 0-7301-0468-0.
^ Anstis, M. (2002). Tadpoles of South-Eastern Australia: A Guide with Keys. Reed New Holland, 274. ISBN 1-876334-63-0.
^ issg Database: Ecology of Bufo marinus. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.
^ Ely, C.A. (1944). "Development of Bufo marinus larvae in dilute sea water". Copeia 56(4): 256.
^ Angus, R. (1994). "Observation of a Papuan Frogmouth at Cape York [Queensland]". Aust. Birds. 28: 10–11.
^ Radar:Really caning it. Retrieved on 2006-05-30.
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^ Freeland, W.J. (1985). "The Need to Control Cane Toads". Search 16(7–8): 211–215.
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class="preview" id="pv213"> The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] â€“ January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Image File history File links Cane_Toad. ... Image File history File links Sound-icon. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

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