?Cane Toad Conservation status: Least concern[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Bufonidae Genus: Bufo Species: B. marinus
Binomial name
Bufo marinus Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution of the Cane Toad. Native distribution in blue, introduced in red.

The Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), also known as the Giant Neotropical Toad or Marine Toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to Central and South America. It is a member of the genus Bufo, which includes hundreds of different true toad species in different habitats throughout the world. The Cane Toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with large numbers of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly due to opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among Anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10 to 15 centimetres (4–6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen weighed 2.65 kilograms (5.84 lb) and measured 38 centimetres (15 in) from snout to vent. The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2186x1786, 2030 KB) Summary Cane Toad Bufo marinus, Springbrook National Park, QLD Australia. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicatas Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses and Orders Order Temnospondyli- extinct Subclass Lepospondyli- extinct Subclass Lissamphibia   Anura   Caudata   Gymnophiona Amphibians (class Amphibia) are a taxon of animals that include all tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs. ... Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. ... For other uses, see Toad (disambiguation). ... Species See text. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Image File history File links Bufo_marinus_distribution. ... The true toads are amphibians in the Bufonidae family. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ... Species See text. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Frog spawn Spawning is the production or depositing of eggs in large numbers by aquatic animals. ... An average Whooping Crane egg is 102 mm long, and weighs 208 grams In some animals, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ...

The Cane Toad has large poison glands, and adults and tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Because of its voracious appetite, the Cane Toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control, notably in the case of Australia in 1935, and derives its common name from its use against sugar cane pests. The Cane Toad itself is now considered a pest in many of its introduced regions, as its toxic skin kills many native predators when ingested. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ... Ten-day-old tadpoles Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa) A tadpole (also known as a pollywog) is a larval frog, toad, salamander, newt, or caecilian. ... View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe; Dutch: Caraïben; Portuguese: Caribe or Caraíbas) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. ... Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is detrimental to a persons health, the ecology or the economy. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...

Taxonomy

The common name of "Cane Toad" is derived from the original purpose of using it to eradicate pests in sugar cane crops. The Cane Toad has many other common names, including "Giant Toad" and "Marine Toad"; the former refers to their size, and the latter to the binomial name, Bufo marinus. The specific epithet, marinus, was chosen by Carolus Linnaeus, and was based on an illustration by Albertus Seba. Seba mistakenly believed the Cane Toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments.^[2] Other common names include "Giant Neotropical Toad," "Dominican Toad," "Giant Marine Toad," and "South American Cane Toad." In Trinidadian English they are commonly called "Crapaud" (the French name for "toad"). Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... A specific epithet is a biological epithet of a species. ... Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Albertus Seba (1665-1736) was a Zoologist who published an early Thesaurus of animal specimens. ... Trinidad (Spanish, Trinity) is the largest and most populous of the 23 islands which make up the country of Trinidad and Tobago. ...

In Australia, the adults may be confused with species of the Limnodynastes, Neobatrachus, Mixophyes, and Notaden genera. These species can be readily distinguished from the Cane Toad by the lack of large parotoid glands behind their eyes. Cane toads have been confused with the Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus), because both are large and warty in appearance; however, the Giant Burrowing Frog can be readily distinguished from the Cane Toad by its vertical pupils. Juvenile Cane Toads may be confused with species of the Uperoleia genus, because they all have large parotoid glands; juvenile Cane Toads can be distinguished from these species by the ridging around their eyes and the lack of bright colouring on their thighs ^[3]. Species See text Limnodynastes is a genus of frogs native to Australia and Southern New Guinea. ... Species See text Neobatrachus is a genus of burrowing ground frogs widespread through much of Australia. ... Species See text The Barred Frogs are a group of frogs in the genus Mixophyes, which are Australian frogs of the Limnodynastidae family. ... Species See text Notaden is a genus of burrowing ground frogs native to central and northern Australia. ... Binomial name Heleioporus australiacus (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) The Giant burrowing frog (Heleioporus australiacus) is a large frog species that occurs in coastal south east New South Wales and Victoria. ... Species Uperoleia is a genus of frogs, native to Australia in the family Myobatrachidae. ...

In the United States, the Cane Toad is morphologically similar to many species in the Bufo genus. In particular, it could be confused with the Southern toad (Bufo terrestris) and Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri). The Southern Toad can be distinguished by the presence of two bulbs in front of the parotoid glands, and the Fowler's Toad has a pale, cream-white stripe that runs down the dorsal surface; the Cane Toad lacks this stripe. Binomial name Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789 The southern toad (Bufo terrestris) is a medium sized (approximately 3 inches, the largest recorded toad was 4 1/2 inches) toad native to the southeastern United States, from eastern Louisiana to southeastern North Carolina. ...

It is possible to confuse the Cane Toad with the Rococo Toad (Bufo schneideri), sometimes referred to as Schneider's Toad, whose range overlaps that of the Cane Toad. The Rococo Toad grows to nearly the same size, but has additional poison glands on its back legs which can be used to reliably identify it. Within its native range, the Cane Toad can be distinguished from the other true toads by the shape of its paratoid glands, and the arrangement of the ridges on its head. Binomial name Bufo schneideri Werner, 1829 Synonyms Bufo paracnemis The Rococo Toad (Bufo schneideri), sometimes referred to as Schneiders Toad, is a large toad native to the South America countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. ...

Physical description

Lightly coloured Cane Toad

The Cane Toad is very large, reaching an average length of 10–15 centimetres (4–6 in), and much longer in some cases. "Prinsen", a specimen kept as a pet in Sweden, is listed by the Guinness Book of Records as the largest recorded specimen, which weighed 2.65 kilograms (5.84 lb) and measured 38 centimetres (15 in) from snout to vent, or 54 centimetres (21 in) when fully extended.^[4] A preserved specimen in the museum of Queensland was 24.1 centimetres (9.4 in) long 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in) wide and weighed 1.36 kg (3 lb).^[5] They have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild, and as long as 20 years in captivity. Cane Toad in Tampa, Florida image by: Bill Waller --Bare Foot Billy 13:54, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC) Licensed for use in accordance with the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cane Toad in Tampa, Florida image by: Bill Waller --Bare Foot Billy 13:54, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC) Licensed for use in accordance with the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Suresh Joachim, minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes, at Shoppers World, Brampton. ... Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ...

The skin of the Cane Toad is dry and warty. It has distinct ridges above the eyes, which run down the snout. Cane Toads can be grey, brown, red-brown or olive in colour, with varying patterns. A large parotoid gland lies behind each eye. The ventral surface is cream and may have blotches in shades of black or brown. The pupils are horizontal and the irises golden. The toes have a fleshy webbing at their base, and the fingers are free of webbing.

Juvenile Cane Toads are much smaller than adults—only 5 to 10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long. Typically, they have smooth, dark skin, although some specimens have a red wash. Juveniles lack the adults' large parotoid glands, so they are usually less poisonous. Because they lack this key defence, it is estimated that only 0.5% of metamorph Cane Toads reach adulthood.^[6] The tadpoles are small and uniformly black. They are bottom-dwellers and congregate around plants forming schools. Tadpoles reach 27 millimetres (1 in) in length, but are smaller, up to 22 millimetres (0.9 in), under overcrowded conditions. School of juvenile herring - many fish have the opercula wide open for ram feeding and you can see the red gills The term swarm (schooling or swarming) is applied to fish, birds and insects and describes a behavior of an aggregation (school) of animals of similar size and body orientation...

Ecology and behaviour

Adult Cane Toads possess enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes, and other glands across the back. When threatened, the Cane Toad secretes a milky-white fluid known as bufotoxin from these glands. Bufotoxin contains components that are toxic to many animals. There are many reported deaths of animals, and even reported deaths of humans,^[7] after consumption of Cane Toads. A Cane Toad is capable of inflating its lungs, puffing up and lifting its body off the ground to appear taller and larger to a predator. Bufotoxin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Most frogs identify prey by their movements; Cane Toads can also locate food using their sense of smell. They are therefore not limited to living prey and can eat plants, carrion, dog food and household refuse apart from the normal frog prey of small vertebrates and a range of invertebrates. They are active primarily at night, and can range far from water. Classes and Clades Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ... Invertebrate is a term coined by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to describe any animal without a spinal column. ...

The common name of "Marine Toad", and the scientific name Bufo marinus, suggest a link to marine life; however, there is no such link. Adult Cane Toads are entirely terrestrial, venturing to fresh water to breed, and tadpoles have been found to only tolerate salt concentrations equivalent to 15% that of sea water.^[8] Both eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals. This toxic protection is lost for a period after metamorphosis until the parotoid glands develop. Cane Toads inhabit open grassland, generally avoiding forested areas; this inhibits their spread in many of the regions in which they were introduced. Marine life can be very abundant. ... A Pieris rapae larva An older Pieris rapae larva A Pieris rapae pupa A Pieris rapae adult Metamorphosis is a process in biology by which an individual physically develops after birth or hatching, and involves significant change in form as well as growth and differentiation. ...

Many species prey on the Cane Toad in its native distribution. These include the Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris), the Banded Cat-eyed Snake (Leptodeira annulata), the eel (family: Anguillidae), various species of killifish, the Jungle Perch (Kuhila rubestris), some species of catfish (order: Siluriformes) and some species of ibis (subfamily: Threskiornithinae). Predators outside the Cane Toad's native range include the Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus), the Water Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and the Water Monitor (Varanus salvator). Occasional cases of the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) and the Papuan Frogmouth (Podargus papuensis)^[9] feeding on Cane Toads have been reported. These predators possess either a tolerance to the Cane Toad's toxins, or behavioural adaptations that allow them to avoid the most poisonous areas of the frog as they hunt and consume it. Species Binomial name Caiman latirostris {{{author}}}, {{{date}}} The Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) is a crocodilian reptile found in parts of South America. ... Binomial name Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Leptodeira annulata, the Machete Savane is a small snake found in northern South America, Margarita and Trinidad and Tobago. ... Species See text Anguillidae is a family of fishes that contains many of the freshwater eels. ... Killifish are small egg laying tooth-carp fish belonging to the order Cyprinodontiformes. ... Families Akysidae Amblycipitidae Amphiliidae Ariidae Aspredinidae Astroblepidae Auchenipteridae Bagridae Callichthyidae Cetopsidae Chacidae Clariidae Claroteidae Cranoglanididae Diplomystidae Doradidae Erethistidae Hypophthalmidae Ictaluridae Lacantuniidae Loricariidae Malapteruridae Mochokidae Nematogenyidae Pangasiidae Parakysidae Pimelodidae Plotosidae Schilbeidae Scoloplacidae Siluridae Sisoridae Trichomycteridae Catfish (order Siluriformes) are a diverse group of fish. ... Genera Threskiornis Pseudibis Thaumatibis Geronticus Nipponia Bostrychia Theristicus Cercibis Mesembrinibis Phimosus Eudocimus Plegadis Lophotibis Ibises are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. ... Binomial name Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) The Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus is found throughout Australia. ... Binomial name Hydromys chrysogaster (Geoffroy, 1804) The water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) is an Australian native rodent, which is one of only two amphibious mammals found in Australia (the other being the platypus). ... Binomial name Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Black Rat (Rattus rattus, also known as the Asian Black Rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat) is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily murinae (Murine rodents). ... Binomial name Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) The Water monitor Varanus salvator is a member of the monitor lizard family. ... Binomial name Podargus strigoides Latham, 1802 The Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides, is an Australian variety of Frogmouth found throughout the Australian mainland, Tasmania and southern New Guinea. ...

Reproduction

The males of the Cane Toad will call near a still water source to attract females. The call is a loud, long trill; likened to the sound of a small engine or "purr". As with all true toads, the male and female undergo inguinal amplexus, in which the male is behind the female, and grips her around the waist. The female will then release her eggs, which the male covers with sperm. Amplexus is the process when the male frog grasps the female while she lays her eggs. ...

Females lay from 4,000 to 36,000 eggs per clutch, and breed at least twice per year. They are opportunistic breeders, breeding whenever enough water is available. As a result, they have no breeding season. The eggs are laid in still or slow flowing water, where the males congregate and call in a chorus. Eggs are laid in long strands, usually tangled around plants or submerged objects. The eggs are black, and surrounded in a clear jelly 4-5mm in diameter. The duration until the eggs hatch is dependent upon the water temperature — lasting from 25 hours at 34 degrees Celsius (93.2 Fahrenheit) to 155 hours at 14 degrees Celsius (57.2 Fahrenheit). The development of tadpoles also varies, from 12 to 60 days. Ten-day-old tadpoles Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa) A tadpole (also known as a pollywog) is a larval frog, toad, salamander, newt, or caecilian. ...

Distribution

The Cane Toad is native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas to central Amazon and south-eastern Peru. This range includes both tropical and semi-arid environments. The density of the Cane Toad within its native distribution is significantly lower than that of its introduced distribution. In South America, it is recorded at densities of 20 adults per 100 metres of shoreline, but in Australia the density reaches 1000-2000 adults over the same area.^[10] World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Geography The Rio Grande Valley is located in the southernmost tip of Texas. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Amazonian redirects here, for other uses see Amazonian (disambiguation) The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... An arid environment has a high precipitation deficit, receiving much less precipitation annually than would satisfy the climatological demand for evaporation and transpiration. ...

Introductions

The Cane Toad has been introduced to many regions of the world, particularly the Pacific, for the biological control of agricultural pests. Up until 1844, Cane Toads had been introduced into Martinique, Barbados and Jamaica. They were unsuccessfully introduced into Jamaica to control the rat population. Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ...

In 1920, Cane Toads were introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of white-grub (Phyllophaga spp.), a pest of sugar cane. By 1932, the Cane Toad was well established on the island, and the populations of white-grubs were dramatically decreased. The decrease in the white-grub population was attributed to the Cane Toad, although there may have been other factors. The six year period after 1931 (when the Cane Toad was most prolific, and the white-grub saw dramatic decline) recorded the highest ever rainfall for Puerto Rico.^[11] However, the assumption that the Cane Toad controlled the white-grub led to the large scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific. Phyllophaga is a genus of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. ...

There are introduced populations in Australia, Florida, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ogasawara and Ryukyu Islands of Japan, most Caribbean islands and many Pacific islands, including Hawaii and Fiji. The introductions generally failed to control the targeted pests, most of which were later controlled by the use of insecticides. Since then, the Cane Toad has itself become a pest in the host countries, posing a serious threat to native animals. The introduction of the Cane Toad has had a particularly great impact on Australian biodiversity. This is probably due to the large number of species that the Cane Toad successfully competes with, and the large areas of open grassland. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A map of the Ogasawara Islands south of Japan The Ogasawara Islands (小笠原諸島) are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical islands some 1,000 km directly south of central Tokyo, Japan. ... Location of Ryukyu Islands Ryukyuan flag The Ryukyu Islands (archaic spellings: Lewchew and Luchu) or Nansei Islands ), which means southwest islands in Japanese), are an island chain in the western Pacific Ocean, and forming the eastern limit of the East China Sea. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all development forms. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of life. ... An Inner Mongolian Grassland. ...

The Cane Toad was successfully introduced into New Guinea to control the hawk moth larvae, which were eating the sweet potato crops. Cane Toads have since become abundant in rural and urban regions, and have not penetrated the forested areas; because most of the native wildlife is restricted to forested areas, the Cane Toad has not caused significant environmental problems. Genera Macroglossinae Smerinthinae Sphinginae etc. ...

Introduction to Australia

The spread of Cane Toads in Australia from 1940 to 1980 in 5-year intervals

In attempts to control the native Cane Beetle, 102 Cane Toads were introduced to Australia from Hawaii in June 1935. They bred immediately in captivity and by August 1935 more than 3000 young toads were released in areas around Cairns, Gordonvale and Innisfail in northern Queensland. More Toads were released around Ingham, Ayr, Mackay and Bundaberg. Releases were temporarily limited due to environmental concerns, but resumed in other areas after September 1936. Since their release, toads have rapidly multiplied in population and now number over 100 million. The population is increasing at a rate of about 25% a year. The toads have steadily expanded their range through Queensland, reaching the border with New South Wales in 1978 and the Northern Territory in 1984. The toads on the western frontier of their advance have evolved larger legs;^[12] this is thought to be related to their ability to travel farther. It is estimated that Cane Toads migrate at an average of 40 kilometres (25 mi) a year.^[13] Image File history File links Bufoinvasion. ... Image File history File links Bufoinvasion. ... Central Cairns from Mount Whitfield looking south. ... Gordonvale is a small sugar-growing town in north Queensland, Australia. ... Innisfail Town Centre, looking down Rankin Street. ... Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ... Ingham is a town in North Queensland, Australia. ... Ayr is a town in Queensland, Australia at the delta of the Burdekin River. ... Location of Mackay in Queensland (red) Mackay (, pop. ... Bundaberg () is a city and Local Government Area of Queensland, Australia. ... Emblems: Floral - Waratah (Telopea speciosissima); Bird - Kookaburra (Dacelo gigas); Animal - Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus); Fish - Blue Groper (Achoerodus viridis) Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Slogan or Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Const. ... Emblems: Sturts Desert Rose (floral) Motto: None Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Const. ...

The long-term impact of toads on the Australian environment is difficult to determine. Precipitous declines in populations of the Northern Quoll have been observed after toads have invaded an area. There are a number of reports of declines in goanna and snake populations after the arrival of toads.^[14] The preliminary risk assessment of Cane Toads in Kakadu National Park stated that the predation of the Cane Toad by native wildlife is the greatest risk to biodiversity. Other factors, such as competition with native wildlife for resources, and the predation of the Cane Toad on native wildlife, were considered much lower risk factors.^[15] Binomial name Dasyurus hallucatus Gould, 1842 The Northern Quoll is a carnivorous marsupial mammal, native to Australia. ... Species Several, see text. ... Kakadu National Park is in the Northern Territory of Australia, 171 km east of Darwin. ...

A number of native species have been reported as successfully preying on toads. Some birds, such as the Black Kite (Milvus migrans),^[16] have learned to attack the toad's belly, avoiding the poison producing glands on the back of the head. Reports in the Northern Territory suggest that a native frog, Dahl's Tree Frog (Litoria dahlii), is able to eat the tadpoles and live young of the toad without being affected by the poison that often kills other predators.^[17] This is believed to account for slower than expected infestations of toads in certain areas of the Northern Territory. Some snakes have been reported to have evolved smaller jaws so that they are unable to swallow large Cane Toads which have large quantities of poison.^[18] Binomial name Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. ...

As of 2005, ultraviolet light has been used to lure and capture Cane Toads for extermination.^[19] In June 2006, the University of Queensland announced research into a gene to reverse the sex of female Cane Toads. This would lead to a population of males, and thus eliminate the population.^[20] However, this would risk a reverse introduction that would wipe out Cane Toads, and possibly other species, in their native range. Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than soft X-rays. ... The University of Queensland (UQ) has its main campus in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specifically in the suburb of St Lucia. ...

In popular culture

The introduction and migration of the Cane Toad in Australia was popularised by the film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History (1988), which tells the tale with a humorous edge and is often shown in Environmental Science courses. It was referred to in the Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia." jecca is very beautiful!! Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related due to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox network. ... Bart vs. ...

The children's novel Toad Rage, by Morris Gleitzman, is set in Australia; it is about a Cane Toad named Limpy who goes on an adventure to find out why humans go out of their way to run over Cane Toads. The novel has two sequels, called Toad Heaven and Toad Away. Toad Rage is a book by Australian author Morris Gleitzman. ... Morris Gleitzman is an internationally famous childrens author. ... Toad Heaven is the sequel to Morris Gleitzmans book Toad Rage. ...

In the Australian rugby league, the Queensland State of Origin Team are informally known as the Cane Toads. Their opponents, the New South Wales State of Origin Team, are known as the cockroaches. Rugby league is a team sport, played by two teams of 13 players. ... The logo of the Queensland State of Origin team The Queensland State of Origin team is arguably Queenslands most prestigious sporting team, and play in the annual 3 match State of Origin series. ... The New South Wales Rugby League team represent New South Wales annually in the Rugby League State of Origin competition. ... Families Blaberidae Blattellidae Blattidae Cryptocercidae Polyphagidae Nocticolidae Cockroaches are insects of the Order Blattodea. ...

Bufotenin, one of the chemicals excreted by the Cane Toad, is classified as a Class 1 drug under Australian drug laws. This is the same classification as heroin and cocaine. It is thought that the effects of bufotenin are similar to that of mild poisoning; the stimulating effect, which includes mild hallucinations, lasts for less than one hour.^[21] As the Cane Toad excretes bufotenin in very small amounts, and other toxins in relatively large amounts, toad licking could result in serious illness or death. ^[22] Bufotenin, also spelled bufotenine, is also known under the names 5-hydroxy-DMT (5-OH-DMT) or dimethyl-serotonin and is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the drug cocaine. ... Psychoactive toad is a name used for toads from which psychoactive substances from the family of bufotoxins can be derived. ...

Bufo marinus as purse

In Australia, attempts have been made to make use of dead Cane Toads, which can number in the thousands and cause hygiene problems. This includes processing the carcasses into liquid fertilisers.^[23] Their skin can also be used as a leather for clothing and accessories. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1840 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Giant Neotropical Toad ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1840 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Giant Neotropical Toad ...

In the Australian states where the Cane Toad is common, cruelty towards the toad has become popular, such as injuring the animals with golf clubs or cricket bats. However, this is not effective, as the force exerted by a golf club or cricket bat is not sufficient to kill the animals immediately, and their poison remains toxic after their death. In April 2005, Dave Tollner, a Northern Territory Member of Parliament, called for the legalisation of attacking the Cane Toad, which was criticised by many animal and conservation groups.^[24] The short film "Cane Toad - What happened to Baz?" displays the Australian attitude towards the Cane Toad. This film won the "Best Comedy" award at the 2003 St. Kilda Film Festival.^[25] However, the short relies on humour which Australians connect with, and screenings in overseas festivals have been more reserved. Dave Tollner David Tollner (born 31 January 1966), Australian politician, has been a Country Liberal Party member of the Australian House of Representatives since November 2001, representing the Division of Solomon, Northern Territory. ... Emblems: Sturts Desert Rose (floral) Motto: None Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Const. ... Australian House of Representatives chamber Entrance to the House of Representatives The Australian House of Representatives is one of the two houses (chambers) of the Parliament of Australia. ... Short subject is an American film industry term that historically has referred to any film in the format of two reels, or approximately 20 minutes running time, or less. ...

In the Dave Barry novel Big Trouble, a Cane Toad has a small yet important role. David Barry, Jr. ...

The Cane Toad is being considered as a candidate by the National Trust of Queensland for being listed as a state icon of Queensland, alongside the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the mango tree. ^[26] Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ... The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (RFDS, informally known as The Flying Doctors) is an air ambulance service for those living in the remote inland areas of Australia. ... Species About 35 species, including: Mangifera altissima Mangifera applanata Mangifera caesia Mangifera camptosperma Mangifera casturi Mangifera decandra Mangifera foetida Mangifera gedebe Mangifera griffithii Mangifera indica Mangifera kemanga Mangifera laurina Mangifera longipes Mangifera macrocarpa Mangifera mekongensis Mangifera odorata Mangifera pajang Mangifera pentandra Mangifera persiciformis Mangifera quadrifida Mangifera siamensis Mangifera similis Mangifera...

On the website Ezone.com, the game Lenny Loosejocks goes Walkabout has a minigame called Cane Toad Explod, where Lenny Loosejocks has been commissioned by the Australian government to kill Cane Toads, and is awarded money for each toad he kills, varying with the side of the toad. The game revolves around Lenny using his Pickup truck to try to run over as many Cane Toads as possible while avoiding large rocks, which damage his car. In Fantastic Dizzy, the player has to complete a sliding puzzle to get an extra life. ... Mazda compact Pickup truck with extended cabin and homebuilt lumber rack. ...

Notes

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ...

References

• He who walks behind the rows - Bufonidae: Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cane toad, Giant toad, Marine toad, Sapo grande.

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ...

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Bufo marinus

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