The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Their ligands are known as cannabinoids. The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Look up Hugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... National Center for Biotechnology Information logo The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Look up Hugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... National Center for Biotechnology Information logo The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Chromosome 1 is, by convention, the designation for the largest human chromosome. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors, also known as GPCR, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors, are a class of transmembrane receptors. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ligand. ... Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds present in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). ...

Classification

There are currently two known subtypes, CB1^[1][2] which is expressed mainly in the brain, but also in the lungs, liver and kidneys and CB2 which is mainly expressed in the immune system and in hematopoietic cells. Mounting evidence suggests that there are novel cannabinoid receptors^[3] that is, non-CB1 and non-CB2, which are expressed in endothelial cells and in the CNS. In 2007, the binding of several cannabinoids to a GPCR in the brain was described^[4]. The human brain controls the central nervous system (CNS), by way of the cranial nerves and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... Note that some complexity is omitted from the diagram. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ...

The protein sequences of CB1 and CB2 receptors are about 45% similar. In addition, minor variations in each receptor have been identified. Cannabinoids bind reversibly and stereo-selectively to the cannabinoid receptors. The affinity of an individual cannabinoid to each receptor determines the effect of that cannabinoid. Cannabinoids that bind more selectively to certain receptors are more desirable for medical usage. The different types of isomers. ...

Expression

CB1

CB1 receptors are thought to be the most widely expressed G-protein coupled receptors in the brain. This is due to endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, a very common form of short-term plasticity in which the depolarization of a single neuron induces a reduction in GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Endocannabinoids released from the depolarized neuron bind to CB1 receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron and cause a reduction in GABA release. Varying levels of CB1 expression can be detected in the olfactory bulb, cortical regions (neocortex, pyriform cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala), several parts of basal ganglia, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei and other subcortical regions (e.g. the septal region), cerebellar cortex, and brainstem nuclei (e.g. the periaqueductal gray).^[5] Gene expression, or simply expression, is the process by which the inheritable information which comprises a gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made manifest as a physical and biologically functional gene product, such as protein or RNA. Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the... Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) is the classical and original electrophysiological example of endocannabinoid function in the central nervous system. ... In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of the connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength. ... Gaba may refer to: Gabâ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people GABA, the gamma-amino-butyric acid neurotransmitter GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand Gaba 1 to 1, an English conversational school in Japan Marianne Gaba, a US model... The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors. ... For other uses, see Cortex. ... The neocortex (Latin for new bark or new rind) is a part of the brain of mammals. ... In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain. ... The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ... Look up Amygdala in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. ... The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = bedroom, chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/) is a pair and symmetric part of the brain. ... The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-sized neurons and which are grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. ... Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple. ... The brain stem is the stalk of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. ... Periaqueductal gray (PAG; also called the central gray) is the midbrain grey matter that is located around the cerebral aqueduct within the midbrain. ...

CB1 is expressed on several cell types of the pituitary gland, in the thyroid gland, and most likely in the adrenal gland.^[5] The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines...

CB1 is also expressed in several cells relating to metabolism, such as fat cells, muscle cells, liver cells (and also in the endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and stellate cells of the liver), and in the digestive tract.^[5] It is also expressed in the lungs and the kidney. In the liver, activation of the CB1 receptor is known to increase de novo lipogenesis,^[6] Activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors is also known to inhibit sympathetic innervation of blood vessels and contributes to the suppression of the neurogenic vasopressor response in septic shock.^[7] Adipocytes are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. ... A simplified, global view of a neuromuscular junction: 1. ... Hepatocytes make up 60-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ... Kupffer cells or Browicz-Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver that form part of the reticuloendothelial system. ... Hepatic stellate cells, also known as Ito cells, are pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space (a small area between the sinusoids and hepatocytes) of the liver. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... Gut redirects here. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... WHY DONT YALL HAVE ANYTHING? THIS IS THE MOST HELPFUL WEBISTE, SOMEBODY GET ON THIS NOW!! HAHAHHAH! What the hell is that! http://www. ... Septic shock is a serious medical condition causing such effects as multiple organ failure and death in response to infection and sepsis. ...

CB1 is present on Leydig cells and human sperms. In females, it is present in the ovaries, oviducts myometrium, decidua and placenta. It is probably important also for the embryo^[5] Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. ... A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( spermatozoa), from the ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed) and (living being) and more commonly known as a sperm cell, is the haploid cell that is the male gamete. ... Female is a sex that denotes an animal which produces egg cells in order to reproduce. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... In oviparous animals (those that lay eggs), the passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body is known as the oviduct. ... The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. ... Decidua is the term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy. ... The placenta is a sack of fat present in placental vertebrates, such as some mammals and sharks during gestation (pregnancy). ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ...

Neuroimaging

The inverse agonist MK-9470 makes it possible to produce in vivo images of the distribution of CB1 receptors in the human brain with positron emission tomography.^[8] In pharmacology, an inverse agonist is an agent which binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist for that receptor but exerts the opposite pharmacological effect. ... MK-9470 is a synthetic compound, which is an binds to the cannabinoid receptor and functions as an inverse agonist. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...

CB2

CB2 receptors are mainly expressed on T cells of the immune system, on macrophages and B cells, and in hematopoietic cells. They also have a function in keratinocytes, and are expressed on mouse pre-implantation embryos. It is also expressed on peripheral nerve terminals.In the brain, they are mainly expressed bu microglial cells, where their role remains unclear. T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... A macrophage of a mouse stretching its arms to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, from makros large + phagein eat) are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes. ... B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ... Note that some complexity is omitted from the diagram. ... The keratinocyte is the major cell type of the epidermis, making up about 90% of epidermal cells. ... This article is about the animal. ... This article is about human pregnancy in biological females. ... Nerves (yellow) Nerves redirects here. ...

Signaling

Cannabinoid receptors are activated by cannabinoids, generated naturally inside the body (endocannabinoids) or introduced into the body as cannabis or a related synthetic compound. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ... Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja,[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ...

After the receptor is engaged, multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways are activated. At first, it was thought that cannabinoid receptors mainly inhibited the enzyme adenylate cyclase (and thereby the production of the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP), and positively influenced inwardly rectifying potassium channels (=Kir or IRK).^[9] However, a much more complex picture has appeared in different cell types, implicating other potassium ion channels, calcium channels, protein kinase A and C, Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun and many more^[5] In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means inside the cell. It is used in contrast to extracellular (outside the cell). ... In biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another, most often involving ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, that are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers resulting in what is thought of as... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Epinephrine binds its receptor, that associates with an heterotrimeric G protein. ... In biology, second messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal transduction to relay signals within a cell. ... Structure of cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3-5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ... Inwardly rectifing potassium channels (Kir or IRK) are potassium selective ion channels. ... Bacterial potassium channels shut (left, PDB code=1k4c) and open (right, 1lnq). ... Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ... In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA)(EC 2. ... A protein kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from a donor molecule (usually ATP) to an amino acid residue of a protein. ... c-raf is gene that codes for a protein kinase. ... ERK stands for extracellular signal-regulated kinase. ... In cell biology, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (EC 2. ... P-38 can mean . ... In molecular biology, c-Fos is a cellular proto-oncogene belonging to the immediate early gene family of transcription factors. ... c-jun is a gene which, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. ...

Separation between the therapeutically undesirable psychotropic effects, and the clinically desirable ones however, has not been reported with agonists that bind to cannabinoid receptors. THC, as well as the two major endogenous compounds identified so far that bind to the cannabinoid receptors —anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)— produce most of their effects by binding to both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. While the effects mediated by CB1, mostly in the CNS, have been thoroughly investigated, those mediated by CB2 are not equally well defined. Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response by the cell. ... Look up Endogenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Image:2-AG.png 2-Arachidonoylglycerol 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous agonist of the CB1 receptor. ...

Physiology

Gastrointestinal activity

Inhibition of gastrointestinal activity has been observed after administration of Δ⁹-THC, or of anandamide. This effect has been assumed to be CB1-mediated since the specific CB1 antagonist SR 141716A (Rimonabant) blocks the effect. Another report, however, suggests that inhibition of intestinal motility may also have a CB2-mediated component^[10]. Gut redirects here. ... Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Rimonabant (SR141716) is an anorectic anti-obesity drug. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and independently. ...

Cardiovascular activity

Cannabinoids are well known for their cardiovascular activity. Activation of peripheral CB1 receptors contributes to hemorrhagic and endotoxin-induced hypotension. Anandamide and 2-AG, produced by macrophages and platelets respectively, may mediate this effect. For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... For other uses, see Bleeding (disambiguation). ... Endotoxins are potentially toxic, natural compounds found inside pathogens such as bacteria. ... In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. ... A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ...

The hypotension in hemorrhaged rats was prevented by the CB1 antagonist SR 141716A. Recently the same group found that anandamide-induced mesenteric vasodilation is mediated by an endothelially located SR 141716A-sensitive "anandamide receptor," distinct from the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, and that activation of such a receptor by an endocannabinoid, possibly anandamide, contributes to endotoxin-induced mesenteric vasodilation in vivo. The highly potent synthetic cannabinoid HU-210, as well as 2-AG, had no mesenteric vasodilator activity. Furthermore it was shown that mesenteric vasodilation by anandamide apparently has 2 components, one mediated by a SR 141716-sensitive non-CB1 receptor (located on the endothelium) and the other by an SR 141716A-resistant direct action on vascular smooth muscle. In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ... HU-210 HU-210 (CAS# 112830-95-2) is a synthetic cannabinoid that was discovered around 1988 in the group of Dr Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. ... Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. ...

The production of 2-AG is enhanced in normal, but not in endothelium-denuded rat aorta on stimulation with Carbachol, an acetylcholine receptor agonist. 2-AG potently reduces blood pressure in rats and may represent an endothelium-derived hypotensive factor. The aorta (generally pronounced [eɪˈɔːtə] or ay-orta) is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ... Clinical Info Chemistry and pharmacokinetics Carbachol is a choline ester and a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound. ... An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ...

Pain

Anandamide attenuates the early phase or the late phase of pain behavior produced by formalin-induced chemical damage. This effect is produced by interaction with CB1 (or CB1-like) receptors, located on peripheral endings of sensory neurons involved in pain transmission. Palmitylethanolamide, which like anandamide is present in the skin, also exhibits peripheral antinociceptive activity during the late phase of pain behavior. Palmitylethanolamide, however does not bind to either CB1 or CB2. Its analgetic activity is blocked by the specific CB2 antagonist SR 144528, though not by the specific CB1 antagonist SR 141716A. Hence a CB2-like receptor was postulated. Pain redirects here. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ... The mechanism of the reflex arc Sensory neurons (neurones) are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms environment into internal electrical motor reflex loops and several forms of involuntary behavior, including pain avoidance. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ...

Cannabinoid treatments

Cannabis sativa preparations have been known as therapeutic agents against various diseases for millennia.^[11] The native active constituent, Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) was found to be the principal mediator of the effects of cannabis.^[12] Synthetic Δ⁹-THC is prescribed today under the generic name Dronabinol, to treat vomiting and for enhancement of appetite, mainly in AIDS patients. U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,295 discloses a family of novel 4-phenyl pinene derivatives, and teaches how to use those compounds in pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating various pathological conditions associated with damage to the central nervous system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,248 discloses additional pinene derivatives. These patents do not mention that any of the disclosed compounds are selective for peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Binomial name Linnaeus Subspecies L. subsp. ... This article is about the medical term. ... “THC” redirects here. ... Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Δ9-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Emesis redirects here. ... The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... The structure of the phenyl group In chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the functional group with the formula -C6H5 where the six carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic ring structure. ... The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Several synthetic cannabinoids have been shown to bind to the CB2 receptor with a higher affinity than to the CB1 receptor. Most of these compounds exhibit only modest selectivity. One of the described compounds, a classical THC-type cannabinoid, L-759,656, in which the phenolic group is blocked as a methyl ether, has a CB1/CB2 binding ratio > 1000. The pharmacology of those known agonists has yet to be described. Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... Methyl group In chemistry, a methyl group is a hydrophobic alkyl functional group derived from methane (CH4). ... This article is about a general class of chemical compounds. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ...

Certain tumors, especially gliomas, express CB2 receptors. Guzman and coworkers have shown that Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and WIN-55,212-2, two non-selective cannabinoid agonists, induce the regression or eradication of malignant brain tumors in rats and mice ^[13]. The rat glioma C6 expresses the CB2 receptor and, on the basis of studies with CB1 and CB2 selective antagonists, it has been proposed that activation of either of the two receptors may trigger apoptosis. CB2 selective agonists are effective in the treatment of pain, various inflammatory diseases in different animal models^[14], osteoporosis^[15] and atherosclerosis^[16]. CB1 selective antagonists are used for weight reduction and smoking cessation (see Rimonabant). Activation of CB1 provides neuroprotection after brain injury^[17]. A glioma is a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor that arises from glial cells. ... A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (pronounced apo tō sis) is a process of suicide by a cell in a multicellular organism. ... Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. ... Rimonabant (SR141716) is an anorectic anti-obesity drug. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• IUPHAR GPCR Database - Cannabinoid Receptors

• The Endocannabinoid System Network (ECSN) - CB1 receptor
• MeSH Cannabinoid+Receptors