This article is about the plant genus Cannabis. For use as a psychoactive drug, see Cannabis (drug). For use as a therapeutic drug, see Medical cannabis. For non-drug cultivation and uses, see Hemp. | Cannabis |
common hemp | | Scientific classification | | | | Species | | Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis indica Lam.
Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Download high resolution version (1816x2177, 1087 KB)Cannabis sativa, scientific drawing. ...
Scientific classification redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ...
Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ...
Genera Cannabis - Hemp Celtis - Hackberry Gironniera Humulus - Hop Parasponia Pteroceltis Trema - Trema Cannabaceae is a family of flowering plants. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus Subspecies L. subsp. ...
Binomial name Cannabis indica Lam. ...
Binomial name Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. ...
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 Cannabis Museum in Amsterdam Cannabis (Cán-na-bis) is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. These three taxa are indigenous to central Asia and surrounding regions. Cannabis has long been used for fibre (hemp), for medicinal purposes, and as a psychoactive. Industrial hemp products are made from Cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber and minimal levels of THC (Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol), one psychoactive molecule that produces the "high" associated with marijuana. The drug consists of dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of THC. Various extracts including hashish and hash oil are also produced.[1] The cultivation and possession of Cannabis for recreational use is outlawed in most countries. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,304 × 3,072 pixels, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,304 × 3,072 pixels, file size: 1. ...
This article is under construction. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Teens Hate Chains, a Japanese singing group Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in Cannabis Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, extracted from Turmeric as an active ingredient in cosmetics Texas Historical Commission Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a...
A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ...
[edit] Etymology -
The plant name cannabis is from Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis), via Latin cannabis, originally a Scythian or Thracian word, also loaned into Persian as kanab. English hemp (Old English hænep) may be an early loan (predating Grimm's Law) from the same source. In Hebrew the word is קַנַּבּוֹס [qan:a'bos]. The plant name cannabis is from Greek (), via Latin , originally a Scythian or Thracian word, also loaned into Persian as . ...
For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
The Scythian languages form a North Eastern branch of the Iranian language family and comprise the distinctive languages[1] spoken by the Scythian (Sarmatian and Saka) tribes of nomadic pastoralists in Scythia (Central Asia, Pontic-Caspian steppe) between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD. Up to the...
The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ...
Farsi redirects here. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Grimms law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic (PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes...
Hebrew redirects here. ...
The further origin of the Scythian term is uncertain, although it is possible that it traces back to the Assyrian word 'qunubu' (way to produce smoke) wich was used to refer to the plant. [2]
[edit] Description Cannabis is an annual, dioecious, flowering herb. The leaves are palmately compound, with serrate leaflets. The first pair of leaves usually have a single leaflet, the number gradually increasing up to a maximum of about thirteen leaflets per leaf (usually seven or nine), depending on variety and growing conditions. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf. The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant. Peas are an annual plant. ...
In biology, Dioecious is an adjective which indicates the exisistence of separate sexes in a species of organisms. ...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
For other uses, see Herb (disambiguation). ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: cordate leaf Acicular: slender and pointed Alternate (alternifolia): Arranged alternately Bipinnate (bipinnata): Each leaflet also pinnate Cordate (cordata): Heart-shaped, stem attaches to cleft Cuneate: Triangular, stem attaches to point Deltoid: Triangular, stem attaches to side...
The word serration has several meanings: A serrated edge is one with a running pattern of regular, triangular teeth. ...
A leaflet in botany is a part of a compound leaf. ...
In botany, phyllotaxis is the arrangement of the leaves on the shoot of a plant. ...
Cannabis usually has imperfect flowers with staminate "male" and pistillate "female" flowers occurring on separate plants,[3] although hermaphroditic plants sometimes occur.[4] Male flowers are borne on loose panicles, and female flowers are borne on racemes.[5] It is not unusual for individual plants to bear both male and female flowers, though these are referred to as 'intersexual' or hermaphroditic rather than monoecious, since staminate and pistillate structures appear at different points on the plant, not within the same flower. Close-up of an Echinopsis spachiana flower, showing both carpels and stamen, making it a complete flower. ...
Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms ( flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ...
Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...
The Pistil is the part of the flower made up of one or more carpels. ...
For other uses, see Hermaphrodite (disambiguation). ...
White-fruited Rowan (Sorbus glabrescens) corymb; note the branched structures holding the fruits. ...
This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ...
Cannabinoids, terpenoids, and other compounds are secreted by glandular trichomes that occur most abundantly on the floral calyxes and bracts of female plants.[6] Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds present in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). ...
The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. ...
Trichomes, from the Greek meaning growth of hair, are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants and protists. ...
Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ...
Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ...
All known strains of Cannabis are wind-pollinated[7] and produce "seeds" that are technically called achenes.[8] Most strains of Cannabis are short day plants,[7] with the possible exception of C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea (= C. ruderalis), which is commonly described as "auto-flowering" and may be day-neutral. Anemophily is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
An achene is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. ...
A short day plant is a plant that cannot flower under the long days of summer. ...
A day neutral plant does not require a specific day length to flower. ...
Cannabis is naturally diploid, having a chromosome complement of 2n=20, although polyploid individuals have been artificially produced.[9] Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant which includes one or more species. The plant is believed to have originated in the mountainous regions just north west of the Himalayas. It is also known as hemp, although this term usually refers to varieties of Cannabis cultivated for non-drug use. Cannabis plants produce a group of chemicals called cannabinoids which produce mental and physical effects when consumed. As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried buds or flowers (marijuana), resin (hashish), or various extracts collectively known as hashish oil.[1] In the early 20th century, it became illegal in most of the world to cultivate or possess Cannabis for drug purposes. Ploidy is the number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a biological cell. ...
A scheme of a condensed (metaphase) chromosome. ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ...
The term hash oil is used by illicit drug users and dealers to refer to a solution of tetrahydrocannabinol, but is a misnomer in suggesting any resemblance to hashish. ...
[edit] Taxonomy The genus Cannabis was formerly placed in the Nettle (Urticaceae) or Mulberry (Moraceae) family, but is now considered along with hops (Humulus sp.) to belong to the Hemp family (Cannabaceae).[10] Recent phylogenetic studies based on cpDNA restriction site analysis and gene sequencing strongly suggest that the Cannabaceae arose from within the Celtidaceae clade, and that the two families should be merged to form a single monophyletic group.[11][12] Nettles redirects here. ...
Genera See text Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Rosales. ...
For other uses, see Mulberry (disambiguation). ...
Genera Antiaris Artocarpus - Breadfruit, Jackfruit Brosimum Broussonetia - Paper Mulberry Castilloa Cecropia Chlorophora Dorstenia Ficus - Fig, Banyan Maclura - Osage-orange Morus - Mulberry Musanga Pseudolmedia Streblus Treculia The flowering plant family Moraceae (Mulberry family) comprises some 40 genera and over 1000 species of plants widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less common...
Species Humulus lupulus L. Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Genera Cannabis - Hemp Celtis - Hackberry Gironniera Humulus - Hop Parasponia Pteroceltis Trema - Trema Cannabaceae is a family of flowering plants. ...
A phylogeny (or phylogenesis) is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms, usually of a species. ...
abbreveation for Chloroplast DNA ...
Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are particular sequences of nucleotides that are recognized by restriction enzymes as sites to cut the DNA molecule. ...
Gene sequencing refers to the process of recording the exact sequence of nucleotides in the section of an organisms DNA corresponding to a specific gene. ...
Species About 60-70 species including: Celtis australis - European Hackberry Celtis bungeana Bunges Hackberry Celtis caucasica - Caucasian Hackberry Celtis labilis - Hubei Hackberry Celtis koraiensis - Korean Hackberry Celtis jessoensis - Japanese Hackberry Celtis laevigata - Southern Hackberry Celtis occidentalis - Common hackberry Celtis reticulata - Netleaf hackberry Celtis sinensis - Chinese Hackberry Celtis tenuifolia - Georgia...
A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...
In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...
Various types of Cannabis have been described, and classified as species, subspecies, or varieties:[13] For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the zoological term. ...
In botanical nomenclature, variety is a rank below that of species: As such, it gets a ternary name (a name in three parts). ...
- plants cultivated for fiber and seed production, described as low-intoxicant, non-drug, or fiber types
- plants cultivated for drug production, described as high-intoxicant or drug types
- escaped or wild forms of either of the above types.
Cannabis plants produce a unique family of terpeno-phenolic compounds called cannabinoids, which produce the "high" one experiences from smoking marijuana. The two cannabinoids usually produced in greatest abundance are cannabidiol (CBD) and/or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but only THC is psychoactive. Since the early 1970s, Cannabis plants have been categorized by their chemical phenotype or "chemotype," based on the overall amount of THC produced, and on the ratio of THC to CBD.[14] Although overall cannabinoid production is influenced by environmental factors, the THC/CBD ratio is genetically determined and remains fixed throughout the life of a plant.[15] Non-drug plants produce relatively low levels of THC and high levels of CBD, while drug plants produce high levels of THC and low levels of CBD. When plants of these two chemotypes cross-pollinate, the plants in the first filial (F1) generation have an intermediate chemotype and produce similar amounts of CBD and THC. Female plants of this chemotype may produce enough THC to be utilized for drug production.[14][16] Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is an antipsychotic cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Teens Hate Chains, a Japanese singing group Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in Cannabis Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, extracted from Turmeric as an active ingredient in cosmetics Texas Historical Commission Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a...
Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ...
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
 Leaf of a Cannabis plant.
 Top of Cannabis plant in vegetative growth stage. Whether the drug and non-drug, cultivated and wild types of Cannabis constitute a single, highly variable species, or the genus is polytypic with more than one species, has been a subject of debate for well over two centuries. This is a contentious issue because there is no universally accepted definition of a species.[17] One widely applied criterion for species recognition is that species are "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups."[18] Populations that are physiologically capable of interbreeding, but morphologically or genetically divergent and isolated by geography or ecology, are sometimes considered to be separate species.[18] Physiological barriers to reproduction are not known to occur within Cannabis, and plants from widely divergent sources are interfertile.[19] However, physical barriers to gene exchange (such as the Himalayan mountain range) might have enabled Cannabis gene pools to diverge before the onset of human intervention, resulting in speciation.[20] It remains controversial whether sufficient morphological and genetic divergence occurs within the genus as a result of geographical or ecological isolation to justify recognition of more than one species.[21][22][23] Image File history File links Marijuana. ...
Image File history File links Marijuana. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 2765 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cannabis User:JPatrickBedell/gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 2765 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cannabis User:JPatrickBedell/gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
An important concept in evolutionary biology, reproductive isolation is a category of mechanisms that prevent two or more populations from exchanging genes. ...
[edit] Early classifications The Cannabis genus was first classified using the "modern" system of taxonomic nomenclature by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753, who devised the system still in use for the naming of species.[24] He considered the genus to be monotypic, having just a single species that he named Cannabis sativa L. (L. stands for Linnaeus, and indicates the authority who first named the species). Linnaeus was familiar with European hemp, which was widely cultivated at the time. In 1785, noted evolutionary biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck published a description of a second species of Cannabis, which he named Cannabis indica Lam.[25] Lamarck based his description of the newly named species on plant specimens collected in India. He described C. indica as having poorer fiber quality than C. sativa, but greater utility as an inebriant. Additional Cannabis species were proposed in the 19th century, including strains from China and Vietnam (Indo-China) assigned the names Cannabis chinensis Delile, and Cannabis gigantea Delile ex Vilmorin.[26] However, many taxonomists found these putative species difficult to distinguish. In the early 20th century, the single-species concept was still widely accepted, except in the Soviet Union where Cannabis continued to be the subject of active taxonomic study. The name Cannabis indica was listed in various Pharmacopoeias, and was widely used to designate Cannabis suitable for the manufacture of medicinal preparations.[27] For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
Latin name redirects here. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 – December 28, 1829) was a French naturalist and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ...
An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ...
Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia First Edition (published in 1930) Pharmacopoeia (literally, the art of the drug compounder), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a...
[edit] 20th Century In 1924, Russian botanist D.E. Janichevsky concluded that ruderal Cannabis in central Russia is either a variety of C. sativa or a separate species, and proposed C. sativa L. var. ruderalis Janisch. and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. as alternative names.[13] In 1929, renown plant explorer Nikolai Vavilov assigned wild or feral populations of Cannabis in Afghanistan to C. indica Lam. var. kafiristanica Vav., and ruderal populations in Europe to C. sativa L. var. spontanea Vav.[16][26] In 1940, Russian botanists Serebriakova and Sizov proposed a complex classification in which they also recognized C. sativa and C. indica as separate species. Within C. sativa they recognized two subspecies: C. sativa L. subsp. culta Serebr. (consisting of cultivated plants), and C. sativa L. subsp. spontanea (Vav.) Serebr. (consisting of wild or feral plants). Serebriakova and Sizov split the two C. sativa subspecies into 13 varieties, including four distinct groups within subspecies culta. However, they did not divide C. indica into subspecies or varieties.[13][28] This excessive splitting of C. sativa proved too unwieldy, and never gained many adherents. A single-species ruderal community of Dittricia viscosa on the railway-side gravel, next to the Petah Tikva-Sgula railway station, Israel. ...
Nikolai Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (Ðиколай Иванович Вавилов, November 25 [O.S. November 13] 1887 – January 26, 1943) was a prominent Russian botanist and geneticist best known for having identified the centres of origin of the cultivated plants. ...
In the 1970s, the taxonomic classification of Cannabis took on added significance in North America. Laws prohibiting Cannabis in the United States and Canada specifically named products of C. sativa as prohibited materials. Enterprising attorneys for the defense in a few drug busts argued that the seized Cannabis material may not have been C. sativa, and was therefore not prohibited by law. Attorneys on both sides recruited botanists to provide expert testimony. Among those testifying for the prosecution was Dr. Ernest Small, while Dr. Richard E. Schultes and others testified for the defense. The botanists engaged in heated debate (outside of court), and both camps impugned the other's integrity.[21][22] The defense attorneys were not often successful in winning their case, because the intent of the law was clear.[29] Image File history File links Cannabis_ruderalis. ...
Image File history File links Cannabis_ruderalis. ...
In 1976, Canadian botanist Ernest Small[30] and American taxonomist Arthur Cronquist published a taxonomic revision that recognizes a single species of Cannabis with two subspecies: C. sativa L. subsp. sativa, and C. sativa L. subsp. indica (Lam.) Small & Cronq.[26] The authors hypothesized that the two subspecies diverged primarily as a result of human selection; C. sativa subsp. sativa was presumably selected for traits that enhance fiber or seed production, whereas C. sativa subsp. indica was primarily selected for drug production. Within these two subspecies, Small and Cronquist described C. sativa L. subsp. sativa var. spontanea Vav. as a wild or escaped variety of low-intoxicant Cannabis, and C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica (Vav.) Small & Cronq. as a wild or escaped variety of the high-intoxicant type. This classification was based on several factors including interfertility, chromosome uniformity, chemotype, and numerical analysis of phenotypic characters.[14][26][31] Arthur C. Cronquist (1919–1992) was a North American botanist who wrote An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1988). ...
This Chihuahua mix and Great Dane show the wide range of dog breed sizes created using artificial selection. ...
The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ...
Professors William Emboden, Loran Anderson, and Harvard botanist Richard E. Schultes and coworkers also conducted taxonomic studies of Cannabis in the 1970s, and concluded that stable morphological differences exist that support recognition of at least three species, C. sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis.[32][33][34][35] For Schultes, this was a reversal of his previous interpretation that Cannabis is monotypic, with only a single species.[36] According to Schultes' and Anderson's descriptions, C. sativa is tall and laxly branched with relatively narrow leaflets, C. indica is shorter, conical in shape, and has relatively wide leaflets, and C. ruderalis is short, branchless, and grows wild in central Asia. This taxonomic interpretation was embraced by Cannabis aficionados who commonly distinguish narrow-leafed "sativa" drug strains from wide-leafed "indica" drug strains.[37] A Harvard University botanist who has done extensive research into psychoactive botanicals and their use by indigenous cultures. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
List of notable cannabis strains. ...
[edit] Ongoing research Molecular analytical techniques developed in the late twentieth century are being applied to questions of taxonomic classification. This has resulted in many reclassifications based on evolutionary systematics. Several studies of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and other types of genetic markers have been conducted on drug and fiber strains of Cannabis, primarily for plant breeding and forensic purposes.[38][39][40][41][42] Dutch Cannabis researcher E.P.M. de Meijer and coworkers described some of their RAPD studies as showing an "extremely high" degree of genetic polymorphism between and within populations, suggesting a high degree of potential variation for selection, even in heavily selected hemp cultivars.[15] They also commented that these analyses confirm the continuity of the Cannabis gene pool throughout the studied accessions, and provide further confirmation that the genus comprises a single species. Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
The —the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. ...
RAPD experiment RAPD stands for random amplification of polymorphic DNA. It is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. ...
Karl W. Hillig, a graduate student in the laboratory of long-time Cannabis researcher Paul G. Mahlberg[43] at Indiana University, conducted a systematic investigation of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic variation among 157 Cannabis accessions of known geographic origin, including fiber, drug, and feral populations. In 2004, Hillig and Mahlberg published a chemotaxomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in their Cannabis germplasm collection. They used gas chromatography to determine cannabinoid content and to infer allele frequencies of the gene that controls CBD and THC production, within the studied populations.[16] Hillig and Mahlberg concluded that the patterns of cannabinoid variation support recognition of C. sativa and C. indica as separate species, but not C. ruderalis. The authors assigned fiber/seed landraces and feral populations from Europe, central Asia, and Asia Minor to C. sativa. Narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug accessions, southern and eastern Asian hemp accessions, and feral Himalayan populations were assigned to C. indica. In 2005, Hillig published a genetic analysis of the same set of accessions (this paper was submitted ahead of his 2004 manuscript with Mahlberg, but was delayed in publication), and proposed a three-species classification, recognizing C. sativa, C. indica, and (tentatively) C. ruderalis.[44] In his doctoral dissertation published the same year, Hillig stated that principal components analysis of phenotypic (morphological) traits failed to differentiate the putative species, but that canonical variates analysis resulted in a high degree of discrimination of the putative species and infraspecific taxa.[45] Another paper published by Hillig on chemotaxonomic variation in the terpenoid content of the essential oil of Cannabis revealed that several wide-leaflet drug strains in their collection had relatively high levels of certain sesquiterpene alcohols, including guaiol and isomers of eudesmol, that set them apart from the other putative taxa.[46] Hillig concluded that the patterns of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic variation support recognition of C. sativa and C. indica as separate species. He also concluded there is little support to treat C. ruderalis as a separate species from C. sativa at this time, but more research on wild and weedy populations is needed because they were underrepresented in their collection. Look up Graduate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Indiana University is the principal campus of the Indiana University system. ...
Chemotaxonomy (from chemistry and taxonomy), also called chemosystematics, is the attempt to classify organisms (originally plants), according to differences in their biochemical makeup. ...
Germplasm is a term used to describe the genetic resources, or more precisely the DNA of an organism and collections of that material. ...
Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), or simply gas chromatography (GC) is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or nitrogen, and the stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid on an inert solid support. ...
An allele (pronounced , ) (from the Greek αλληλος, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
A dissertation or thesis is a document that presents the authors research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification. ...
Principal components analysis (PCA) is a technique used to reduce multidimensional data sets to lower dimensions for analysis. ...
The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ...
Canonical Analysis - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Chemical structure of the terpenoid isopentenyl pyrophosphate. ...
Isoprene Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. ...
As of 2007, most taxonomy web sites continue to list Cannabis as a single species.[47][48][49][50]
[edit] Popular usage The scientific debate regarding taxonomy has had little effect on the terminology in widespread use among cultivators and users of drug-type Cannabis. Cannabis aficionados recognize three distinct types based on such factors as morphology, native range, aroma, and subjective psychoactive characteristics. "Sativa" is the term used to describe the most widespread variety, which is usually tall, laxly branched, and found in warm lowland regions. "Indica" is used to designate shorter, bushier plants adapted to cooler climates and highland environments. "Ruderalis" is the term used to describe the short plants that grow wild in Europe and central Asia.
Breeders, seed companies, and cultivators of drug type Cannabis often describe the ancestry or gross phenotypic characteristics of cultivars by categorizing them as "pure indica," "mostly indica," "indica/sativa," "mostly sativa", or "pure sativa." Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ...
This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...
In September of 2005, New Scientist reported that researchers at the Canberra Institute of Technology had identified a new type of Cannabis based on analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.[51] The New Scientist story, which was picked up by many news agencies and web sites, indicated that the research was to be published in the journal Forensic Science International. As of 25 Feb 2007 the article is listed as "in press," and there is no mention in the abstract of "Rasta."[52] New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ...
In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ...
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. ...
[edit] Wild cannabis Wild C. sativa subsp. indica is mainly confined to hash producing areas such as Afghanistan, and parts of Morocco. In the U.S. wild cannabis can grow wild in mid-west areas such as Kansas and Nebraska. This type is not valued for recreational use and is viewed as a weed by farmers. Wild C. sativa subsp. sativa shows great local variation; for example, in warm places, it can reach heights up to 20 feet (6 m) tall, but in colder climates it can be as short as 1 foot (30 cm) in height. Almost every single flower branch bears a seed. The wild C. sativa subsp. sativa has long, thin and airy buds and a Christmas tree shape structure. Wild C. sativa subsp. indica remains compact and bushy with thick buds for the most part, and is sometimes used by the locals for hashish production. Generally, there are far fewer seeds in wild C. sativa subsp. indica.
In many areas, wild or naturalized populations of Cannabis are considered invasive species, and are often targeted by government-sponsored eradication programmes. Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ...
[edit] Reproduction
[edit] Breeding systems
 Some Cannabis sativa seeds Cannabis is predominantly dioecious,[7][53] although many monoecious varieties have been described.[54] Subdioecy (the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population) is widespread.[55][56][57] Many populations have been described as sexually labile.[58][59][40] Image File history File links CannabisSeeds. ...
Image File history File links CannabisSeeds. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Cannabis_female_flowers_close-up. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Cannabis_female_flowers_close-up. ...
In biology, Dioecious is an adjective which indicates the exisistence of separate sexes in a species of organisms. ...
As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.[60] Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the female plants are preferred. Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production. It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate between licit crops of monoecious hemp and illicit dioecious drug crops.[55] A very young cannabis seedling. ...
[edit] Mechanisms of sex determination Cannabis has been described as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of sex determination among the dioecious plants.[60] Many models have been proposed to explain sex determination in Cannabis. A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. ...
Based on studies of sex reversal in hemp, it was first reported by K. Hirata in 1924 that an XY sex-determination system is present.[58] At the time, the XY system was the only known system of sex determination. The X:A system was first described in Drosophila spp in 1925.[61] Soon thereafter, Schaffner disputed Hirata's interpretation,[62] and published results from his own studies of sex reversal in hemp, concluding that an X:A system was in use and that furthermore sex was strongly influenced by environmental conditions.[59] U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Drosophila sex-chromosomes The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects (Drosophila) and some plants (Ginkgo). ...
The X0 sex-determination system is a system that grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, and some other insects use to determine the sex of their offspring. ...
Since then, many different types of sex determination systems have been discovered, particularly in plants.[53] Dioecy is relatively uncommon in the plant kingdom, and a very low percentage of dioecious plant species have been determined to use the XY system. In most cases where the XY system is found it is believed to have evolved recently and independently.[63]
Since the 1920s, a number of sex determination models have been proposed for Cannabis. Ainsworth describes sex determination in the genus as using "an X/autosome dosage type".[53]
 Dense raceme of carpellate flowers typical of drug-type varieties of Cannabis The question of whether heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indeed present is most conveniently answered if such chromosomes were clearly visible in a karyotype. Cannabis was one of the first plant species to be karyotyped; however, this was in a period when karyotype preparation was primitive by modern standards (see History of Cytogenetics). Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were reported to occur in staminate individuals of dioecious "Kentucky" hemp, but were not found in pistillate individuals of the same variety. Dioecious "Kentucky" hemp was assumed to use an XY mechanism. Heterosomes were not observed in analyzed individuals of monoecious "Kentucky" hemp, nor in an unidentified German cultivar. These varieties were assumed to have sex chromosome composition XX.[64] According to other researchers, no modern karyotype of Cannabis had been published as of 1996.[65] Proponents of the XY system state that Y chromosome is slightly larger than the X, but difficult to differentiate cytologically.[66] Image File history File links Cannabis_indica_Selkem. ...
Image File history File links Cannabis_indica_Selkem. ...
Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining. ...
A metaphase cell positive for the bcr/abl rearrangement using FISH Cytogenetics is the study of the structure of chromosome material. ...
More recently, Sakamoto and various co-authors[67][68] have used RAPD to isolate several genetic marker sequences that they name Male-Associated DNA in Cannabis (MADC), and which they interpret as indirect evidence of a male chromosome. Several other research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and AFLP.[69][40][15] Ainsworth commented on these findings, stating, RAPD experiment RAPD stands for random amplification of polymorphic DNA. It is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. ...
A genetic marker is a known DNA sequences (e. ...
Amplified fragment length polymorphism PCR, or AFLP-PCR (often AFLP), is a tool used in the study of genetics and in the practice of genetic engineering. ...
It is not surprising that male-associated markers are relatively abundant. In dioecious plants where sex chromosomes have not been identified, markers for maleness indicate either the presence of sex chromosomes which have not been distinguished by cytological methods or that the marker is tightly linked to a gene involved in sex determination.[53] Environmental sex determination is known to occur in a variety of species.[70] Many researchers have suggested that sex in Cannabis is determined or strongly influenced by environmental factors.[59] Ainsworth reviews that treatment with auxin and ethylene have feminizing effects, and that treatment with cytokinins and gibberellins have masculinizing effects.[53] It has been reported that sex can be reversed in Cannabis using chemical treatment.[71] A PCR-based method for the detection of female-associated DNA polymorphisms by genotyping has been developed.[72] IAA appears to be the most active auxin in plant growth. ...
Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ...
Cytokinins are a class of plant growth substances (plant hormones) active in promoting cell division. ...
Gibberellins are a plant growth substance (phytohormone) involved in promotion of stem elongation, mobilisation of food reserves in seeds and other processes. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ...
Genotyping refers to the process of determining the genotype of an individual with a biological assay. ...
[edit] Various strains of cannabis Although there are hundreds of strains of cannabis in existence, there are also many rumors and urban legends. Many alleged strains, such as Purple Haze, are very predominant in pop-culture (see right), but the actual existence of many of these strains is uncertain and the slang terms used to refer to these strains do not appear to be used by botanists. Some strains, such as G-13, are acknowledged to be urban legends.[73] For other meanings of Purple Haze, see Purple Haze (disambiguation). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
An urban legend or urban myth is similar to a modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ...
Strains of cannabis:
Acapulco Gold is the traditional name of a legendary potent strain of marijuana () originating in Mexico. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
Cannabis is a plant which is consumed by humans as a psychoactive drug. ...
Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944...
A stage name, also called a screen name, is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers such as actors, comedians, musicians, djs, clowns, and professional wrestlers. ...
Panama Red is a legendary cannabis sativa cultivar of the 1960s and 1970s, popular amongst cannabis afficiandos. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Northern Lights is one of the most famous strains of Cannabis indica ever to have been bred. ...
Purple Haze is a common street name for marijuana that has predominately purple (as opposed to green) calyxes or flowers. ...
White Widow, a week from harvest. ...
[edit] Aspects of Cannabis production and use
 Cannabis field seized by authorities Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 767 KB) Summary Shot this picture of illegal marijuana growing in an eastern field in 2005 with my Canon camera just before it was cut and carted away by authorities. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 767 KB) Summary Shot this picture of illegal marijuana growing in an eastern field in 2005 with my Canon camera just before it was cut and carted away by authorities. ...
A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation). ...
Cannabis has an ancient history of ritual usage as a trance inducing drug and is found in pharmacological cults around the world. ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Houses in Fishpool Street, St Albans, England For other meanings of the word house, see House (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cooking oil. ...
Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are used to make paper, cloth, or rope. ...
A very young cannabis seedling. ...
Since the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws affecting the legality of cannabis regarding the cultivation, use, possession, or transfer of cannabis for recreational use. ...
Schedules of Controlled Substances Schedule I The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. ...
The drug policy of the Netherlands is based on 3 principles: Drug use is a public health issue, not a criminal matter A distinction between hard drugs and soft drugs exists High drug related public expenditure, the highest drug related public expenditure per capita of all countries in EU (139...
This article is about health issues and the effects of cannabis. ...
Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάÏμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λÎγω) to tell (about)) is th |
