NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cannabis (pharmacology)

For more information on the pharmacology of cannabis please see Cannabis (drug), Health issues and the effects of cannabis, and Medical Marijuana. For various other aspects please see the main article at Cannabis. A Cannabis sativa plant The cannabis plant can be dried or otherwise processed to yield products containing large concentrations of compounds that have medicinal and psychoactive effects when consumed, usually by smoking or eating. ... For other articles on health aspects of cannabis please see Medical Marijuana and Cannabis (drug). ... Cannabis sativa extract. ... Species Cannabis indica Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes one or more species. ...

The pharmacology of cannabis is complex, due to a wide variety of terpenoid and terpenophenolic compounds (cannabinoids) in the essential oil. The most important pharmacologically active cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), cannabidiol, and cannabinol (a degradation product of Δ⁹-THC). Image File history File links Thc_3d. ... Image File history File links Thc_3d. ... Chemical structure is the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, usually linked by covalent bonds. ... The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in Cannabis Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Texas Historical Commission Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and logos (Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ... A Cannabis sativa plant The cannabis plant can be dried or otherwise processed to yield products containing large concentrations of compounds that have medicinal and psychoactive effects when consumed, usually by smoking or eating. ... Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ... Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Î”9-THC, Î”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Î”Â¹-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

The best known component of cannabis is THC. This psychoactive compound may produce relaxation, euphoria, concentration or diffusion of attention, altered space-time perception, alteration of visual, auditory, and olfactory senses, and appetite stimulation. Image File history File links Trichome-close-up. ... Image File history File links Trichome-close-up. ... Trichomes, from the Greek meaning growth of hair, are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants and protists. ... Overgrow photo of the week Overgrow is an online magazine for cannabis growers, containing information about cannabis cultivation written by the users, staff, and owners of overgrow. ...

Cannabis strains cultivated for medicinal, spiritual, and recreational use have a high content of THC, whereas certified industrial hemp strains have a low THC content. A female cannabis flower just coming into bloom (Photo courtesy sponng) Cannabis cultivation is the cultivation of the cannabis plant. ... Cannabis sativa extract. ... Cannabis has a long history of spiritual use, especially in India, where it has been used by wandering spiritual sadhus for centuries. ... The number 420 is a euphemism for cannabis and its associated culture. ...

Most hemp farmers try to maximize the amount of fiber, seed, or oil that the plants produce. However, most marijuana growers try to maximize the number of glandular trichomes produced on the floral clusters of unfertilized female plants. The glandular trichomes secrete an essential oil having high concentrations of cannabinoids.

Cannabinoids

In addition to Δ⁹-THC, the essential oil of cannabis includes the non- psychoactive cannabinoids cannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinolic acid. These latter compounds are thought to produce certain beneficial effects such as cell protection, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory properties. Image File history File links Trichome-cystolithhairs. ... Image File history File links Trichome-cystolithhairs. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... An immunomodulator is a drug used for its effect on the immune system: drugs may be immunosuppressants or immunostimulators. ... Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ...

Cannabinoids usually contain a 1,1'-di-methyl-pyrane ring, a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and a variedly unsaturated cyclohexyl ring and their immediate chemical precursors, constituting a family of about 60 bi-cyclic and tri-cyclic compounds. An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ...

Cannflavins

Cannabis also contains a related class of compounds, the cannflavins. These compounds have been suggested to contribute certain beneficial effects of cannabis, such as analgesia and anti-inflammatory properties, and are considerably more effective than aspirin. For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ... Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. ...

Cannaflavins usually contain a 1,4-pyrone ring fused to a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and linked to a 2nd variedly derivatized aromatic ring and include for example the non-psychoactive cannflavins A and B.

Terpenoids

The essential oil of cannabis also contains many fragrant terpenoids, which may synergize with the cannabinoids to produce its unique effects. The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. ...

The cannabinoid receptor system

Humans and other animals have two types of cannabinoid receptors: CB1 and CB2. The activation of these receptors is responsible for several of the medicinal and psychotropic effects of consuming cannabis. The discovery of these receptors in the 1980s revolutionized the understanding of cannabis pharmacology, reinforcing many long-standing assertions about its medical efficacy, and suggesting possibilities for cannabis-derived pharmaceutical compounds developed for specific medical purposes. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...

See also

Cannabinoids edit

{Anandamide} {CBD} {CBDV} {CBN} {CBV} {CP 55,940} {HU-210} {Nabilone} {Rimonabant} {THC} {THCV} {WIN 55,212-2} Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ... Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabidivarine, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabivarin, also known as cannabivarol or CBV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Chemical structure of CP 55,940 CP 55,940, also written as CP55940, CP55,940, CP-55940, CP-55,940, and CP 55940, is a cannabinoid which mimics the effects of naturally occurring THC (the psychoactive compound found in marijuana). ... HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was discovered around 1988 in the group of Dr Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. ... Chemical structure of (R,R)-nabilone. ... This article or section has or is prone to spam, that is, HTML links added only to promote a site or product. ... Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Î”9-THC, Î”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Î”Â¹-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant. ... Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...

Category: Cannabis Species Cannabis indica Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes one or more species. ... A Cannabis sativa plant The cannabis plant can be dried or otherwise processed to yield products containing large concentrations of compounds that have medicinal and psychoactive effects when consumed, usually by smoking or eating. ... Cannabis sativa extract. ... Cannabis has a long history of spiritual use, especially in India, where it has been used by wandering spiritual sadhus for centuries. ... Bob Marleys infamous spliff photo was the first of its kind The term cannabis culture can connote different meanings to different people, and many would argue that the diverse cultures and ages of the millions of people throughout the world who use cannabis makes it impossible to define a... For other articles on health aspects of cannabis please see Medical Marijuana and Cannabis (drug). ... Many countries have laws regarding the cultivation, possession, supply or use of cannabis (hemp). ... A female cannabis flower just coming into bloom (Photo courtesy sponng) Cannabis cultivation is the cultivation of the cannabis plant. ... Confiscated hashish from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. ... Kief or kif is the dried resin glands (or trichomes) of cannabis, which accumulates on containers or has been removed with a kiefing screen or sieve. ... Bhang is a preparation derived from the leaf and flower of a male cannabis plant. ... In the cannabis culture shake can refer to many different types of crumbs or other small particles of the plant after it has been harvested. ... A smoking pipe is a device used for smoking combustible substances such as tobacco and cannabis. ... A rolling machine (A); Cannabis spliff (B); broken up cannabis (C); a booklet of rolling papers (D) A spliff prior to rolling. ... A bong or water pipe is a device that is usually used for smoking herbs, typically cannabis [1], salvia divinorum, tobacco, and much less frequently other substances such as methamphetamine. ... In the slang of consumers of cannabis, shotgun can have one of a number of meanings. ... A dugout, sometimes called a hitter-box, is a device used to facilitate discrete, personal use of marijuana. ... Steamroller is a term used by smokers of cannabis to describe a type of pipe that consists of a hollow tube with both ends open, and a bowl on one side near one end. ... A blunt is a type of inexpensive cigar which is usually machine rolled such as Swisher Sweets, Garcia y Vega, Philly Blunts, White Owls, or Dutch Masters. ... In the cannabis culture, gravity bong is a term that can refer to one of two devices usually used for smoking cannabis. ... A vaporizer and hose. ... knifers are a method of smoking marijuana. ... Hash cookies, hash cakes or space cakes are relatively common in regions with liberal drugs policies, including much of Europe (particularly the Netherlands). ... Cannabutter is an oil/fat/butter based solution which has been infused with cannabinoids. ... A Leary biscuit is a snack consisting of a cracker, cheese, and a marijuana bud. ... An Alice B. Toklas brownie, also known more colloquially as a magic brownie or special brownie, is a dessert containing cannabis. ... A Dope Cake is method of taking cannabis without smoking it. ... Pot tea is an infusion of cannabis, usually the leaves of the plant, in hot water. ... Green Dragon is an alcoholic beverage made from cannabis leaves. ... Ganja goo ball is a catch-all term for any gooey or sticky sweet ball-shaped dessert containing cannabis, usually refering to desserts that do not need to be baked. ...

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