In agriculture, Canola is a trademarked cultivar of genetically engineered rapeseed variants from which rapeseed oil is obtained. Also known as "LEAR" oil (for Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed), Canola oil was initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s^{[citation needed]}. This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed Brassica napus, also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae. ... Richard Keith Downey, O.C., Ph. ... Baldur Rosmund Stefansson, OC , OM, F.A.I.C. (April 26, 1917 - January 3, 2002) was a Canadian agricultural scientist and as one of the originators of canola, became known as the Father of Canola. Born in Vestfold, Manitoba, a son of Icelandic immigrants Gudmundur and Jonina Stefansson, he served... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

The word "canola" is derived from "Canadian oil, low acid" in 1978. [1] [2] [3] 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Diseases

Main article: List of canola diseases

This article is a list of diseases of rapeseed and canola ( and Brassica rapa (= )). // Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society Category: ...

History

Canola field in Temora, New South Wales

Canola field near Bindi Bindi Western Australia

Canola field near Red Deer, Alberta

Bottle of Canola Oil from Canada

Once considered a specialty crop in Canada, canola has evolved into a major North American cash crop. Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million metric tons (tonnes) of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3 to 4 million metric tons of the seed, 700,000 metric tons of canola oil and 1 million metric tons of canola meal. The United States is a net consumer of canola oil. The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Taiwan, Mexico, China, and Europe. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 621 KB) Canola Field - Temora, NSW File links The following pages link to this file: Canola Temora, New South Wales ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 621 KB) Canola Field - Temora, NSW File links The following pages link to this file: Canola Temora, New South Wales ... Spitfire at Temora Aviation Museum Temora is a town located in south western New South Wales in Australia. ... Image File history File links Canola_bindi_aus. ... Image File history File links Canola_bindi_aus. ... Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006)  - Population  2,050,900 (4th)  - Density  0. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1100, 177 KB)Alberta canola field This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1100, 177 KB)Alberta canola field This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Red Deer () is a city in central Alberta, Canada, located almost midway between Calgary and Edmonton within the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (357x1004, 95 KB) Canola Oil, bottle I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (357x1004, 95 KB) Canola Oil, bottle I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Look up crop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...

Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant with roots in ancient civilization. The word "rape" in rapeseed comes from the Latin word "rapum," meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard and many other vegetables are related to the two canola species commonly grown: Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. The negative associations with the word "rape" in North America resulted in the more marketing-friendly name "Canola". Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... Trinomial name Brassica rapa rapa L. For other uses, see Turnip (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Brassica napobrassica Mill. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Cultivar Group Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group The Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group) is a cultivar group of cabbage cultivated for its small (typically 2. ... Species See text The mustards are several plant species in the genus Brassica whose proverbially tiny mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into a condiment also known as mustard. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed Brassica napus, also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae. ... Binomial name Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable, a root vegetable, and an oilseed. ...

Hundreds of years ago, Asians and Europeans used rapeseed oil in lamps. As time progressed, people employed it as a cooking oil and added it to foods. Its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- and steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production. Cooking is the act of applying heat to food in order to prepare it to eat. ... A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the potential energy that exists as pressure in steam, converting it to mechanical work. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Edible rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956-1957, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid, suspected of causing cancer if ingested in large amounts. Feed meal from the rapeseed plant was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called glucosinolates. Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Erucic acid Erucic acid is a fatty acid found in rapeseed, wallflower seed, and mustard seed, making up 40 to 50 percent of their oil. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... The glucosinolates are a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. ...

Rapeseed had been grown in Canada (mainly Saskatchewan) since 1936. Canadian plant breeders took up the challenge to improve the quality of the plant. In 1968, Dr. Baldur Stefansson of the University of Manitoba used selective breeding to develop a low erucic acid variety of rapeseed. In 1974 another variety was produced with both a low erucic acid content and a low level of glucosinolates; this was dubbed Canola, from Canadian Oil Low Acid. Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (Latin: From many peoples strength) Official languages English Flower Western Red Lily Tree Paper Birch Bird Sharp-tailed Grouse Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Lieutenant-Governor Gordon Barnhart Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 14 6 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Baldur Rosmund Stefansson, OC , OM, F.A.I.C. (April 26, 1917 - January 3, 2002) was a Canadian agricultural scientist and as one of the originators of canola, became known as the Father of Canola. Born in Vestfold, Manitoba, a son of Icelandic immigrants Gudmundur and Jonina Stefansson, he served... The University of Manitoba is the largest university of the province of Manitoba, most comprehensive and only research-intensive post-secondary educational institution. ... Selective breeding in domesticated animals is the process of developing a cultivated breed over time. ... Erucic acid Erucic acid is a fatty acid found in rapeseed, wallflower seed, and mustard seed, making up 40 to 50 percent of their oil. ... The glucosinolates are a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. ...

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant variety of Canola to date. Recent varieties such as this have been produced by gene splicing techniques. Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ...

Health effects

Canola oil has been touted as a healthy oil due to its low saturated fat and high monounsaturated oil content - the latter almost 60% - and beneficial omega-3 fatty acids profile. The Canola Council of Canada states it is completely safe and is the healthiest of all commonly used cooking oils.[4] Traditional rapeseed oil contains very high amounts of erucic acid and glucosinolates, both of which are undesirable for human consumption. Erucic acid is implicated with cancer and rancidity and glucosinolates are goitrogenic. Canola oil reduces them to very low levels - 0.5-5% for erucic acid for example - without eradicating them completely. Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... In nutrition, monounsaturated fats are dietary fats with one double-bonded carbon in the molecule, with all of the others single-bonded carbons. ... Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids found in certain fish tissues, and in vegetable sources such as flax seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... Erucic acid Erucic acid is a fatty acid found in rapeseed, wallflower seed, and mustard seed, making up 40 to 50 percent of their oil. ... The glucosinolates are a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Rancidification is the decomposition of fats and other lipids by oxidation. ... The glucosinolates are a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. ... Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland, and which can also cause an enlargement of the thyroid. ... Erucic acid Erucic acid is a fatty acid found in rapeseed, wallflower seed, and mustard seed, making up 40 to 50 percent of their oil. ...

Nonetheless, the oil generated controversy. In March 1996 John Thomas published an article, "Blindness, Mad Cow Disease and Canola Oil", in Perceptions magazine, implicating Canola oil with glaucoma and the Mad Cow Disease. [5] This article was taken up, condensed and widely circulated in a story via emails. The industry condemns this as an email hoax and states its claims to be wholly unsubstantiated. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or commonly mad cow disease) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which infects by a mechanism that shocked biologists on its discovery in late 20th century and appears transmissible to humans. ... E-mail, or email, is short for electronic mail and is a method of composing, sending, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems. ... E-mail spoofing is a term used to describe fraudulent email activity in which the sender address and other parts of the email header are altered to appear as though the email originated from a different source. ...

In Nexus Magazine, Volume 9, Number 5 (Aug-Sept 2002), however [6], dietitians Sally Fallon and Dr. Mary G. Enig published another article, called "The Great Con-ola", questioning the industry's marketing claims, stating that Canola oil 'has a number of undesirable health effects when used as the main source of dietary fats'. They cite many independent studies done in the late 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, which show animals fed on a pure Canola oil-based diet suffers from vitamin E deficiency, a decrease in blood platelets count, an increase in platelet size, and shortened life-spans. Canola oil also seemingly retards growth, which was why the FDA prohibited its use in infant formula. The authors state that most omega-3s in canola oil are transformed into trans fats during the deodorisation process, quoting a University of Florida study which found trans fat content in Canola oil to be as high as 4.6%.[7] Trans fat-free canola alternatives have been developed, though they remain a minority in the market. Nexus magazine is a magazine containing many alternative and conspiracy theorist articles. ... Tocopherol, or vitamin E, is a fat-soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant. ... A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ... Life span is one of the most important parameters of any living organism. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... A human infant An infant or baby is a person younger than a toddler. ... A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary... The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university located in Gainesville, Florida. ... A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary...

Other facts

• Today about 75% of the Canola crops planted in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are GM (genetically modified food) herbicide-tolerant varieties.

• In 2004, North Dakota produced 91% of the Canola in the United States.[8]

• Compared with sunflower, corn, peanut, and many other oils, Canola has one of the lowest ratios of saturated to unsaturated fat, which has known health benefits.[9]

• The rapeseed blossom is a major source of nectar for honeybees.

• Canola oil is a promising source for manufacturing biodiesel, a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

• The main price-discovery mechanism for worldwide canola trade is the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange canola futures contract. Rapeseed is traded on the Euronext exchange.

Motto: Fortis et liber (Latin: Strong and free) Official languages English (see below) Flower   Wild rose Tree Lodgepole Pine Bird Great Horned Owl Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 28 6 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of total... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English and French, per mandate of the Constitution Act 1982 Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 14 6 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of total)  Ranked 8th 647... A genetically modified food is a food product developed from a genetically modified organism (GMO). ... Official language(s) English Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Area  Ranked 19th  - Total 70,762 sq mi (183,272 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 340 miles (545 km)  - % water 2. ... The nectar source in a given area depends on the type of vegetation present and the length of their bloom period. ... Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people... Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), which can be used in unmodified diesel-engined vehicles. ... Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. ... Winnipeg commodity exchange is a commodity market based in Canada. ... Euronext N.V. is a pan-European stock exchange with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom. ...

External links

• CanolaInfo
• Canola Council of Canada
• Alberta Canola Producers Commission
• Alternative Field Crops Manual
• Urban legend about Canola oil
• Canadian Grain Commission
• Canola Oil Deadly for the Human Body