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Not to be confused with capitol. This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. For other uses, see Capital (disambiguation). In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of "capital") is the principal city or town associated with a country's government. It is almost always the city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law. Look up capitol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Capital is the following: A capital city (in many states the political, religious, and economic capital are the same): In geography and politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital) of a country or other political entity is a city or town that contains the government. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... This article concerns places that serve as centers of government and politics. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... The seat of government is the location of the government for a political entity. ... Lady Justice or Justitia is a personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system (particularly in Western art). ... The word capital is derived from the Latin caput meaning "head," and the related term capitol refers to the building where government business is chiefly conducted. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Look up capitol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Seats of government in major sub-state jurisdictions are often called "capitals", but this is typically the case only in countries with some degree of federalism, where major substate jurisdictions have an element of sovereignty. In unitary states, "administrative center" or other similar terms are typically used. For example, the seat of government in a state of the United States of America is usually called its "capital", but the main city in a region of England is usually not. At lower administrative subdivisions, terms such as county town, county seat, or borough seat are usually used. The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ... “Sovereign” redirects here. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the... A county town is the capital of a county in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. ... A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county, primarily used in the United States. ... A borough seat is the capital city of a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Historically, the major economic center of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or amalgamation. This was the case for London and Moscow. The capital naturally attracts the politically motivated and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of government such as lawyers, journalists, and public policy researchers. A capital that is the prime economic, cultural, or intellectual center is sometimes referred to as a primate city. Such is certainly the case with London and Buenos Aires among national capitals, and Irkutsk or Salt Lake City in their respective state or province. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Moscow (Moskva) (Russian: , romanised: Moskva, IPA: see also other names) is the capital of Russia and the countrys economic, financial, educational, and transportation centre. ... A lawyer, according to Blacks Law Dictionary, is a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Public policy is a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a problem. ... A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population center of a country and is not rivaled in any of these aspects by any other city in that country. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... Irkutsks location Kazansky Church in Irkutsk Irkutsk (Russian: ) is one of the largest cities in Siberia. ... Salt Lake City is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. ... Capitals are sometimes sited to discourage further growth in an existing major city. Brasília was situated in Brazil's interior because the old capital, Rio de Janeiro, and southeastern Brazil in general, was considered over-crowded. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: , Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Government  - Mayor César Maia (Democrats) Area  - City 1,260 km²  (486. ... The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, as occurred with Nanjing by Shanghai. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred with Babylon and Cahokia. Many present-day capital cities, such as Abuja, Brasília, Canberra, Ottawa and Washington, D.C. are planned cities, purposefully located away from established population centres for various reasons, and have become gradually established as new business or commercial centres. “Nanking” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... For a related concept in sociology, see Social disintegration. ... Babylon (in Arabic: بابل; in Syriac: ܒܒܙܠ in Hebrew:בבל) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq), the ruins of which can be found in present-day Babil Province, about 80km south of Baghdad. ... Cahokia is the site of an ancient Native American city near Collinsville, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. ... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital city of Canada. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... A new town, planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan. ... Contents 1 Unorthodox capital city arrangements 2 Capital as symbol 3 Strategic importance of capitals 4 Largest national capital cities 5 Lists of capitals [edit] Unorthodox capital city arrangements See also: List of countries with multiple capitals A number of cases exist where states or other entities have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. In others, the "effective" and "official" capital may differ for pragmatic reasons, resulting in a situation where a city known as "the capital" is not, in fact, host to the seat of government. Likewise, occasionally the official "capital" as called may be host to the seat of government, but is not always the geographic origin of political decision-making. Countries with multiple capitals Some countries have multiple capitals; often one city is the seat of government while the other is the legal capital. ... Former British protectorate of Bechuanaland, today Botswana, was administered from Mafeking (now Mafikeng, South Africa), creating a unique situation of the capital of the territory being located outside of it. Bolivia: Sucre is still the constitutional capital, but most of the national government long abandoned that region for La Paz. Chile: Santiago is understood to be the capital even though the National Congress of Chile is in Valparaíso. Côte d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan. European Union: Brussels, Belgium is generally treated as the 'capital' of the European Union, and the two institutions of the EU's executive, the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, both have their seats there. However, a protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam requires that the European Parliament have monthly sessions in Strasbourg, France. In Germany, the executive and legislative capital is Berlin, although a portion of various ministerial back offices are located in the former West German capital of Bonn. The judicial branch of the government is divided between Karlsruhe and Leipzig. Montenegro: Cetinje is the constitutional capital, but much greater Podgorica is the administrative centre. Nauru: Nauru, a tiny country of only 21 square kilometres (8 sq mi), has no distinct capital city, and thus has a capital district instead. The Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, parliament, supreme court and the palace of the queen are all located in The Hague. In South Africa, the administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein, the outcome of the compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910. Switzerland: The city of Bern serves as de facto capital of Switzerland ("Federal City"), however, the Swiss Supreme Court is located in Lausanne. City-states like Singapore have no capital city distinct from the country as a whole. The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) was a protectorate established in 1885 by Britain in the area of what is now Botswana. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Categories: South America geography stubs | Capitals in South America | Cities in Bolivia ... Central La Paz La Paz is the administrative capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Santiago Metropolitan Region Province Santiago Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... Congress building The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. ... Valparaiso National Congress Valparaíso is Chile’s most important seaport and an increasingly vital cultural center. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Freeway along the Ébrié Lagoon near the Plateau, Abidjans business district and centre of the city. ... Nickname: Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: , Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989 Government  - Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area  - Region 162 km²  (62. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... The Council of the European Union forms, along with the European Parliament, the legislative arm of the European Union (EU). ... The Amsterdam Treaty (in full: Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts) which was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999, made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union which... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) Gérard Onesta (Greens – EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... Anthem Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh, Bright Dawn of May Montenegro() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Official languages Serbian (Ijekavian dialect)1 Demonym Montenegrin Government Republic  -  President Filip Vujanović  -  Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence due to the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro   -  Declared June 3, 2006... Coordinates Mayor Milovan Janković (DPS - SDP) Municipality area 910 km² Population (2003 census)  - city  - municipality  - density 15,137 18,482 20. ... Coordinates Mayor Dr. Miomir MugoÅ¡a (DPS - SDP) Municipality area 1,441 km² Population (2003 census)  - city  - municipality  - density 136,473 169,132 117,4 pop per km² Time zone  - Standard  - Summer (DST) CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Founded Before 12th Century as Birziminium Area code +382 81 Car... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: , Country Province Government  - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA)  - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos  - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2]  - City 219 km²  (84. ... Hoge Raad der Nederlanden is the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, situated in The Hague. ... Huis ten Bosch is one of the four official palaces of the Dutch Royal Family, located in the Hague in the Netherlands. ... Beatrix (born January 31, 1938 as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld) has been the queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country South Africa Province Gauteng Established 1855 Area  - City 1,644 km²  (634. ... Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1]  - Type City council  - Mayor Helen Zille  - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area  - City 2,499 km²  (964. ... Bloemfontein at night Bloemfontein (IPA: , Afrikaans and Dutch for spring of Bloem (bloom), flower spring or fountain of flowers is the capital city of the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Motto Ex Unitate Vires (Latin: From Unity, strength} Anthem Die Stem van Suid-Afrika Capital Cape Town (legislative) Pretoria (administrative) Bloemfontein (judicial) Language(s) Afrikaans, Dutch, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1952-1961 Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General  - 1959-1961 Charles Robberts Swart Prime Minister  - 1958-1961 Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German Bärn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel). ... The term Federal City (German Bundesstadt) is the title for the cities of Bonn, Germany, and Bern, Switzerland. ... The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland (Tribunal fédéral in French, Schweizerisches Bundesgericht in German, Tribunale federale in Italian) is the supreme court of Switzerland. ... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... [edit] Capital as symbol With the rise of modern empires and the nation-state, the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government, and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever a monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding or capture of a modern capital city is an emotional affair. For example: This article is about the political and historical term. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... Armenian king Tigranes the Great. ... Ruined and almost uninhabited Athens was made capital of newly independent Greece with the romantic notion of reviving the glory of the ancients. Similarly, following the Cold War and German reunification, Berlin is now once again the capital of the country. Other restored capital cities include Moscow after the October Revolution. A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes known as a "forward capital" or spearhead capital). Peter I of Russia moved his government from Moscow to Saint Petersburg to give the Russian Empire a western orientation, while Kemal Atatürk did the same by actually moving east, to Ankara, away from more Ottoman Istanbul. The Ming Emperors moved their capital to Beijing from more central Nanjing as to better supervise the border with the Mongols and Manchus. During the 1857 war of independence, Indian rebels considered Delhi their capital and Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed emperor, though the ruling British had their capital in Calcutta. In 1877 the British formally held a 'Durbar' in Delhi, proclaiming Queen Victoria as 'Empress of India'. Delhi finally became the colonial capital after the Coronation Durbar of King-Emperor George V , continuing as Independent India's capital from 1947. Other examples include Abuja, Astaná, Brasília, Helsinki, Islamabad, Naypyidaw and Yamoussoukro. The selection or founding of a "neutral" capital city — i.e. one unencumbered by regional or political identity — was meant to represent the unity of a new state when Bern, Canberra, Madrid, and Washington, D.C. became capitals. The British-built town of New Delhi represented a simultaneous break and continuity with the past - the location of Delhi being where many imperial capitals were built e.g. Indraprastha, Dhillika and Shahjahanabad, but the actual capital being the new British built town designed by Edwin Lutyens. During the American Civil War, tremendous resources were expended to defend Washington, D.C., which bordered the Confederate States of America, from Confederate attack, even though the small federal government could have been moved relatively easily in the era of railroads and telegraph. Athens is the largest and the capital city of Greece, located in the Attica periphery. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... German reunification (German: ) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called East Germany) were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in English commonly called West Germany). The start of this reunification process is commonly referred to... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ... Moscow (Moskva) (Russian: , romanised: Moskva, IPA: see also other names) is the capital of Russia and the countrys economic, financial, educational, and transportation centre. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organisation of economic activities across the Earth. ... ... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekséyevich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly... Moscow (Moskva) (Russian: , romanised: Moskva, IPA: see also other names) is the capital of Russia and the countrys economic, financial, educational, and transportation centre. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: &#1057;&#1072;&#1085;&#1082;&#1090;-&#1055;&#1077;&#1090;&#1077;&#1088;&#1073;&#1091;&#769;&#1088;&#1075;, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as &#1055;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;&#1088; (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (&#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#769;&#1076;, 1924&#8211;1991) and... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The West can refer to : The U.S. West or the American West The Western world, or Western Civilization. ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938), until 1934 Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Turkish army officer and revolutionist statesman, was the founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Ming is a common personal name in China, It may also mean: Ming Dynasty, the ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644 Ming class submarine, a class of diesel-electric submarines built by China Motorola MING, a smartphone released by Motorola Ming library, a C library with PHP bindings... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Motto Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit)  (Devanagari) Truth Alone Triumphs[1] Anthem Jana Gana Mana National Song[2] Vande Mataram Capital New Delhi Largest city Mumbai Official languages Union:3 Hindi and English States and others:4 Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Bahadur Shah II (1775-1862) aka Bahadur Shah Zafar (Zafar was his nom de plume, or takhallus, as an Urdu poet) was the last of the Mughal emperors in India. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Delhi Durbar means Court of Delhi which took place in 1911. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 May 1876, until her death on 22 January 1901. ... Signature of King Edward VIII The R and I after his name indicate king and emperor in Latin (Rex and Imperator, respectively). ... Delhi Durbar means Court of Delhi which took place in 1911. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, which he created from the British branch of the German House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... Coordinates: Government  - Mayor Askar Mamin Population (estimated)  - City 600,000 Time zone BTT (UTC+6) This article is about the capital of Kazakhstan; for the article on the palace in Sarawak, see Astana (Sarawak); for the professional road-cycling team see Astana Team; for the Iranian city, see Astaneh-e... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government  - City manager Jussi Pajunen Area  - City 187. ... (Urdu: اسلام آباد) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... Naypyidaw (also spelt Nay Pyi Taw, literally Royal City) is currently the national capital of Myanmar, located in Kyatpyae Village, Pyinmana Township of Mandalay Division. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German Bärn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel). ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... Motto: (Spanish for From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: , Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jimémez (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion... This article describes the government of the United States. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... [edit] Strategic importance of capitals The capital city is almost always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China, where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on the provincial level, a Dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Cheng Du and Jian Ye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus. The Ming was destroyed when the Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing Dynasty's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion. China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... The Kingdom of Shu (&#34560; sh&#468;) (221 &#8211; 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... Chengdu (Chinese: &#25104;&#37117;; pinyin: Chéngd&#363;; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu) is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city, located in southwest China, and bordering Tibet. ... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... The Manchu (manju in Manchu; &#28415;&#26063; (pinyin: m&#462;nzú) in Chinese, often shortened to &#28415; (pinyin: m&#462;n) are an ethnic group who originated in northeastern Manchuria. ... Lǐ Zìchéng (李自成) (September 22, 1606 - 1644), born Li HóngjÄ« (鴻基), was a rebel in late Ming Dynasty China who proclaimed himself ChuÇŽng Wáng (闖王), or The Roaming King. Born in Mizhi District (米脂縣), Yanan Subprefecture (延安府), Shaanxi, Li grew up as a shepherd. ... Confucianism (&#20754;&#23478; Pinyin: rúji&#257; The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional Chinese: &#20013;&#22283;&#22283;&#27665;&#40680;; Simplified Chinese: &#20013;&#22269;&#22269;&#27665;&#20826;; pinyin: Zh&#333;nggu nd&#462;ng; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang; literally the National Peoples Party of China) is a... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: &#20013;&#22269;&#20849;&#20135;&#20826;; Traditional Chinese: &#20013;&#22283;&#20849;&#29987;&#40680;; pinyin: Zh&#333;nggu ngch&#462;nd&#462;ng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Combatants China Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Hirohito, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro, Fumimaro Konoe Strength 58,600,000 4,100,000... National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, due to socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812, but American forces could still carry on fighting from the countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent frontiersmen-civilians. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France, whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital is taken; in their military strategies, traditional enemies of France such as Germany focused on the capture of Paris. The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Map of Constantinople. ... This article is about military actions only. ... Combatants United States British Empire: United Kingdom Upper Canada Lower Canada Newfoundland Nova Scotia Bermuda Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •United States Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US... This article is about the capital of France. ... [edit] Largest national capital cities Countries whose capital city is not their most populous city Some of the largest cities in the world are not national capitals. The largest national capitals in each region, by urban/metropolitan area population, are: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 47 KB) Summary Countries whose capital is not their largest city, as listed on w:List of countries whose capital is not their largest city Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Capital List of countries whose... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 47 KB) Summary Countries whose capital is not their largest city, as listed on w:List of countries whose capital is not their largest city Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Capital List of countries whose... Countries whose capital is not their largest city This is an incomplete list of countries whose capital is not their largest city. ... Africa: Cairo (16,100,000) Asia: Tokyo (21,237,000) Europe: London (14,400,000) North America: Mexico City (19,809,471) Oceania: Wellington (445,400) South America: Buenos Aires (11,700,000) Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... Tokyo ), the common English name for the Tokyo Metropolis ), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and, unique among the prefectures, provides certain municipal services characteristic of a city. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Nickname: Motto: Ciudad en movimiento Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Wellington Region. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... [edit] Lists of capitals Lists of national capitals by name by country by country (with also the largest city) by continent and country List of historical national capitals List of multiple capitals List of countries that have the name of their capital included in their name List of countries whose capital is not their largest city List of purpose-built capital cities List of capitals outside of the territories they serve v • d • e Types of country subdivision Administrative division  ·   Political division  ·   Census division  ·   Electoral division Contemporary Amt · Arrondissement · Bailiwick · Bakhsh · Baladiyah · Banner · Autonomous banner · Barangay · Bairro · Barrio · Bezirk / Regierungsbezirk · Block · Borough · County borough · Metropolitan borough · Capital · Federal capital · Canton · Census division · Census geographic unit · Census metropolitan area · Census subdivision · Circle · Circuit · City · Autonomous city · Independent city · Co-Principality · Colony · Comarca · Commonwealth · Commune · Comune · Community · Autonomous community · Residential community · Condominium · Constituency · County · Administrative county · Autonomous county · Metropolitan county · Council · Croft · Department · Dependent territory · Federal dependency · District · Autonomous district · Capital district · City district · Federal district · Metropolitan district · Municipal district · Division · Daïra · Duchy · Eldership · Frazione · Freguesia · Governorate · Hamlet · Insular area · Judeţ · Local administrative unit · Local government area · Liwa · Località · Municipality · District municipality · Regional municipality · Regional county municipality · Rural municipality · Neighbourhood · Oblast · Okrug · Ostān · Parish · Civil parish · Periphery · Prefecture · Autonomous prefecture · Principality · Protectorate · Province · Autonomous province · Quarter · Regency · Region · Autonomous region · Capital region · Special administrative region · Republic · Autonomous republic · Ranchería · Reservation · Indian reserve · Shabiyah · Shahr · Shahrestān · Shire · State · Subdistrict · Subprefecture · Suzerainty · Territory · Autonomous territorial unit · Capital territory · National territory · Town · Townland · Township · Civil township · Urban (urbanized) area · Village · Vingtaine · Voivodeship · Wilayah · Ward This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... This is a list of national capitals in the world in alphabetical order by country: // Note: Whilst these entities aspire to statehood and have significant territory, they are not generally considered to be independent countries, since they are not recognised by a majority of other states, and do not have... This is a list of national capitals in the world in alphabetical order by country: In case that the capital is not the largest city, the third column gives the cities that are larger. ... This is a list of the countries of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... There follows a list of countries that have multiple capital cities. ... This is a list of countries that have the name of their capital included in their name. ... Countries whose capital is not their largest city This is an incomplete list of countries whose capital is not their largest city. ... This is a list of capital cities that were built from the ground up to be national or regional capitals, rather than being a pre-existing city chosen to be the capital. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Country subdivision can be any type of subdividing the territory of a country. ... A political division is a geographic region accepted to be in the jurisdiction of a particular government entity. ... Outline map of Canadas Census Divisions in 2001 Note: This page refers only to subdivisions in Canada. ... A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... An Amt is a name for subnational administrative units used in some northern European countries. ... An arrondissement is an administrative division in some French or Dutch-speaking countries: // Main article: Municipal arrondissement in France Main article: Arrondissements of Paris Paris, capital city of France, is divided into 20 arrondissements. ... A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff. ... A bakhsh is an administrative subdivision in Iran, translated as county, but in many ways similar to a township in the United States or a district of England. ... Baladiyah is an arab subdivision term that can be translated as municipality. ... Banner is a type of administrative division. ... A banner (Mongolian: khoshuu, Chinese: &#26071;, pinyin: qí) is an administrative division of Inner Mongolia. ... A barangay (Tagalog: baranggay , pronounced as ba-rang-gai, gai as in guy), also known by its former name, the barrio, is the smallest local government unit in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. ... Bairro (lit. ... Look up barrios in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Austria is divided into 84 political districts (Bezirke). ... A Regierungsbezirk is an government region of Germany, a subdivision of certain federal states (Bundesländer). ... A block is a country subdivision in some South Asian countries. ... Look up Borough in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... County borough was a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom to refer to a borough or a city independent of county administration. ... A metropolitan borough (or metropolitan district) is a type of local government district in England, covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. ... ... A canton is a territorial subdivision of a country, e. ... Outline map of Canadas Census Divisions in 2001 Note: This page refers only to subdivisions in Canada. ... The census geographic units of Canada are the country subdivisions defined and used by Canadas federal government statistics bureau Statistics Canada[1] to conduct the countrys five-yearly census. ... A census metropolitan area, or CMA is a Canadian census subdivision comprising a large urban area (known as the urban core) and adjacent areas (known as urban and rural fringes) that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the urban core. ... Census subdivision is a Canadian political region organized by Statistics Canada and determined by the provinces. ... Circle is an administrative country subdivision. ... // In law, a circuit is an appellate judicial district commonly seen in the court systems of many nations. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ... An independent city is a city that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity. ... Co-regency refers to the situation where a monarchial position (such as King, Queen, Emperor or Empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a list of the comarques (singular comarca) of Catalonia. ... The English noun commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century. ... A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village, or a small grouping of them. ... In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic administrative unit of both provinces and regions, and may be properly approximated in casual speech by the English word township or municipality. ... A community as country subdivision can be found in Belgium. ... Spains fifty provinces (provincias) are grouped into seventeen autonomous communities (comunidades aut nomas), in addition to two African autonomous cities (ciudades aut nomas) (Ceuta and Melilla). ... A residential community is a community, usually a small town or city, that is composed mostly of residents, as opposed to commercial businesses and/or industrial facilities, all three of which are considered to be the three main types of occupants of the typical community. ... In international law, a condominium is a territory in which two sovereign powers have equal rights. ... A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ... An administrative county is an administrative area in the British Isles. ... In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of &#21439; (xi  n). ... The six metropolitan counties shown within England The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level subnational entity in current use in England. ...</