John Capodistria

John Capodistria (in Greek Ioannis Kapodistrias or Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας, and in Italian Giovanni Capo d'Istria, Count Capo d'Istria) (February 11, 1776 - October 9, 1831) was a Greek-born diplomat of the Russian Empire and later first head of state of independent Greece. John Kapodistrias (Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας) File links The following pages link to this file: John Capodistria ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year 1776. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in Leap years). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...

Background and early career

Ioannis Capodistrias was born in Corfu (Kerkyra) in the Ionian Islands, which at the time of his birth were a possession of Venice. He studied medicine, philosophy and the law at Padua in Italy. When only 21 years old, in 1797, he started his practice as a doctor in his native island of Corfu, in order to alleviate human misery. He was to the end of his life a deeply liberal thinker and a true democrat, though born and raised as a nobleman. An ancestor of Capodistria's had been created a conte (count) by the Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, and the title was later (1679) inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Corfu nobility. (The title originates from Capo d'Istria, the Italian name for the port of Koper, now in Slovenia). His mother's family, the Gonemi, had been listed in the Libro d'Oro since 1606. In 1802 Ioannis Capodistria founded two important scientific and social progress organisations in Corfu, the "Society of the Friends" (Etairia ton Philon) and the "National Medical Association", of which he was an energetic member. In 1799, when Corfu was briefly occupied by the forces of Russia and Turkey, Capodistria was appointed chief medical director of the military hospital. (This article is about the Greek island known in English as Corfu. ... The Ionian Islands (Greek: Ionia Nisia, Ιόνια Νησιά; Ancient Greek: Ionioi Nisoi, Ιόνιοι Νήσοι) are a group of islands in Greece. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, 45°26′ N 12°19′ E, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... Medicine on the Web NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Categories: Medicine | Health ... The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom. ... Corruption Jurisprudence Philosophy of law Law (principle) List of legal abbreviations Legal code Intent Letter versus Spirit Natural Justice Natural law Religious law Witness intimidation Legal research External links Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Law Look up law in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Law, Legal Definitions... Location within Italy Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua The city of Padua (Lat. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Emmanuel II (June 20, 1634 - June 12, 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine Marie until 1663. ... The House of Savoy was a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy (a small region between Piedmont, Italy, and France). ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... Libro d Oro ( Golden Book ) was the list of noblemen of the Seven Ionian Islands that are now part of Greece . ... Area: 311. ... Libro d Oro ( Golden Book ) was the list of noblemen of the Seven Ionian Islands that are now part of Greece . ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill pretender Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... (This article is about the Greek island known in English as Corfu. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Minister of the Septinsular Republic

After two years of revolutionary freedom, triggered by the French Revolution and the ascendancy of Napoleon, the seven Ionian islands were recognised in 1801 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire as a free and independent state--the Septinsular Republic--ruled by its nobles. Capodistria, substituting for his father, became one of two ministers of the new state. Thus, at the age of 25, Capodistria became involved in politics. In Cephallonia he was successful in convincing the populace to remain united and disciplined to avoid foreign intervention and, by his argument and sheer courage, he faced and appeased rebellious opposition without conflict. With the same peaceful determination he established authority in all the seven islands. He listened to the voice of the people and initiated democratic changes to the "Byzantine Constitution" that the Russian-Ottoman alliance had imposed, which caused the Great Powers to send an envoy, George Motsenigo, to reprimand him. However, when the envoy met Capodistria, he was impressed by the political and ethical worth of the man. When elections were carried for a new Senate, Capodistria was unanimously appointed as Chief Minister of State. He cared for the people as much as when he was a doctor, and was loved by them. In December 1803 a less feudal and more liberal and democratic constitution was voted by the Senate. As a minister of state he organised the public sector, putting particular emphasis on education. During the French Revolution (1789–1799) democracy and republicanism overthrew the absolute monarchy in France, and the French portion of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Ionian Islands (Greek: Ionia Nisia, Ιόνια Νησιά; Ancient Greek: Ionioi Nisoi, Ιόνιοι Νήσοι) are a group of islands in Greece. ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (İstanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... A republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under joined Russian-Turkish sovereignity in the Ionian Islands. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... Kefalonia also known as Cephalonia, Kefallinia, or Cefalonia (Ancient Greek: Κεφαλλήνια Modern Greek: Κεφαλλονιά), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Russian diplomatic service

A statue of John Capodistria in Panepistimiou Street, in front of the National Capodistrian University, Athens

In 1809 Capodistria entered the service of Alexander I of Russia. His first important mission, in November 1813, was as unofficial Russian anbassador to Switzerland, with the task of helping disentangle the country from the French dominance imposed by Napoleon. He secured Swiss unity, independence and neutrality, which was guaranteed by the Great Powers, and actively facilitated the initiation of a new Constitution for the 19 cantons that were the component states of Switzerland with personal drafts. In the ensuing Congress of Vienna, 1815, as the Russian minister, he counterbalanced the paramount influence of the Austrian minister, Prince Metternich, and insisted on French state unity under a Bourbon monarch. He also obtained international guarantees for the Constitution and neutrality of Switzerland through an agreement among the Powers at the Vienna Congress. After these brilliant diplomatic successes, Alexander I appointed Capodistria joint Foreign Minister of Russia (with Karl Robert Nesselrode). Ioannis Kapodistrias statue (190px). ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), Emperor of Russia (reigned March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825), King of Poland (reigned 1815–1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of... November is the eleventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from October 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneberg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 - June 11, 1858) (sometimes rendered in English as Prince Clemens Metternich) was an Austrian politician and statesman and perhaps the most important diplomat of his era. ... A number of historical people were named Alexander I : Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495-450 BC Alexander I of Epirus King of Epirus about 342 B.C. Pope Alexander I, Pope from 106 to 115 Alexander I of Scotland (c. ... Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (December 14, 1780 - March 23, 1862) was a Russian diplomat and a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. ...

He was always keenly interested in the cause of his native country, and in particular the state of affairs in the Seven Islands, which in a few decades' time had passed from French revolutionary influence to Russian protection and then British rule. He always tried to attract his Emperor's attention to matters Greek.

Capodistria visited his Ionian Islands homeland, by then under British rule, in 1818, and in 1819 he went to London to discuss the islanders' grievances with the British government, who told him that the islands were none of Russia's business. Capodistria became increasingly active in support of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1822 this led to his resignation as Foreign Minister. 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1819 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... St. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (İstanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... 1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Return to Greece

Capodistria retired to Geneva,where he was greatly esteemed, having been made an Honorary Citizen for his past services to Swiss unity and particularly the cantons. In 1827 he learned that the newly-formed Greek National Assembly had, as he was the most illustrious Greek-born politician in Europe, elected him as the first head of state of newly-liberated Greece, with the title of Kivernetis (Governor). Geneva (French: Genève) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland located where Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman, but the Genevois are fond of calling it Lac de Genève) empties into the Rhône River. ... 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

After touring Europe to rally support for the Greek cause, Capodistria landed at Nafplio in January 1828. It was the first time he had ever set foot on the Greek mainland, and he found a discouraging situation there. Even while fighting against the Ottomans was still going on, factional and dynastic conflicts had led to two civil wars which ravaged the country. Greece was bankrupt and the Greeks were unable to form a united national government. Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Administration

Icon of St. Spyridon gazes down upon the spot where Capodistria was slain

On his arrival, Capodistria launched a major reform and modernisation programme that covered all areas. He re-established military unity, bringing an end to the second phase of the civil war; re-organised the military, which was then able to reconquer territory lost to the Ottoman military during the civil wars; introduced the first modern quarantine system in Greece, which brought epidemics like typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery under control for the first time since the start of the war of independence; negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire the borders and the degree of independence of the Greek state and signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans; introduced the phoenix, the first modern Greek currency; organised local administration; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the potato into Greece. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Quarantine, a medical term (from Italian: quaranta giorni, forty days) is the act of keeping people or animals separated for a period of time before, for instance, allowing them to enter another country. ... This is about the disease typhoid fever. ... Distribution of cholera Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. ... Dysentery is a severe diarrhea illness often associated with blood in the feces. ... Phoenix (Greek Φοίνιξ). The first currency of the modern Greek state. ... Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, grown for its starchy tuber. ...

Capodistria on the Greek 20 lepta (20 cent) coin

Furthermore, as part of his programme he tried to undermine the authority of the traditional clans or dynasties which he considered the useless legacy of a bygone and obsolete era. However, he underestimated the political and military strength of the capetanei (commanders) who had led the revolt against Turkey in 1821, and who had expected a leadership role in the post-revolution Government. When a dispute between the capetanei of Laconia and the appointed governor of the province escalated into an armed conflict, he called in Russian troops to restore order, because much of the army was controlled by capetanei who were part of the rebellion. Image of euro coinage. ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Laconia (Λακωνία), also known as Lacedaemonia, was in ancient Greece the portion of the Peloponnesus of which the most important city was Sparta. ...

In 1831 Capodistria made the fatal mistake of imprisoning Petrobey Mavromichalis, the Bey of the Mani Peninsula, one of the wildest and most rebellious parts of Greece. This was a mortal offence to the Mavromichalis clan, and on October 9, 1831 (September 27 in the Julian Calendar) Capodistria was assassinated by Petrobey's brother and son on the steps of the church of Saint Spyridon in Nafplio. He was succeeded as Governor by his younger brother, Augustinos Kapodistrias. 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Petros Mavromichalis (1765-1848) (in Greek Πέτρος Μαυρομιχάλης) also known as Petrobey (Πετρομπέης), was the leader of the Maniot people during the first half of the 19th century. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula For other meanings of the word Mani, see Mani. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in Leap years). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 95 days remaining. ... The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, taking force in 45 BC or 709 ab urbe condita. ... Icon of St. ... Augustinos Kapodistrias (in Greek Αυγουστίνος Καποδίστριας , 1778- 1857). ...

Legacy

Capodistria is greatly honoured in Greece today. The University of Athens is named "Capodistrian" in his honour; the 20-lepta coin bears his face, and a local re-organisation programme that reduced the number of municipalities in the late 1990s also carries his name. The fears that Britain, France and Russia had of any liberal and Republican movement at the time, due to the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, led them to insist on Greece becoming a monarchy after Capodistria's death. The National and Capodistrian University of Athens (Greek: Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών), usually called just University of Athens, is the oldest university in modern Greece, and has been in continuous operation since it was founded, on 1837. ... Lepton pl. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ...

Augustinos Kapodistrias (in Greek Αυγουστίνος Καποδίστριας , 1778- 1857). ...

Russian and Soviet Foreign Ministers

Ivan Viskovatyi | Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov | Ivan Gramotin | Pyotr Tretyakov | Almaz Ivanov | Afanasy Ordin-Naschokin | Artamon Matveyev | Vasily Golitsyn | Emelian Ukraintsev | Lev Naryshkin | Fyodor Golovin | Peter Shafirov | Gavrila Golovkin | Andrey Osterman | Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin | Mikhailo Vorontsov | Nikita Panin | Ivan Osterman | Alexander Bezborodko | Feodor Rostopchin | Petr Panin | Viktor Kochubey | Alexander Vorontsov | Adam Jerzy Czartoryski | Andrei Budberg | Nikolay Rumyantsev | John Capodistria | Karl Robert Nesselrode | Alexander Gorchakov | Nicholas de Giers | Alexis Lobanoff de Rostoff | Nikolay Shishkin | Mikhail Muravyov | Vladimir Lambsdorff | Alexander Izvolsky | Alexander Sazonov | Nikolay Pokrovsky | Pavel Milyukov | Mikhail Tereshchenko | Leon Trotsky | Georgy Chicherin | Maxim Litvinov | Vyacheslav Molotov | Andrey Vyshinsky | Dmitri Shepilov | Andrey Gromyko | Eduard Shevardnadze | Aleksandr Bessmertnykh | Boris Pankin | Andrey Kozyrev | Yevgeny Primakov | Igor Ivanov | Sergey Lavrov This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: // Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Ivan Viskovatyi 1549-70 Brothers Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 1570-1601 Ivan Gramotin 1605-06, 1610-12, 1618-26, 1634-35 Pyotr Tretyakov 1608-10, 1613-18 Almaz Ivanov 1635-67... Russian coat of arms This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatiy (Viskovatov) (Иван Михайлович Висковатый (Висковатов) in Russian) (? - 25. ... Vasily Yakovlevich Shchelkalov (Василий Яковлевич Щелкалов in Russian) (? – 1610 or 1611) and Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov (Андрей Яковлевич Щелкалов) (? - c. ... Ivan Taraseivich Gramotin (? - 1638) was a Russian diplomat and head of the Posolsky Prikaz. ... Almaz (Yerofey) Ivanovich Ivanov (Алмаз (Ерофей) Иванович Иванов in Russian) (? — April 27 (May 7), 1669) was a Russian statesman. ... Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Naschokin (1605 - 1680) was one of the greatest Russian statesmen of the 17th century. ... Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625 - 1682) was a Russian statesman, diplomat and Ukraine and took part in some of Russias wars with Poland. ... Peter I permitted the Galitzines to take an emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their coat of arms Galitzine, more correctly Golitsyn (Russian: Голицын), is one of the largest and noblest princely houses of Russia. ... Emelian (also spelled Yemelian) Ignatievich Ukraintsev (Емельян Игнатьевич Украинцев in Russian) (1641 - September 12(23), 1708) was a Russian diplomat and statesman. ... Count Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) was the last Russian boyar and the first Russian chancellor. ... Baron Peter Pavlovich Shafirov (1670 - 1739), Russian statesman, one of the ablest coadjutors of Peter the Great, was of obscure, and in all probability of Jewish, extraction. ... Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (Гавриил Иванович Головкин in Russian) (1660-1734) was a Russian statesman. ... Andrey Ivanovich Ostermann (1686-1747) Count Andrei Ivanovich Osterman (June 9, 1686 _ May 31, 1747) was a German-born Russian statesman who came to prominence under Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) and served until the accession of the Tsesarevna Elizabeth. ... Count Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин) (1693 - 1768), Grand Chancellor of Russia, who was chiefly responsible for the Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. ... Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (Михаи́л Илларио́нович Воронцо́в) (1714 - 1767) was a Russian statesman and diplomat. ... Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Russian: ) (September 18, 1718–March 31, 1783) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first eighteen years of her reign. ... Prince Alexander Andreyevich Bezborodko (1747-1799) was the Grand Chancellor of Russia and chief architect of the Catherine the Greats foreign policy after the death of Nikita Panin. ... Count Fyodor Vasilievich Rostopchin (Фёдор Васильевич Ростопчин in Russian) (3. ... Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey Russian: (1768-1834) is Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia. ... Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (1741-1805) was the Russian imperial chancellor during the early years of Alexander Is reign. ... Noble Family Czartoryski Coat of Arms Czartoryski Parents Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski Izabela Fleming Consorts Anna Zofia Sapieha Children with Anna Zofia Sapieha Witold Czartoryski Władysław Czartoryski Izabella Elżbieta Czartoryska Date of Birth January 14, 1770 Place of Birth Warsaw, Poland Date of Death July 15, 1861 Place of Death Montfermeil... The Rumyantsev family were the Russian counts prominent in the imperial politics of the 18th and early 19th century. ... Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (December 14, 1780 - March 23, 1862) was a Russian diplomat and a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. ... Pushkins portrait of Alexander Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798-1883) was a Russian statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. ... Nikolay Karlovich Giers (1820-1895) was a Russian Foreign Minister during the reign of Alexander III. He was one of the architects of the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was later transformed into the Triple Entente. ... Prince Aleksey Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky (December 30, 1824 - August 30, 1896) was a Russian statesman, probably best remembered for having published the Russian Genealogical Book (in 2 volumes). ... See also: Mikhail Muravyov Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muraviev (Михаил Николаевич Муравьёв in Russian) (April 19, 1845 - June 21, 1900) was a Russian statesman who advocated transfer of Russian foreign policy from Europe to the Far East. ... Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Lambsdorff or Lamsdorf (1845 – 1907) was Russian foreign minister (1901 – 1906). ... Alexander Petrovich Izvolski (1856 – Russian diplomat. ... Sergey Dmitrievich Sazonov (1860 – 1927) was Russian foreign minister (1910 – 1916). ... Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (Cyrillic: Павел Николаевич Милюков) (1859-1943) was (alongside Vladimir Lenin and Peter Stolypin) the greatest Russian politician of pre-revolutionary years. ... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist intellectual. ... Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (Russian: Георгий Чичерин) (1872–1936) was Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs in the Soviet government from 1918 to 1930. ... Maxim Litvinov Maxim Litvinov (Макси́м Макси́мович Литви́нов (Maksim Maksimovič Litvinov), real name Макс Ва́ллах (Max Wallach, or Meir Genoch Mojsiejewicz Wallach-Finkelstein)) (July 17, 1876–December 31, 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet diplomat. ... Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов) (February 25, 1890 (O.S.) (March 9, 1890 (N.S.))–November 8, 1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protege of Joseph Stalin, to the 1950s, when he... Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10 [November 28, Old Style], 1883–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Soviet jurist and later diplomat. ... Andrei Andreyevitch Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко) (July 5, 1909 – July 2, 1989) was foreign minister and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. ... Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე, Russian: Эдуа́рд Амвро́сьевич Шевардна́дзе; pronounced ed-oo-ard am-vro-see-ye-vitch she-va-rd-nad-zuh) (born 25 January 1928) is a Georgian politician. ... Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev (born March 27, 1951) was the foreign minister of Russia under Boris Yeltsin from October 1990 until his dismissal in January 1996. ... Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евгений Примаков) (born October 29, 1929) is a former Chairman (predsedatel) of the government of the Russian Federation. ... Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov (Russian, Игорь Сергеевич Иванов) became Russias Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1998, succeeding Yevgeny Primakov. ... Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov, in Russian Сергей Викторович Лавров, is the minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation. ...