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The Caps (Mössarna) were a political faction during the Age of Liberty (1719-1772) in Sweden. The primary rivals of the Caps were known as the Hats. The Hats are actually responsible for the Caps' name, as it comes from a contraction of Night-cap, a name used to suggest that the Caps were the soft and timid party. // The Great Northern War See also: Great Northern War The victory at Narva Charles XI of Sweden had carefully provided against the contingency of his successors minority; and the five regents appointed by him, if not great statesmen, were at least practical politicians who had not been trained in...
// Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused...
Catherine IIs soldiers in the Russo-Turkish War, by Alexandre Benois. ...
The Hats is the name given to a political faction during the Age of Liberty (1719-1772) in Sweden. ...
Policy
The foremost representative of the Age of Liberty, leader of government and of the Caps from 1719 to 1738 was the Chancery President, Count Arvid Horn. Horn reversed the traditional policy of Hats and Sweden by keeping France at a distance and drawing near to Great Britain, for whose liberal institutions he professed the highest admiration. Thus a twenty years' war was succeeded by a twenty years' peace, during which the nation recovered so rapidly from its wounds that it began to forget them. Field Marshal and Count Arvid Bernhard Horn (April 6, 1664 – April 17, 1742) was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish empire during the period of Sweden-Finland). ...
The Hats is the name given to a political faction during the Age of Liberty (1719-1772) in Sweden. ...
The Riksdag of 1738 was to mark a turning-point in Swedish history, the Hats carried everything before them; and the aged Horn was finally compelled to retire from a scene where, for three and thirty years, he had played a leading part. For the next twenty five years the Hats did dominate government, with disastrous results where the country was plunged into two costly and ill-advised wars.
At the Riksdag in 1765 the Caps returned to government and they struck at once at the weak point of their opponents by ordering a budget report to be made; and it was speedily found that the whole financial system of the Hats had been based upon reckless improvidence and the wilful misrepresentation, and that the only fruit of their long rule was an enormous addition to the national debt and a depreciation of the note circulation to one third of its face value. This revelation led to an all-round retrenchment, carried into effect with a drastic thoroughness which has earned for this parliament the name of the "Reduction Riksdag" The Caps succeeded in reducing the national debt, half of which was transferred from the pockets of the rich to the empty exchequer, and establishing some sort of equilibrium between revenue and expenditure. They also introduced a few useful reforms, the most remarkable of which was the liberty of the press in 1766. But their most important political act was to throw their lot definitely in with Russia, so as to counterpoise the influence of France. The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws (Swedish: grundlagar): The Instrument of Government (1974) The Act of Succession (1810) The Freedom of the Press Act (1766) The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991) There is also a law on the working order of the Parliament with a special...
1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Majority leaders These representatives of the Caps were elected as Lantmarskalk (speakers) of the Riksdag of the Estates, signifying a parliamentary majority. The Lantmarskalk, or Lord Marshal, was the speaker of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, from 1627 to 1866. ...
The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ...
- Arvid Horn (1720, 1726, 1731)
- Swen Lagerberg (1723)
- Mattias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg (1742, 1746)
- Thure Gustaf Rudbeck (1765)
Field Marshal and Count Arvid Bernhard Horn (April 6, 1664 – April 17, 1742) was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish empire during the period of Sweden-Finland). ...
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