NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Captaincy General of Venezuela

This is the history of Venezuela. See also the history of South America and the history of present-day nations and states. HIStory: Past, Present and Future â€“ Book I is a two-disc album by Michael Jackson released in 1995 by the Epic Records division of Sony BMG. The first disc (HIStory Begins) is a fifteen-track greatest hits (later released as Greatest Hits - HIStory Volume I), while the second disc (HIStory... While perhaps the last continent--except Antarctica to be inhabited by humans, the history of South America spans the full range of human cultural and civilizational forms. ... This is a list of articles on the history of contemporary countries, states and dependencies. ...

Spanish period

Venezuela was colonised by Spain in 1522. In what is now the city of Cumaná, Spain established their first permanent South American settlement. Image File history File links Palafito. ... Image File history File links Palafito. ... Colonisation (or colonization) is the act where life forms move into a distant area where their kind is sparse or not yet existing at all and set up new settlements in the area. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

At the time of the Spanish arrival, the indigenous people were mainly agriculturists and hunters living in groups along the coast, the Andean mountain range, and along the Orinoco River. Nueva Toledo, the first permanent Spanish settlement in South America, was established in Venezuela in 1522. A Hupa man, 1923 The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. ... This page is about the Orinoco River, for the Aphra Behn novel see Oroonoko With a length of 2140 km, the Orinoco is one of the largest rivers of South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

An abortive plan for German settlement from German Habsburg lands, to be financed through the Fugger bankers, never came to fruition. By the middle of the 16th century, there were still few more than 2,000 Europeans in what is now Venezuela. The opening of gold mines at Yaracuy led to the introduction of slavery, at first with the indigenous population, then with imported Africans. The first real success of the colony was the raising of livestock, much helped by the grassy plains known as llanos. The society that developed as a result — a handful of Spanish landowners and widely-dispersed Indian herdsmen on Spanish-introduced horses — was so primitive that it recalls feudalism, certainly a powerful concept in the 16th century Spanish imagination, and perhaps more fruitful economic comparison to the latifundia of antiquity. The German colonization of the Americas consisted of a failed attempt to settle Venezuela in the 16th century. ... The Fugger family was a historically prominent group of European bankers. ... Estado Yaracuy is one of the 23 states (estados) of Venezuela. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... The latifundia [Latin lÄtifundium: lÄtus, spacious + fundus, farm, estate] of Roman history were great landed estates, specialising in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil or wine. ...

During the 16th and 17th century, the provinces which constitute today's Venezuela were relatively neglected. The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru (located on the sites formerly occupied by the capital cities of the Aztecs and Incas) were more interested in their nearby gold and silver mines than in the agricultural societies of Venezuela. Responsibility for the Venezuelan territories shifted between the two Viceroyalties. Flag of New Spain New Spain (in the Spanish language Nueva España) was the name given to the Spanish colonial territory in North America from c. ... The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries who built an extensive empire in the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...

In the 18th century, a second Venezuelan society formed along the coast when cocoa plantations were established, this time manned by much larger importations of African slaves. Quite a number of black slaves were also to be found in the haciendas of the grassy llanos. Cocoa beans in a cacao pod Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. ... Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa. ...

The Province of Venezuela was under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (created in 1717). The Province was then transformed into the Captaincy General of Venezuela in 1777. The Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas held a close monopoly on trade with Europe. The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given to a group of colonial provinces in northern South America, corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. ...

19th century: Independence

The Venezuelans began to grow restive under colonial control toward the end of the eighteenth century. The Napoleonic Wars in Europe weakened Spain's imperial power and the Venezuelans achieved home rule after a coup on April 19, 1810, and later declared independence from Spain on July 5, 1811. The war for independence ensued. On December 17, 1819 the Congress of Angostura established Gran Colombia's independence from Spain. After several more years of war, which killed half of Venezuela's white population, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most famous son, Simón Bolívar. Venezuela, along with what are now Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, was part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830, when Venezuela separated and became a sovereign country. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Combatants Allies: Austria[1] Portugal Prussia[1] Russia[2] Spain[3] Sweden United Kingdom[4] French Empire Holland Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Bavaria[5] Saxony[6] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack Gebhard von BlÃ¼cher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Mikhail Kutuzov... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Angostura was the name of the town in Eastern Venezuela that was renamed Ciudad Bolívar in 1846. ... SimÃ³n BolÃvar Monument, Sixth Avenue entrance to Central Park, New York City SimÃ³n BolÃvar Memorial Monument, near Santa Marta, Colombia Equestrian statue of BolÃvar on BolÃvar Square, Caracas SimÃ³n JosÃ© Antonio de la SantÃsima Trinidad BolÃvar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco... Capital BogotÃ¡ Created 1819 Dissolved 1830 Demonym Colombian Departments of the Republic Great Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, was a short-lived republic in South America consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. ...

Much of Venezuela's 19th century history was characterized by periods of political instability, dictatorial rule of the caudillos, and revolutionary turbulence. Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word designating a political-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. ...

Starting in 1870, Venezuela experienced increasing economic and political centralization. Antonio Guzmán Blanco (1870-1888) took control over customs revenues through an alliance with regional caudillos and the financial sector. Cipriano Castro (1899-1908) and Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935) founded a professionalized army with a centralized command structure. These institutions were vital in ensuring that, in contrast to other oil abundant countries, Venezuela would experience growing political stability as a result of the influx of oil revenues that occurred after 1920. (Rodríguez and Gomolin, 2006) Antonio GuzmÃ¡n Blanco (1829â€“1899) President of Venezuela, a caudillo who dominated the nation from 1870 to 1888. ... Cipriano Castro was a dictator who controlled Venezuela from 1899 to 1908. ... Juan Vicente GÃ³mez. ...

20th century

For a complete list of Venezuelan leaders, see List of Presidents of Venezuela. Image File history File links RÃ³mulo_Betancourt. ... Image File history File links RÃ³mulo_Betancourt. ... The President of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de Venezuela) is the English political nomenclature that designates both the head of state and head of government of Venezuela. ...

The first half of the 20th century was marked by periods of authoritarianism — including dictatorships by General Juan Vicente Gómez from 1908 to 1935, when Venezuela became a major oil exporter. A military junta ruled after his death. Leftist Dr. Rómulo Betancourt and the Acción Democrática (AD, "Democratic Action party") won a majority of seats in a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution in 1946. A well-known writer, Rómulo Gallegos, candidate of Betancourt's party, became Venezuela's first democratically elected president in 1947. Within eight months, Gallegos was overthrown by a military-backed coup led by Marcos Pérez Jiménez, who was himself ousted in 1958. Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... Juan Vicente GÃ³mez. ... RÃ³mulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (February 22, 1908 â€“ September 28, 1981), The Father of Venezuelan Democracy, was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964. ... The Democratic Action(AcciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica or AD) is a Venezuelan social democratic political party. ... RÃ³mulo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 â€“ 4 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. ... Marcos PÃ©rez JimÃ©nez Marcos PÃ©rez JimÃ©nez (April 25, 1914 â€“ September 20, 2001) was president of Venezuela from 1952 to 1958. ...

Since the overthrow of Pérez Jiménez and the military's withdrawal from direct involvement in national politics, Venezuela has enjoyed an unbroken tradition of civilian democratic rule, of which Rómulo Betancourt, president from 1958 to 1964, laid the foundation. In the 1960s, the AD and the Christian Democratic Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (COPEI) parties agreed to limit Venezuela's elections to an exclusive competition between these two parties, a system known as puntofijismo. RÃ³mulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (February 22, 1908 â€“ September 28, 1981), The Father of Venezuelan Democracy, was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964. ... Puntofijismo was a formal arrangement arrived at between representatives of Venezuelas two formerly main political parties, which have since been marginalized due to lack of popular support. ...

February 27, 1989 saw a wave of protests, riots and looting known as the Caracazo, where it is estimated that thousands of Venezuelans were killed after the then-president Carlos Andrés Pérez, a member of the AD political party, decided to suspend the constitutional rights of the citizens, thus allowing the armed forces to confront the rioters by violent means. This led to the failed coup attempts of 1992. In 1998, Hugo Chávez, a leader of the February 1992 coup attempt, was elected President, ending the era of political domination by the AD and COPEI. The caracazo or sacudÃ³n is the name given to the wave of protests, riots and looting that occurred on 27 February 1989 in the Venezuelan capital Caracas and surrounding towns. ... Perez during his first presidency Carlos AndrÃ©s PÃ©rez RodrÃguez (born October 27, 1922), best known as CAP was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. ... Hugo ChÃ¡vez meets with fellow conspirator Francisco Arias CÃ¡rdenas prior to the February 4, 1992 coup attempt. ... Hugo Rafael ChÃ¡vez FrÃas (IPA: ) (born July 28, 1954) is the 53rd[1] and current President of Venezuela. ...

Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution

Hugo Chávez, a former paratroop lieutenant-colonel who led an unsuccessful coup d'état in 1992, was elected President in December 1998 on a platform that called for the creation of a "Fifth Republic", a new constitution, a new name ("the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"), and a new set of social relations between socioeconomic classes. In 1999, voters approved a referendum on a new constitution, and in 2000, re-elected Chávez, also placing many members of his Fifth Republic Movement political party in the National Assembly. Supporters of Chávez call the process symbolised by him the Bolivarian Revolution, and organise themselves in open, local, participatory assemblies called Bolivarian Circles. Hugo Rafael ChÃ¡vez FrÃas (IPA: ) (born July 28, 1954) is the 53rd[1] and current President of Venezuela. ... ChÃ¡vez extols the anti-imperialist aspects of Bolivarianism, which were first kindled during his college years, in an address to hundreds of thousands of chavistas along Caracass Avenida BolÃvar on May 16, 2004. ... Hugo Rafael ChÃ¡vez FrÃas (IPA: ) (born July 28, 1954) is the 53rd[1] and current President of Venezuela. ... Hugo ChÃ¡vez meets with fellow conspirator Francisco Arias CÃ¡rdenas prior to the February 4, 1992 coup attempt. ... The 1999 Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was drafted and brought into force by the then Head of State Hugo ChÃ¡vez. ... Hugo ChÃ¡vez, the leader of the MVR, speaking at the 2005 World Social Forum convened in Porto Alegre, Brazil. ... ChÃ¡vez extols the anti-imperialist aspects of Bolivarianism, which were first kindled during his college years, in an address to hundreds of thousands of chavistas along Caracass Avenida BolÃvar on May 16, 2004. ... Participation in political science and theory of management is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economical or management decisions. ... The Bolivarian Circles are a 2. ...

Opposition

Chávez has faced strong opposition to his policies. A business-labor general work stoppage was called in December 2001, followed by an attempted coup in April 2002, and another general work stoppage in December 2002, shutting down the state oil company PDVSA for two months and crippling the Venezuelan economy. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a referendum to determine whether Hugo ChÃ¡vez, the current President of Venezuela, should be recalled from office. ... A work stoppage is an event at which work at a place of employment has come to a halt, either through a strike action, where employees cease working (often backed up by a labor union), or through a lockout, where the employer bars the employees from entering the place of... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article needs translation. ... Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA) is the Venezuelan nationally owned petroleum company. ...

In August, 2004, Chávez faced a recall referendum, but 59% of the voters voted to allow Chávez to remain in office. During the run-up to the election, government deputy Luis Tascón published on his web page the list and identity card numbers of those who had signed the petition to hold the referendum against Chávez. A statistical study by Roberto Rigobón (MIT) and Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard University) said they had found statistical evidence that the electoral council had manipulated the electoral audit.[1] The Organization of American States and the Carter Center certified the voting results as representative of the votes cast, and Jimmy Carter stated that in his opinion it was fairer than the voting process in Florida during the 2000 US Presidential election. The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a referendum to determine whether Hugo ChÃ¡vez, the current President of Venezuela, should be recalled from office. ... Luis TascÃ³n GutiÃ©rrez (Capacho, TÃ¡chira) is a Venezuelan politician and member of the Venezuelan National Assembly. ... MapÃºa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapÃºaTech or simply MapÃºa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., USA. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. ... The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library The Carter Center is a human rights organization, founded in 1982 and chaired by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Contents

Spanish period

19th century: Independence

20th century

Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution

Opposition

See also

Sources

External links

Contents

Spanish period GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

19th century: Independence

20th century

Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution

Opposition

See also

Sources

External links

Spanish period