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Every 6 months, the Great and General Council of San Marino elects two Captains Regent to be the heads of state. The Regents are chosen from opposing parties. They serve a 6-month term. The investiture of the Captains Regent takes place on April 1 and October 1 in every year. The practice of dual heads of government is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome .
Year Semester¹ Captain Regent Captain Regent 1900 April Domenico Fattori Antonio Righi 1900 October Giovanni Bonelli Pietro Ugolini 1901 April Luigi Tonnini Marino Nicolini 1901 October Antonio Belluzzi Pasquale Busignani 1902 April Onofrio Fattori Egidio Ceccoli 1902 October Gemino Gozi Giacomo Marcucci 1903 April Federico Gozi Nullo Balducci 1903 October Marino Borbiconi Francesco Marcucci 1904 April Menetto Bonelli Vincenzo Mularoni 1904 October Luigi Tonnini Gustavo Babboni 1905 April Antonio Belluzzi Pasquale Busignani 1905 October Onofrio Fattori Piermatteo Carattoni 1906 April Giovanni Belluzzi Pietro Francini 1906 October Alfredo Reffi Giovanni Arzilli 1907 April Ciro Belluzzi Francesco Pasquali 1907 October Giuseppe Angeli Francesco Valli 1908 April Menetto Bonelli Gustavo Babboni 1908 October Olinto Amati Raffaele Michetti 1909 April Luigi Tonnini Domenico Suzzi Valli 1909 October Marino Borbiconi Giacomo Marcucci 1910 April Alfredo Reffi Giovanni Arzilli 1910 October Giovanni Belluzzi Luigi Lonfernini 1911 April Moro Morri Cesare Stacchini 1911 October Onofrio Fattori Angelo Manzoni Borghesi 1912 April Gustavo Babboni Francesco Pasquali 1912 October Menetto Bonelli Vincenzo Marcucci 1913 April Giuseppe Angeli Ignazio Grazia 1913 October Cirro Belluzzi Domenico Suzzi Valli 1914 April Domenico Fattori Ferruccio Martelli 1914 October Olinto Amati Cesare Stacchini 1915 April Moro Morri Antonio Burgagni 1915 October Alfredo Reffi Luigi Lonfernini 1916 April Onofrio Fattori Ciro Francini 1916 October Gustavo Babboni Giovanni Arzilli 1917 April Egisto Morri Vincenzo Marcucci 1917 October Angelo Manzoni Borghesi Giuseppe Balducci 1918 April Ferruccio Martelli Ermenegildo Mularoni 1918 October Protogene Belloni Francesco Morri 1919 April Domenico Vicini Pietro Suzzi Valli 1919 October Moro Morri Francesco Pasquali 1920 April Marino Rossi Ciro Francini 1920 Dec. 5 Carlo Balsimelli Simone Michelotti 1921 April Marino Della Balda Vincenzo Francini 1921 October Egisto Morri Giuseppe Lanci 1922 April Eugenio Reffi Giovanni Arzilli 1922 October Onofrio Fattori Giuseppe Balducci 1923 April Giuliano Gozi Filippo Mularoni 1923 October Marino Borbiconi Mario Michetti 1924 April Angelo Manzoni Borghesi Francesco Mularoni 1924 October Francesco Morri Girolamo Gozi 1925 April Marino Fattori Augusto Mularoni 1925 October Valerio Pasquali Marco Marcucci 1926 April Manlio Gozi Giuseppe Mularoni 1926 October Giuliano Gozi Ruggero Morri 1927 April Gino Gozi Marino Morri 1927 October Marino Rossi Nelson Burgagni 1928 April Domenico Suzzi Valli Francesco Pasquali 1928 October Francesco Morri Melchiorre Filippi 1929 April Girolamo Gozi Filippo Mularoni 1929 October Ezio Balducci Aldo Busignani 1930 April Manlio Gozi Marino Lonfernini (died September 10, replaced September 16 by Turiddu Foschi) 1930 October Valerio Pasquali Gino Ceccoli 1931 April Angelo Manzoni Borghesi Francesco Mularoni 1931 October Domenico Suzzi Valli Marino Morri 1932 April Giuliano Gozi Pompeo Righi 1932 October Gino Gozi Ruggero Morri 1933 April Francesco Morri Settimio Belluzzi 1933 October Carlo Balsimelli Melchiorre Filippi 1934 April Marino Rossi Giovanni Lonfernini 1934 October Angelo Manzoni Borghesi Marino Michelotti 1935 April Federico Gozi Salvatore Foschi 1935 October Pompeo Righi Marino Morri 1936 April Gino Gozi Ruggero Morri 1936 October Francesco Morri Gino Ceccoli 1937 April Giuliano Gozi Settimio Belluzzi 1937 October Marino Rossi Giovanni Lonfernini 1938 April Manlio Gozi Luigi Mularoni 1938 October Carlo Balsimelli Celio Gozi 1939 April Pompeo Righi Marino Morri 1939 October Marino Michelotti Orlando Reffi 1940 April Angelo Manzoni Borghesi Filippo Mularoni 1940 October Federico Gozi Salvatore Foschi 1941 April Gino Gozi Secondo Menicucci 1941 October Giuliano Gozi Giovanni Lonfernini 1942 April Settimio Belluzzi Celio Gozi 1942 October Carlo Balsimelli Renato Martelli 1943 April Marino Michelotti Bartolomeo Manzoni Borghesi 1943 October Marino Della Balda Sante Lonfernini 1944 April Francesco Balsimelli Sanzio Valentini 1944 October Teodoro Lonfernini Leonida Suzzi Valli 1945 April Alvaro Casali Vittorio Valentini 1945 October Ferruccio Martelli Secondo Fiorini 1946 April Giuseppe Forcellini Vincenzo Pedini 1946 October Filippo Martelli Luigi Montironi 1947 April Marino Della Balda Luigi Zafferani 1947 October Domenico Forcellini Mariano Ceccoli 1948 April Arnaldo Para Giuseppe Renzi 1948 October Giordano Giacomini Domenico Tomassoni 1949 April Ferruccio Martelli Primo Bugli 1949 October Vincenzo Pedini Agostino Biordi 1950 April Giuseppe Forcellini Primo Taddei 1950 October Marino Della Balda Luigi Montironi 1951 April Alvaro Casali Romolo Giacomini 1951 October Domenico Forcellini Giovanni Terenzi 1952 April Domenico Morganti Mariano Ceccoli 1952 October Arnaldo Para Eugenio Bernardini 1953 April Vincenzo Pedini Alberto Reffi 1953 October Giordano Giacomini Giuseppe Renzi 1954 April Giuseppe Forcellini Secondo Fiorini 1954 October Agostino Giacomini Luigi Montironi 1955 April Domenico Forcellini Vittorio Meloni 1955 October Primo Bugli Giuseppe Maiani 1956 April Mario Nanni Enrico Andreoli 1956 October Mariano Ceccoli Eugenio Bernardini 1957 April Giordano Giacomini Primo Marani 1957 Oct. 10 Provisional Government: Federico Bigi, Alvaro Casali, Pietro Giancecchi, Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti 1957 Oct. 27 Marino Valdes Franciosi Federico Micheloni 1958 April Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti Stelio Montironi 1958 October Domenico Forcellini Pietro Reffi 1959 April Marino Benedetto Belluzzi Agostino Biordi 1959 October Giuseppe Forcellini Ferruccio Piva 1960 April Alvaro Casali Gino Vannucci 1960 October Eugenio Reffi Pietro Giancecchi 1961 April Federico Micheloni Giancarlo Ghironzi 1961 October Giovanni Vito Marcucci Pio Galassi 1962 April Domenico Forcellini Francesco Valli 1962 October Antonio Maria Morganti Agostino Biordi 1963 April Leonida Suzzi Valli Stelio Montironi 1963 October Giovan Luigi Franciosi Domenico Bollini 1964 April Marino Benedetto Belluzzi Eusebio Reffi 1964 October Giuseppe Micheloni Pier Marino Mularoni 1965 April Ferruccio Piva Federico Carattoni 1965 October Alvaro Casali Pietro Reffi 1966 April Francesco Valli Emilio Della Balda 1966 October Giovanni Vito Marcucci Francesco Maria Francini 1967 April Vittorio Rossini Alberto Lonfernini 1967 October Domenico Forcellini Romano Michelotti 1968 April Marino Benedetto Belluzzi Dante Rossi 1968 October Pietro Giancecchi Aldo Zavoli 1969 April Ferruccio Piva Stelio Montironi 1969 October Alvaro Casali Giancarlo Ghironzi 1970 April Francesco Valli Eusebio Reffi 1970 October Simone Rossini Giuseppe Lonfernini 1971 April Luigi Lonfernini Attilio Montanari 1971 October Federico Carattoni Marino Vagnetti 1972 April Marino Benedetto Belluzzi Giuseppe Micheloni 1972 October Rosolino Martelli Bruno Casali 1973 April Francesco Maria Francini Primo Bugli 1973 October Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari Giovan Luigi Franciosi 1974 April Ferruccio Piva Giordano Bruno Reffi 1974 October Francesco Valli Enrico Andreoli 1975 April Alberto Cecchetti Michele Righi 1975 October Giovanni Vito Marcucci Giuseppe Della Balda 1976 April Clelio Galassi Marino Venturini 1976 October Primo Bugli Virgilio Cardelli 1977 April Alberto Lonfernini Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari 1977 October Giordano Bruno Reffi Tito Masi 1978 April Francesco Valli Enrico Andreoli 1978 October Ermenegildo Gasperoni Adriano Reffi 1979 April Marino Bollini Lino Celli 1979 October Giuseppe Amici Germano De Biagi 1980 April Pietro Chiaruzzi Primo Marani 1980 October Giancarlo Berardi Rossano Zafferani 1981 April Gastone Pasolini Maria Lea Pedini Angelini 1981 October Mario Rossi Ubaldo Biordi 1982 April Giuseppe Maiani Marino Venturini 1982 October Libero Barulli Maurizio Gobbi 1983 April Adriano Reffi Massimo Roberto Rossini 1983 October Renzo Renzi Germano De Biagi 1984 April Gloriana Ranocchini Giorgio Crescentini 1984 October Marino Bollini Giuseppe Amici 1985 April Enzo Colombini Severiano Tura 1985 October Pier Paolo Gasperoni Ubaldo Biordi 1986 April Marino Venturini Ariosto Maiani 1986 October Giuseppe Arzilli Maurizio Tomassoni 1987 April Renzo Renzi Carlo Franciosi 1987 October Rossano Zafferani Gian Franco Terenzi 1988 April Umberto Barulli Rosolino Martelli 1988 October Luciano Cardelli Reves Salvatori 1989 April Mauro Fiorini Marino Vagnetti 1989 October Gloriana Ranocchini Leo Achilli 1990 April Adolmiro Bartolini Ottaviano Rossi 1990 October Cesare Antonio Gasperoni Roberto Bucci 1991 April Domenico Bernardini Claudio Podeschi 1991 October Edda Ceccoli Marino Riccardi 1992 April Germano De Biagi Ernesto Benedettini 1992 October Romeo Morri Marino Zanotti 1993 April Patrizia Busignani Salvatore Tonelli 1993 October Gian Luigi Berti Paride Andreoli 1994 April Alberto Cecchetti Fausto Mularoni 1994 October Renzo Ghiotti Luciano Ciavatta 1995 April Marino Bollini Settimio Lonfernini 1995 October Pier Natalino Mularoni Marino Venturini 1996 April Pier Paolo Gasperoni Pietro Bugli 1996 October Maurizio Rattini Giancarlo Venturini 1997 April Paride Andreoli Pier Marino Mularoni 1997 October Luigi Mazza Marino Zanotti 1998 April Alberto Cecchetti Loris Francini 1998 October Pietro Berti Paolo Bollini 1999 April Antonello Bacciocchi Rosa Zafferani
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San Marino Country Information (2267 words)
In 1243, the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) were established to be the joint heads of state. The duties of the Great and General Council are the approval of the budget and the nominations of Captains Regent and heads of the Executive. The current Parliament and Captains Regent , which confirm the last ruling coalition, reflect the stable economic situation in San Marino arising from having the lowest unemployment rate in Europe, a state budget surplus, and no national debt.
Regent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2480 words)
Regent , from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944 . Prince Charles of Belgium, regent of Belgium from 1944 to 1950
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