Capuchins[1]
White-headed Capuchin (Cebus capucinus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Cebidae Subfamily: Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831 Genus: Cebus Erxleben, 1777
Type species
Simia capucina Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Cebus capucinus Cebus albifrons Weeper uolivaceus Cebus kaapori Cebus apella Cebus libidinosus Cebus nigritus Cebus xanthosternos Cebus queirozi Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1505x1473, 620 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cebidae White-headed Capuchin Capuchin monkey Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Binomial name Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758) The White-headed Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), also known as the White-faced Capuchin or White-throated Capuchin, is a small New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... For the ecclesiastical use of this term, see primate (religion) Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes, including humans. ... Genera Callithrix Leontopithecus Saguinus Callimico Cebus Saimiri The Cebidae form one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised. ... Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (May 24, 1803 – July 29, 1857) was a French naturalist and ornithologist. ... Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Georg-August-University Goettingen from 1771-1775, first and oldest academic Veterinary School in Germany Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben (June 22, 1744 - August 19, 1777) was a German naturalist. ... In scientific classification, a type is a specimen or description that corresponds to a taxon (a group of organisms), and helps to identify which organisms may be referred to with that name. ... Binomial name Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758) The White-headed Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), also known as the White-faced Capuchin or White-throated Capuchin, is a small New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Binomial name Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758) The White-headed Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), also known as the White-faced Capuchin or White-throated Capuchin, is a small New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. ... Cebus albifrons (Humboldt, 1812) 8/17/2005 10:08 PM White-fronted Capuchin Common Names [[ Colombia]] Mico, macaco, mono blanco and caraira in the vecinity of Leticia; mico tanque or tangue in the watershed of the Caquetá River; maicero, maicero cariblanco and mico cariblanco in regions outside of the Amazon... Binomial name Cebus kaapori Queiroz, 1992 Kaapori Capuchin, Cebus kaapori is a capuchin monkey endemic to Brazil. ... Binomial name Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) The Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella), also known as Brown Capuchin or Black-capped Capuchin is a New World primate from South America. ... Binomial name Cebus libidinosus Spix, 1823 The Black-striped Capuchin, Cebus libidinosus, is a capuchin monkey from South America. ... Binomial name Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) The Black Capuchin, Cebus nigritus, is a capuchin monkey from South America. ... Binomial name Cebus xanthosternos Wied-Neuwied, 1826 The Golden-bellied Capuchin (Cebus xanthosternos), also known as the Yellow-breasted or Buffy-headed Capuchin, is one of several species of New World monkeys. ... Binomial name Cebus queirozi Mendes Pontes and Malta, 2006 The Blond Capuchin (Cebus queirozi) is a claimed new capuchin monkey species that was discovered in early 2006 by Antonio Rossano Mendes Pontes, a professor of Zoology at the Federal University in Pernambuco near Reclife, the state capitol, 1,200 miles...

Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella)

The capuchins are the group of New World monkeys classified as genus Cebus. Their name comes from their coloration, which resembles the cowls worn by the Capuchin order of Roman Catholic friars. Cebus is the only genus in subfamily Cebinae. Image File history File links Kapuzineraffen. ... Image File history File links Kapuzineraffen. ... Binomial name Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) The Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella), also known as Brown Capuchin or Black-capped Capuchin is a New World primate from South America. ... Families Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae The New World monkeys are the four families of primates that are found in Central and South America: the Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae and Atelidae. ... The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (OFM Cap) is an order of friars in the Roman Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... A friar is a member of a religious mendicant order of men. ...

The range of the capuchin monkeys includes Central America (Honduras) and middle South America (middle Brazil, eastern Peru, Paraguay). Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Capuchins generally resemble the friars of their namesake. Their body, arms, legs and tail are all darkly (black or brown) colored, while the face, throat and chest are white colored, and their head has a black cap. This general pattern varies from species to species, as well as among individuals within a species. They reach a length of 30 to 56 cm (12 - 22 inches), with tails that are just as long as the body. They weigh up to 1.3 kg (2 lb, 13 oz).

Like most New World monkeys, capuchins are diurnal and arboreal. With the exception of a midday nap, they spend their entire day searching for food. At night they sleep in the trees, wedged between branches. They are undemanding regarding their habitat and can thus be found in many differing areas. Among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons, cats and snakes. A diurnal animal (dī-ŭrnəl) is an animal that is active during the daytime and sleeps during the night. ... This article is about the biological organisms known as trees. ... Species About 37; see text. ... Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... For other uses, see Snake (disambiguation). ...

The diet of the capuchins is more varied than other monkeys in the family Cebidae. They are omnivores, eating not only fruits, nuts, seeds and buds, but also insects, spiders, bird eggs and small vertebrate. Capuchins living near water will also eat crabs and shells by cracking their shells with stones. Genera Callithrix Leontopithecus Saguinus Callimico Cebus Saimiri The Cebidae form one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised. ... Pigs are omnivores. ...

Easily recognized as the "organ grinder" monkeys, capuchins are sometimes kept as pets, even when import of these animals is forbidden and in spite of assertions by some that monkeys are unsuitable as domestic animals. They are also used as service animals to aid paraplegics and people with spinal cord injuries. Zoos and circuses often keep capuchins as well. Sometimes they plunder fields and crops and are seen as troublesome by nearby human populations. In some regions they have become rare due to the destruction of their habitat. An Austrian organ grinder (locally called Werklmann) with his paper-roll driven Berlin style barrel organ in Vienna The organ grinder was a musical novelty street performer of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, and refers to the operator of a street organ. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Pet. ...

Social structure

Capuchins live together in groups of six to 40 members.these are little sexy monkeys.

Block quote These groups consist of related females and their offspring, as well as several males. Usually groups are dominated by a single male, who has primary rights to mate with the females of the group. Mutual grooming as well as vocalization serves as communication and stabilization of the group dynamics. These primates are territorial animals, distinctly marking a central area of their territory with urine and defending it against intruders, though outer zones of these areas may overlap. Females bear young every two years following a 160 to 180 day gestation. The young cling to their mother's chest until they are larger, when they move to her back. Adult male capuchins rarely take part in caring for the young. Within four years for females and eight years for males, juveniles become fully mature. In captivity, individuals have reached an age of 45 years, although life expectancy in nature is only 15 to 25 years. Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ...

Intelligence

Capuchins are considered the most intelligent New World monkeys and are often used in laboratories. The Tufted Capuchin is especially noted for its long-term tool usage, one of the few examples of primate tool use other than by apes. Upon seeing macaws eating palm nuts, cracking them open with their beaks, these capuchins will select a few of the ripest fruits, nip off the tip of the fruit and drink down the juice, then seemingly discard the rest of the fruit with the nut inside. When these discarded fruits have hardened and become slightly brittle, the capuchins will gather them up again and take them to a large flat boulder where they have previously gathered a few river stones from up to a mile away. They will then use these stones, some of them weighing as much as the monkeys, to crack open the fruit to get to the nut inside. Young capuchins will watch this process to learn from the older, more experienced adults. Binomial name Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) The Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella), also known as Brown Capuchin or Black-capped Capuchin is a New World primate from South America. ... Families Hylobatidae Hominidae Apes are the members of the Hominoidea superfamily of primates, which includes humans. ... Genera Ara Anodorhynchus Cyanopsitta Propyrrhura Orthopsittaca Diopsittaca Macaws are large colorful New World parrots, classified into six of the many Psittacidae genera: Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Propyrrhura, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca. ...

During the mosquito season, they crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs. This acts as a natural insect repellent. Commercial insect repellents. ...

Self-awareness

When presented with a reflection, capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self.

Most animals react to seeing their reflection as if encountering another individual they don't recognize. An experiment with capuchins shows that they react to a reflection as a strange phenomenon, but not as if seeing a strange capuchin.

In the experiment, capuchins were presented with three different scenarios:

1. Seeing an unfamiliar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
2. Seeing a familiar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
3. A mirror showing a reflection of the monkey

With scenario 1, females appeared anxious and avoided eye-contact. Males made threatening gestures. In scenario 2, there was little reaction by either males or females.

When presented with a reflection, females gazed into their own eyes and made friendly gestures such as lip-smacking and swaying. Males made more eye contact than with strangers or familiar monkeys but reacted with signs of confusion or distress, such as squealing, curling up on the floor or trying to escape from the test room.^[2]

Theory of mind

The question of whether capuchin monkeys have a theory of mind -- whether they can understand what another creature may know or think -- has neither been proven nor disproven conclusively. If confronted with a knower-guesser scenario, where one trainer can be observed to know the location of food and another trainer merely guesses the location of food, capuchin monkeys can learn to rely on the knower.^[3] This has, however, been refuted as conclusive evidence for a theory of mind as the monkeys may have learned to discriminate knower and guesser by other means. ^[4] Non-human great apes have not been proven to develop a theory of mind either; human children commonly develop a theory of mind around the ages 3 and 4. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Genera Subfamily Ponginae Pongo - Orangutans Gigantopithecus (extinct) Sivapithecus (extinct) Subfamily Homininae Gorilla - Gorillas Pan - Chimpanzees Homo - Humans Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) Pierolapithecus (extinct) (tentative) The Hominids (Hominidae) are a biological family which includes humans, extinct species of humanlike creatures and the other great apes...

Human assistance

Some organizations, such as Helping Hands in Boston, Massachusetts, have been training capuchin monkeys to assist quadriplegics in a manner similar to mobility assistance dogs. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a quadriplegic. Around the house, the monkeys help out by doing tasks including microwaving food, washing the quadriplegic's face, and opening drink bottles. Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a symptom in which a human experiences paralysis of all four limbs, although not necessarily total paralysis. ... A mobility assistance dog is a kind of service dog trained to help a person that is physically disabled. ...

Classification

• Genus Cebus^[1]
  • C. capucinus group
    • White-headed Capuchin, Cebus capucinus
    • White-fronted Capuchin, Cebus albifrons
      • Cebus albifrons albifrons
      • Cebus albifrons unicolor
      • Shock-headed Capuchin, Cebus albifrons cuscinus
      • Trinidad White-fronted Capuchin, Cebus albifrons trinitatis
      • Ecuadorian Capuchin, Cebus albifrons aequatorialis
      • Varied Capuchin, Cebus albifrons versicolor
    • Weeper Capuchin, Cebus olivaceus
    • Kaapori Capuchin, Cebus kaapori
  • C. apella group
    • Black-capped, Brown or Tufted Capuchin, Cebus apella
      • Guiana Brown Capuchin, Cebus apella apella
      • Cebus apella fatuellus
      • Margarita Island Capuchin, Cebus apella ?margaritae
      • Large-headed Capuchin, Cebus apella macrocephalus
      • Cebus apella peruanus
      • Cebus apella tocantinus
    • Black-striped Capuchin, Cebus libidinosus
      • Cebus libidinosus libidinosus
      • Cebus libidinosus pallidus
      • Cebus libidinosus paraguayanus
      • Cebus libidinosus juruanus
    • Black Capuchin, Cebus nigritus
      • Cebus nigritus nigritus
      • Crested Capuchin or Robust Tufted Capuchin, Cebus nigritus robustus
      • Cebus nigritus cucullatus
    • Golden-bellied Capuchin, Cebus xanthosternos
    • Blond Capuchin, Cebus queirozi

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 136-138. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
2. ^ de Waal FB, Dindo M, Freeman CA, Hall MJ (2005). "The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Epub ahead of print. PMID 16055557. 
3. ^ Kuroshima, Hika; Kazuo Fujita, Akira Fuyuki, Tsuyuka Masuda (March 2002). "Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)". Animal Cognition 5 (1): 41 - 48. DOI:10.1007/s10071-001-0123-6. ISSN 1435-9448. 
4. ^ Heyes, C. M. (1998). "THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. bbs00000546. 

External links

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