Top: Increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. Bottom: The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere, compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the "greenhouse effect". Image File history File links Carbon_History_and_Flux-2. ... Image File history File links Carbon_History_and_Flux-2. ... Ice Core sample taken from drill. ... Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels, also known as mineral fuels, are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas. ... A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ... Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Air redirects here. ... A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ...

When sunlight reaches the Earth's surface, some is absorbed and warms the earth. Because the earth is much cooler than the sun, it radiates energy at much longer wavelengths than the sun; some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere before they are lost to space. The absorption of this longwave radiant energy warms the atmosphere (the atmosphere also is warmed by transfer of sensible and latent heat from the surface). Greenhouse gases also emit longwave radiation both upward to space and downward to the surface. The downward part of this longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere is the "greenhouse effect." The term is in fact a misnomer, as this process is not the primary mechanism that warms greenhouses. Sensible heat is heat that is transported by a body that has a temperature higher than its surroundings. ... Latent heat describes the amount of energy in the form of heat that is required for a material to undergo a change of phase (also known as change of state). Two latent heats are typically described. ... A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ...

The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36-70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds); carbon dioxide, which causes 9-26%; methane, which causes 4-9%, and ozone, which causes 3-7%. Note that it is not really possible to assert that a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of the various gases are not additive. (The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for the gas alone; the lower ends, for the gas counting overlaps.)^{[1] [2]} Water vapor or water vapour, also aqueous vapour, is the gas phase of water. ... Cloud forcing is the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is a gas with a chemical formula of CH4. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ...

Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (see IPCC list of greenhouse gases). This article is about nitrous oxide, or laughing gas. ... Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a gas whose molecules consist of one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms. ... CFC molecules CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) are a family of artificial chemical compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon. ... Perfluorocarbons (or PFCs) are compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacement of hydrogen atoms by fluorine atoms. ... For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). ... This is a list of greenhouse gases as used by the IPCC TAR. Gases relevant to radiative forcing only (per IPCC documentation) Gases relevant to radiative forcing and ozone depletion (per IPCC documentation) (Source: IPCC radiative forcing report 1994 updated (to 1998) by IPCC TAR table 6. ...

The major atmospheric constituents (N₂ and O₂) are not greenhouse gases, because homonuclear diatomic molecules (e.g. N₂, O₂, H₂) do not emit in the infrared as there is no net change in the dipole moment of these molecules. N2 is a term used in several contexts N2 is the chemical formula for nitrogen gas. ... O2 or O-2 may be: Oceanic Airlines (Guinea) IATA airline designator Oxygen O2 plc, a telecommunications company. ... In chemistry, a molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by special forces. ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. ... This article is about the electromagnetic phenomenon. ...

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Global greenhouse gas emissions broken down into 8 different sectors for the year 2000.

The concentrations of several greenhouse gases have increased over time.^[3] Human activity raises levels of greenhouse gases primarily by releasing carbon dioxide, but human influences on other gases, e.g. methane, are not negligible.^[4] Some of the main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity include: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (650x603, 33 KB) Description This figure shows the relative fraction of man-made greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources, as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (650x603, 33 KB) Description This figure shows the relative fraction of man-made greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources, as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

• burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations;
• livestock and paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, pipeline losses, and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are major sources of atmospheric methane;
• use of CFCs in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes.

According to the global warming trend, greenhouse gases from industry and agriculture have played a major role in the recently observed global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and three groups of fluorinated gases are the subject of the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force in 2005. Methane, nitrous oxide and ozone-depleting gases are also taken into account in the international agreements, but not ozone. Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming, though the two processes often are confused in the popular media. Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels, also known as mineral fuels, are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas. ... Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans[1]. Rice is an annual plant, growing to 1-1. ... It has been suggested that Refrigerator be merged into this article or section. ... Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 are special-purpose fire extiguishing agents that were banned by the Montreal Protocol. ... Fire extinguisher A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out a fire, often in an emergency situation. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. ... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ...

The role of water vapor

Increasing water vapor at Boulder, Colorado.

Water vapor is a natural greenhouse gas and accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at very local scales. Stratospheric water vapor 1% increase. ... Stratospheric water vapor 1% increase. ...

In climate models an increase in atmospheric temperature caused by the greenhouse effect due to anthropogenic gases will in turn lead to an increase in the water vapor content of the troposphere, with approximately constant relative humidity. The increased water vapor in turn leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect and thus a further increase in temperature; the increase in temperature leads to still further increase in atmospheric water vapor; and the feedback cycle continues until equilibrium is reached. Thus water vapor acts as a positive feedback to the forcing provided by human-released greenhouse gases such as CO₂ (but has never, so far, acted on Earth as part of a runaway feedback). Changes in the water vapor may also have indirect effects via cloud formation. Relative humidity is a term used to describe the quantity of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water (see: common misconceptions below). ...

Most scientists agree that the overall effect of the direct and indirect feedbacks caused by increased water vapor content of the atmosphere significantly enhances the initial warming that caused the increase - that is, it is a strong positive feedback.([2], see B7).

Water vapor is a definite part of the greenhouse gas equation even though not under direct human control: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) TAR chapter lead author Michael Mann considers citing "the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas" to be "extremely misleading" as water vapor can not be controlled by humans [3]; see also [4] and [5]. The IPCC discusses the water vapor feedback in more detail [6]. IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all... Michael Mann Michael Mann is a well-known climatologist, author of more than 80 peer-reviewed journal publications. ...

Increase of greenhouse gases

Based on measurements from Antarctic ice cores, it is widely accepted that just before industrial emissions began, atmospheric CO₂ levels were about 280 µL/L (note the units µL/L are identical to parts per million by volume). From the same ice cores it appears that CO₂ concentrations have stayed between 260 and 280 µL/L during the preceding 10,000 years. Some studies^[5], using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves, have found greater variability with CO₂ levels above 300 µL/L during the period 7-10 kyr ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration/contamination problems rather than actual CO₂ variability^[6][7].

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the concentrations of many of the greenhouse gases have increased. Most of the increase in carbon dioxide occurred after 1945. Those with the largest radiative forcing are: A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Global carbon dioxide emissions 1751–2000.

(Source: IPCC radiative forcing report 1994 updated (to 1998) by IPCC TAR table 6.1 [7][8]). The generalised concept of radiative forcing in climate science is any change in the radiation (heat) entering the climate system or changes in radiatively active gases. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power. ... metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) A metre or meter[1] (symbol: m) is a unit of length and the current base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Parts per million (ppm) is a measure of concentration that is used where low levels of concentration are significant. ... The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is a gas with a chemical formula of CH4. ... This page refers to concentration in the chemical sense. ... This article is about nitrous oxide, or laughing gas. ... Description Global annual fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions, in million metric tons of carbon, as reported by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [1]. Original data: Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. ... Description Global annual fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions, in million metric tons of carbon, as reported by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [1]. Original data: Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Events Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow March 25 - For the last time, New Years Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... The generalised concept of radiative forcing in climate science is any change in the radiation (heat) entering the climate system or changes in radiatively active gases. ... Global monthly average total ozone amount The term Ozone depletion is used to describe two distinct, but related, observations: a slow, steady decline, of about 3% per decade, in the total amount of ozone in the earths stratosphere during the past twenty years, and a much larger, but seasonal... R-11, or trichlorofluoromethane, was the first widely used refrigerant. ... Parts per trillion (ppt) is a measure of concentration that is used where very low levels of concentration are significant. ... Disclaimer and references Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, is a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant until its manufacture was discontinued in 1995, due to concerns about damage to the ozone layer. ... Possible meanings: Certified Financial Consultant Chelsea Football Club Child and Family Canada Chlorofluorocarbon Combined Federal Campaign haloalkane This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point non flammable RTECS number FG4900000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a refrigerant. ... IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ...

Removal from the atmosphere and global warming potential

Major greenhouse gas trends

Aside from water vapor near the surface, which has a residence time of days, most greenhouse gases take a very long time to leave the atmosphere. It is not easy to know with precision how long, because the atmosphere is a very complex system. However, there are estimates of the duration of stay, i.e., the time which is necessary so that the gas disappears from the atmosphere, for the principal ones. Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes: Global trends in major greenhouse gases. ... Global trends in major greenhouse gases. ...

• as a consequence of a physical change (condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere).
• as a consequence of chemical reactions within the atmosphere. This is the case for methane. It is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical, OH· and degraded to CO₂ and water vapor at the end of a chain of reactions (the contribution of the CO₂ from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane GWP). This also includes solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols.
• as a consequence of a physical interchange at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet. An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans at the boundary layer.
• as a consequence of a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet. This is the case for CO₂, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
• as a consequence of a photochemical change. Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl· and F· as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone (halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere).
• as a consequence of dissociative ionization caused by high energy cosmic rays or lightning discharges, which break molecular bonds. For example, lightning forms N atoms from N₂ which then react with O₂ to form NO₂.

Two scales can be used to describe the effect of different gases in the atmosphere. The first, the atmospheric lifetime, describes how long it takes to restore the system to equilibrium following a small increase in the concentration of the gas in the atmosphere. Individual molecules may interchange with other reservoirs such as soil, the oceans, and biological systems, but the mean lifetime refers to the decaying away of the excess. One may encounter claims that the atmospheric lifetime of CO₂ is only a few years because that is the average time for any CO₂ molecule to stay in the atmosphere before mixing into the ocean, being transformed to oxygen by photosynthesis, etc. This ignores the balancing fluxes of CO₂ into the atmosphere from the other reservoirs. It is the net concentration changes of the various greenhouse gases by all sources and sinks that determines atmospheric lifetime, not just the removal processes. // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... In chemistry free radicals are uncharged atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. ... In physics and fluid mechanics, the boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. ... The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ... Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) is the only inorganic carbon acid, and has the formula H2CO3. ... In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... In inorganic chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. ... Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ... Photochemistry is the study of the interaction of light and chemicals. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... In chemistry free radicals are uncharged atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. ... Atmosphere diagram showing stratosphere The stratosphere is a layer of Earths atmosphere that is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher up and cooler layers farther down. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ... Given an assembly of elements, the number of which decreases ultimately to zero, the lifetime (also called the mean lifetime) is a certain number that characterizes the rate of reduction (decay) of the assembly. ...

The second scale is global warming potential (GWP). The GWP depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO₂ and evaluated for a specific timescale. Thus, if a molecule has a high GWP on a short time scale (say 20 years) but has only a short lifetime, it will have a large GWP on a 20 year scale but a small one on a 100 year scale. Conversely, if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO₂ its GWP will increase with time. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into greenhouse gas. ...

Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP for several greenhouse gases include:

• CO₂ has a variable atmospheric lifetime (approximately 200-450 years for small perturbations). Recent work indicates that recovery from a large input of atmospheric CO₂ from burning fossil fuels will result in an effective lifetime of tens of thousands of years.^[8][9] Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods.
• Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years and a GWP of 62 over 20 years, 23 over 100 years and 7 over 500 years. The decrease in GWP associated with longer times is associated with the fact that the methane is degraded to water and CO₂ by chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
• Nitrous oxide has an atmospheric lifetime of 120 years and a GWP of 296 over 100 years.
• CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 years and a GWP(100) of 10600.
• HCFC-22 has an atmospheric lifetime of 12.1 years and a GWP(100) of 1700.
• Tetrafluoromethane has an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years and a GWP(100) of 5700.
• Sulfur hexafluoride has an atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years and a GWP(100) of 22000.

Source : IPCC, table 6.7. Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is a gas with a chemical formula of CH4. ... This article is about nitrous oxide, or laughing gas. ... For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). ... Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a refrigerant. ... Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4, is a carbon fluoride. ... Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a gas whose molecules consist of one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms. ... IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all...

Related effects

MOPITT 2000 global carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative forcing effect by elevating concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone through chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents (e.g., the hydroxyl radical, OH) that would otherwise destroy them. Carbon monoxide is created when carbon-containing fuels are burned incompletely. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable. Download high resolution version (540x630, 61 KB)The MOPITT sensor aboard NASA’s Terra satellite has assembled the first view of carbon monoxide in the Earths atmosphere. ... Download high resolution version (540x630, 61 KB)The MOPITT sensor aboard NASA’s Terra satellite has assembled the first view of carbon monoxide in the Earths atmosphere. ... Categories: Stub ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. ... Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. ... The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is a gas with a chemical formula of CH4. ... The Troposphere is the lowermost portion of Earths atmosphere. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... Hydroxide is a functional group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: -O−H It has a charge of 1-. The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...

Another potentially important indirect effect comes from methane, which in addition to its direct radiative impact also contributes to ozone formation. Shindell et al (2005)^[10] argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect[9].

One of the related effects of global warming is that as the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, so does the acidity of the oceans. Conceptual assessment of the risks and impacts of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change and how those risks increase relative to increasing global temperatures. ...

One of the more alarming potential correlations with Greenhouse gases and Global Warming is the notion of Global dimming which seems to have masked the effect of Global Warming due to the Earth getting cooler through Global Dimming. A NASA photograph showing aircraft contrails and natural clouds. ...

See also

• Biofuel
• Carbon sink
• Carbon neutral
• Clean Air Act
• Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
• Effects of global warming
• Environmental agreements
• European Climate Change Programme
• Global Atmosphere Watch
• Global warming
• Hydrogen Economy
• United Nations Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change
• Life cycle cost analysis
• Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
• North American Carbon Program
• Ocean acidification
• Radiative forcing
• Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
• Renewable energy

Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass — recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. ... A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is the opposite of a carbon source. ... A carbon audit regime is an effective means of accounting for greenhouse gas control efforts. ... It has been suggested that Clean Air Act (1970) and Clean Air Act (1990) be merged into this article or section. ... The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, exist to regulate and improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo. ... The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, exist to regulate and improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) is the sales weighted... Conceptual assessment of the risks and impacts of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change and how those risks increase relative to increasing global temperatures. ... There are numerous international environmental agreements made to protect the environment in different ways. ... The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Unions European Commission. ... Global Atmosphere Watchs logo The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) is a worldwide system established by the World Meteorological Organization – a United Nations agency – to monitor trends in the Earths atmosphere. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP. Its... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Total cost of ownership. ... Massachusetts v. ... The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is one of the major elements of the Strategic Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program. ... Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ... The generalised concept of radiative forcing in climate science is any change in the radiation (heat) entering the climate system or changes in radiatively active gases. ... Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a regional initiative by some states in the Northeastern United States region as well as nearby Canadian provinces to reduce greenhouse gas emission. ... Renewable energy (sources) or RES capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water (hydropower), biological processes such as anaerobic digestion, and geothermal heat flow. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. ... // Statements by organizations Various prominent bodies have commented on global warming, most notably the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). ... Attribution of recent climate change attempts to discover what mechanisms are responsible for the observed changes in climate. ... Conceptual assessment of the risks and impacts of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change and how those risks increase relative to increasing global temperatures. ... // Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions aimed at reducing the extent or likelihood of global warming. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The global warming controversy is an ongoing dispute about the effects of humans on the global climate and what, if any, policies should be followed to avoid future effects. ... The politics of global warming looks at the current political issues relating to global warming, as well as the historical rise of global warming as a political issue. ... The economics of global warming relates to the size and distribution of the economic costs and benefits of global warming and of a variety of actions aimed at the mitigation of global warming. ... A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ... Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect. ... The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time. ... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years Climate change refers to the variation in the Earths global climate or regional climates over time. ... IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all...

References

1. ^ Kiehl, J. T., Kevin E. Trenberth (February 1997). "Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78 (2): 197-208. Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
2. ^ Water vapour: feedback or forcing?. RealClimate (6 Apr 2005). Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
3. ^ Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis: C.1 Observed Changes in Globally Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Radiative Forcing. Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
4. ^ Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis: figure 6-6. Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
5. ^ Friederike Wagner, Bent Aaby and Henk Visscher (2002). "Rapid atmospheric CO2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event". PNAS 99 (19): 12011-12014. DOI:10.1073/pnas.182420699.
6. ^ Andreas Indermühle, Bernhard Stauffer, Thomas F. Stocker (1999). "Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations". Science 286 (5446): 1815. DOI:10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a. Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. Science. Retrieved on May 26, 2005.
7. ^ H.J. Smith, M Wahlen and D. Mastroianni (1997). "The CO₂ concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition". Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1): 1-4.
8. ^ Archer, David (2005). "Fate of fossil fuel CO₂ in geologic time". Journal of Geophysical Research 110, C09S05. DOI:10.1029/2004JC002625.
9. ^ Caldeira, Ken and Wickett, Michael E. (2005). "Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research 110, C09S04. DOI:10.1029/2004JC002671.
10. ^ Shindell, Drew T.; Faluvegi, Greg; Bell, Nadine; Schmidt, Gavin A. "An emissions-based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone", Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, No. 4 [1]

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ...

External links

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• Greenhouse gas calculator.
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• The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI).
• Well to Wheel analysis.

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Carbon dioxide emissions

• EU page about reducing CO₂ emissions from light-duty vehicles : the EU's aim is to reach - by 2010 at the latest -an average CO₂ emission figure of 120 g/km for all new passenger cars marketed in the Union.
• International Energy Annual: Reserves
• IEA Publications Bookshop - Key World Energy Statistics
• International Energy Annual 2003: Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• International Energy Annual 2003: Notes and Sources for Table H.1co2 (Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44)
• DOE - EIA - Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 1994 - Volume 2, Greenhouse Gas Emissions (includes "Greenhouse Gas Spectral Overlaps and Their Significance")
• NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Vostok Ice Core
• NOAA CMDL CCGG - Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO₂ data
• Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre FAQ Includes links to lots of useful Carbon Dioxide statistics