Ball-and-stick model of the carbonate ion, CO₃²⁻

For other meanings, see Carbonate (disambiguation)

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 672 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 982 pixel, file size: 138 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 672 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 982 pixel, file size: 138 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... armchair conformational isomerism of Cyclohexane. ... Carbonate may refer to: Carbonate, a carbon compound Carbonate minerals, a class of minerals containing the carbonate anion Carbonate (CO), a comune in the Province of Como, Italy Category: ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... A carboxylic acid ester. ... Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3. ...

Applications

Soda water (also known as Seltzer water) is water with CO₂ dissolved under pressure. The taste of soda water was discovered by the 18th century chemist Joseph Priestley. Bubbles in carbonated water float to the surface. ... Priestley by Ellen Sharples (1794)[1] Joseph Priestley (March 13, 1733 (old style) – February 8, 1804) was an eighteenth-century British natural philosopher, Dissenting clergyman, political theorist, theologian, and educator. ...

To test for the presence of the carbonate anion in a salt, the addition of dilute mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid) will yield carbon dioxide gas. The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ...

Carbonate-containing salts are industrially and mineralogically ubiquitous. The term "carbonate" is also commonly used to refer to one of these salts or carbonate minerals. Most common is calcite, or calcium carbonate, the chief constituent of limestone. The process of removing carbon dioxide from these salts by heating is called calcination. For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Doubly refracting Calcite from Iceberg claim, Dixon, New Mexico. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... Calcination is the process of heating a substance to a high temperature, but below its melting or fusing point, to bring about thermal decomposition or a phase transition in its physical or chemical constitution. ...

The term is also used as a verb, to describe the process of raising carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations in water, see also carbonated water, either by the introduction under pressure of carbon dioxide gas into the water, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... Effervescence from soda. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ...

Chemical properties

The carbonate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula CO₃²⁻ and a molecular mass of 60.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The carbonate ion carries a negative two formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO₃⁻, which is the conjugate base of H₂CO₃, carbonic acid. An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured red are lower in energy than areas coloured yellow A polyatomic ion is a molecule that bears ionic groups, that is, a molecule with a charge. ... An anion is an ion with negative charge. ... In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom (called a chemical element) in it. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... The unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ... ǃǁɚɵ A generic trigonal planar molecule showing ideal bond angle. ... In chemistry, a formal charge (FC) on an atom in a molecule is defined as: FC = number of valence electrons of the atom - number of Lone pair electrons on this atom - half the total number of electrons participating in covalent bonds with this atom. ... Within the Brønsted-Lowry (protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of two compounds that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ...

A carbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Most carbonate salts are insoluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, with solubility constants of less than 1×10⁻⁸. Exceptions include sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates. A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Temperature and air pressure can vary from one place to another on the Earth, and can also vary in the same place with time. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with solubility. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Flash point Not flammable Related Compounds Other cations Lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water (insoluble in alcohol), which forms... Ammonium carbonate. ...

In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together in a dynamic equilibrium. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO₂(aq), is the main form, which, with water, H₂O, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid - the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid. The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. ... Apparatus for carrying out acid-base titration. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ...

Carbonated water is formed by dissolving CO₂ in water under pressure. When the partial pressure of CO₂ is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium for each of the forms of carbonate (carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid) shifts until the concentration of CO₂ in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO₂ at that temperature and pressure. In living systems an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, speeds the interconversion of CO₂ and carbonic acid. Effervescence from soda. ... Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of metalloenzymes (enzymes that contain one or more metal atoms as a functional component of the enzyme) that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. ...

In organic chemistry a carbonate can also refer to a functional group within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one which is double bonded. The VSEPR shape of the carbonate ion is trigonal planar or triplanar In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) (1957) is a model in chemistry that aims to generally represent the shapes of individual molecules [1] . To achieve this, it is necessary to construct a valid Lewis structure that shows all of the bonds within the molecule and the locations of lone...

Acid-base chemistry

The carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻) is a strong base. It is a conjugate base of the weakly acidic bicarbonate (IUPAC name hydrogen carbonate HCO₃⁻), itself a strong conjugate base of the still weakly acidic carbonic acid. As such in aqueous solution, the carbonate ion seeks to reclaim hydrogen atoms. For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3. ...

The k_B values for the carbonate ion and its conjugates are as follows.

It works as a buffer in the blood as follows: when pH is too low, the concentration of hydrogen ions is too high, so you exhale CO₂. This cause the equation to shift left, essentially decreasing the concentration of H⁺ ions, causing a more basic pH.

When pH is too high, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood is too low, so the kidneys excrete bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). This causes the equation to shift right, essentially increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing a more acidic pH.

Carbonate salts

See also: Category:Carbonates

• Lithium carbonate
• Sodium carbonate
• Potassium carbonate
• Magnesium carbonate
• Calcium carbonate
• Strontium carbonate
• Lanthanum carbonate

Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is a chemical compound of lithium and carbonate that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Flash point Not flammable Related Compounds Other cations Lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water (insoluble in alcohol), which forms... Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is a white solid that occurs in nature as a mineral. ... Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. ... Flash point Not applicable Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) is a the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder. ... In medicine, lanthanum carbonate is medication known as a phosphate binder. ...

History

It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in rock is unequivocal evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of the Planetary nebula NGC 6302 shows evidence for carbonates in space ^[1], where aqueous alteration similar to that on Earth is unlikely. Other minerals have been proposed which would fit the observations. “Rock” redirects here. ... NGC 6543, The Cats Eye Nebula NGC 6853, The Dumbbell Nebula A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of a glowing shell of gas and plasma formed by certain types of stars at the end of their lives. ... NGC 6302 (also called the Bug Nebula or Butterfly Nebula), is a bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius. ...

Significant carbonate deposits have not been found on Mars via remote sensing or in situ missions, even though Martian meteorites contain small amounts and groundwater may have existed at both Gusev^[2] and Meridiani Planum^[3]. Evidence for carbonates on Mars has remained elusive. ...

References

1. ^ Kemper, F., Molster, F.J., Jager, C. and Waters, L.B.F.M. (2002) The mineral composition and spatial distribution of the dust ejecta of NGC 6302. Astronomy & Astrophysics 394, 679-690.
2. ^ Squyres et al., (2007) doi 10.1126/science.1139045
3. ^ Squyres et al., (2006) doi 10.1029/2006JE002771

See also

Bicarbonate For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ...