Carbonatites are intrusive Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from either the Earths mantle or pre-existing rocks made molten by extreme... igneous Rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids. Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition; and also by the processes that formed them. Rocks are thus separated into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from molten magma, sedimentary rocks by deposition and compression... rock structures with more than 50% Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of H2CO3, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. It would be a fairly strong acid if carbonic acid existed... carbonate content, many of which contain distinctive abundances of Apatite is a group of minerals, usually referring to: hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal lattice. The formula of the admixture of the three most common species is Ca5(PO4)3(OH, F, Cl). Apatite is one of... apatite, Magnetite is a magnetic mineral form of both iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide or (iron(II,III) oxide), with chemical formula , one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the minerals on Earth, and these magnetic properties... magnetite, Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. It is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of barium. Baryte is the British spelling. Barite commonly occurs in lead-zinc veins in limestones, in hot... barite, and Octahedral fluorite crystals from New Mexico, USA Fluorite (also called fluor-spar or Blue John) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octohedrons and dodecahedrons are not uncommon. Occurrence Fluorite may occur as a vein deposit, especially with metallic... fluorite, that may contain economic or anomalous concentrations of A rare earth is an oxide of a rare earth element. Often rare earth elements themselves are loosely called rare earths. Rare earth elements, or metals, are the lanthanides and actinides. They come from the f-block. They are: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium... rare earth elements, General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15 (VA), 3 , p Density, Hardness 1823 kg/m3, __ Appearance colorless/red/silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 30.973761 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 100 pm (98 pm) Covalent radius 106 pm van der Waals radius... phosphorus, General Name, Symbol, Number Niobium, Nb, 41 Chemical series Transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 5 , d Density, Hardness 8570 kg/m3, 6 Appearance grey metallic Atomic properties Atomic weight 92.90638 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 145 (198) pm Covalent radius 137 pm van der Waals radius no data Electron... niobium, General Name, Symbol, Number Uranium, U, 92 Chemical series Actinides Period, Block 7 , f Density, Hardness 19050 kg/m3, ND Appearance silvery-white metal Atomic properties Atomic weight 238.0289 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 175 (ND) pm Covalent radius ND pm van der Waals radius 186 pm Electron configuration [Rn... uranium, General Name, Symbol, Number thorium, Th, 90 Chemical series Transition metals Period, Block 7 , f Density, Hardness 11724 kg/m3, 3.0 Appearance silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 232.0381 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 180 (n/a) pm Covalent radius n/a pm van der Waals radius n/a... thorium, Copper is also the title of a web and print comic: see Copper (comic). General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11 , 4, d Density, Hardness 8920 kg/m3, 3.0 Appearance copper, metallic Atomic properties Atomic weight 63.546 amu Atomic radius... copper, General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metal Group, Period, Block 8 (VIIIB), 4 , d Density, Hardness 7874 kg/m3, 4.0 Appearance lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge Atomic properties Atomic weight 55.845 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 140 (156) pm Covalent radius 125 pm van... iron, General Name, Symbol, Number Titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Density, Hardness 4507 kg/m3, 6 Appearance Silvery metallic Atomic properties Atomic weight 47.867 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 140 (176) pm Covalent radius 136 pm van der Waals radius no data Electron... titanium, Barium is also the Latin name for the city Bari in Italy. General Name, Symbol, Number Barium, Ba, 56 Series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2(IIA), 6, s Density, Hardness 3510 kg/m3, 1.25 Appearance silvery white Atomic Properties Atomic weight 137.327 amu Atomic radius (Calc... barium, General Name, Symbol, Number Fluorine, F, 9 Series Halogens Group, Period, Block 17 (VIIA), 2 , p Density, Hardness 1.696 kg/m3, NA Appearance pale greenish-yellow gas Atomic properties Atomic weight 18.9984 g/mol Atomic radius (calc.) 50 (42) pm Covalent radius 71 pm van der Waals radius... fluorine, General Name, Symbol, Number Zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Density, Hardness 6511 kg/m3, 5 Appearance Silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 91.224 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 155 (206) pm Covalent radius 148 pm van der Waals radius no data Electron... zirconium, and other rare or incompatible elements. They may also be sources of rock with mica Mica sheet mica flakes The mica group of minerals includes several closely related materials having highly perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic with a tendency towards pseudo-hexagonal crystals and are similar in chemical composition. The highly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica... mica or Vermiculite is a natural mineral which expands with the application of heat. It is formed by hydration of certain basaltic minerals, and is often found in association with asbestos. Mining operations in Libby, Montana were closed in 1990 in response to asbestos contamination. Expanded vermiculite is used as a soil... vermiculite. Carbonatites may form central plugs within zoned alkalic intrusive complexes, or as A dike in geology refers to a tabular intrusive igneous body. The thickness is usually much smaller than the other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a... dikes, In geology, a sill is a tabular, often horizontal mass of igneous rock that has been intruded laterally between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or even along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. The term sill is synonymous with concordant intrusive sheet. Certain... sills, Breccia, derived from the Latin word for broken, is a sedimentary rock composed of angular fragments in a matrix that may be of a similar or a different material. Fault breccias result from the grinding action of two fault blocks as they slide past each other. Subsequent cementation of these... breccias, and A lode is the metalliferous ore that fills a fissure in a rock or a vein of ore deposited between layers of rock. Categories: Stub ... veins.

Examples

The only carbonatite volcano known to have erupted in historical time is Ol Doinyo Lengai is a volcano located in Tanzania. Part of the volcanic system of the Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa, Ol Doinyo Lengai is unique among volcanos in that it produces natro-carbonititic lava, a mineral called carbonatite. Whereas most lava is rich in silicate minerals, the lava... Ol Doinyo Lengai in The United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania in Swahili) is a country on the east coast of central Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on... Tanzania. It emits the Lava is molten rock that a volcano expels during an eruption. Due to its high temperature, ranging from 700 °C to 1200 °C (1300 °F to 2200 °F), when first exuded from a volcanic vent, lava is liquid, but with a viscosity 100,000 times that of water. Nevertheless, it... lava with the lowest temperature in the world, at 500-600 degrees Celsius (930-1,100 degrees F).

Deposits exist in Oka is a river in Russia. Oka is the name of a car produced by Lada (named after the river). Oka is a small town in Quebec, Canada. It is noted for Oka cheese and the Oka Crisis of 1990. Oka cheese is a semi-soft surface ripened cheese. Oka... Oka, This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation). Motto: Je me souviens (I remember) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Area 1,542,056 km² (2nd)  - Land 1,183,128 km²  ... Quebec; Iron Hill and Gem Park, There are also three Colorado Rivers: two in the United States and one in Argentina. State nickname: The Centennial State Other U.S. States Capital Denver Largest city Denver Governor Bill Owens Official languages English Area 269,837 km² (8th)  - Land 268,879 km²  ... Colorado; Magnet Cove, State nickname: The Natural State Other U.S. States Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Governor Mike Huckabee Official languages English Area 137,732 km² (29th)  - Land 134,856 km²  - Water 2,876 km² (2.09%) Population (2000)  - Population 2,673,400 (33rd)  ... Arkansas; St. Honore, This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation). Motto: Je me souviens (I remember) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Area 1,542,056 km² (2nd)  - Land 1,183,128 km²  ... Quebec; Mountain Pass, State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4.7%) Population ( 2000)  - Population 33,871,648... California; Phalaborwa, The Republic of South Africa (pronunciation) is a large republic in Southern Africa. It is located at the southern tip of the continent, and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. The small nation of Lesotho is entirely contained within South African territory. Its economy is the largest and most... South Africa; Jacupiranga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its latitude is 21.695/21°4133 S and the longitude is 48.001/48°0008 W. The population in 2004 is 18,380, the area is 709.98 km² The elevation is 33 m... Jacupiranga, The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, it borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela... Brazil; Kovdor, The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia.

Spatially and (or) genetically related deposit types

Vein deposits of General Name, Symbol, Number thorium, Th, 90 Chemical series Transition metals Period, Block 7 , f Density, Hardness 11724 kg/m3, 3.0 Appearance silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 232.0381 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 180 (n/a) pm Covalent radius n/a pm van der Waals radius n/a... thorium, Octahedral fluorite crystals from New Mexico, USA Fluorite (also called fluor-spar or Blue John) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octohedrons and dodecahedrons are not uncommon. Occurrence Fluorite may occur as a vein deposit, especially with metallic... fluorite, or A rare earth is an oxide of a rare earth element. Often rare earth elements themselves are loosely called rare earths. Rare earth elements, or metals, are the lanthanides and actinides. They come from the f-block. They are: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium... rare earth elements may be associated with carbonatites.

Carbonatite is typically associated with concentrically zoned complexes of alkaline-igneous rocks, though some deposits may consist of dikes or thick sheets. Associated igneous rocks typically include ijolite, melteigite, Pyroxenite is a rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite and diallage, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite. Names have been given to members of this group according to their component minerals, e.g. pyroxenite (augite), diallagite (diallage), hypersthenite (hypersthene), bronzitites (bronzite), websterite (diallage and hypersthene). Closely... pyroxenite, and nepheline syenite. Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated igneous rocks that are miaskitic (nearly peralkaline) rather than agpaitic (peralkaline).

References

"Carbonatite Deposits (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0831/CHAP6.pdf)." The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. Founded on March 3, 1879, it is an unbiased, fact-finding research organization... USGS Carbonatite Deposits. Accessed on January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 334 days remaining, (335 in leap years). Also, this is the final day of January. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for his plotting against Parliament and... January 31, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005.

"DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CARBONATITE DEPOSITS (http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1693/html/bull5rsj.htm)." USGS DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CARBONATITE DEPOSITS. Accessed on January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 334 days remaining, (335 in leap years). Also, this is the final day of January. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for his plotting against Parliament and... January 31, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005.

"World's Coolest Lava is in Africa (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2003/03_04_17.html)." Volcano Watch April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). There are 258 days remaining. Events 1397 - Geoffrey Chaucer tells the Canterbury Tales for the first time at the court of Richard II. 1492 - Spain and Christopher Columbus sign a contract for him... April 17, 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003. Accessed on January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 334 days remaining, (335 in leap years). Also, this is the final day of January. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for his plotting against Parliament and... January 31, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005.