Structure of a carboxylic acid

The 3D structure of the carboxyl group

A space-filling model of the carboxyl group

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO₂H. ^[1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted acids — they are proton donors. Salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. Image File history File links Carboxylic-acid. ... Image File history File links Carboxylic-acid. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x778, 51 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Carboxylic acid ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x778, 51 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Carboxylic acid ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x962, 219 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Carboxylic acid Carboxyl group User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x962, 219 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Carboxylic acid Carboxyl group User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ... In chemistry, a carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group, typically written as -COOH: where R is a hydrogen or an organic group. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A Brønsted acid is an acid that donates a hydrogen ion to another compound. ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... An anion is an ion with negative charge. ...

The simplest series of carboxylic acids are the alkanoic acids, R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. Compounds may also have two or more carboxylic acid groups per molecule. General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... An alkyl is a univalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ...

Physical properties

Carboxylic acid dimers

Carboxylic acids are polar, and form hydrogen bonds with each other. At high temperatures, in vapor phase, carboxylic acids usually exist as dimeric pairs. Lower carboxylic acids (1 to 4 carbons) are miscible with water, while higher carboxylic acids are very much less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the alkyl chain. They tend to be rather soluble in less polar solvents such as ethers and alcohols.^[2] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1803x827, 12 KB) en:Carboxylic acid dimers. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1803x827, 12 KB) en:Carboxylic acid dimers. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... A commonly-used example of a polar compound is water (H2O). ... An example of a quadruple hydrogen bond between a self-assembled dimer complex reported by Meijer and coworkers. ...

Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature and are typically weak acids, meaning they only partially dissociate into H⁺ cations and RCOO⁻ anions in aqueous solution. For example, at room temperature, only 0.02 % of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated in water. A weak acid is an acid that does not fully ionize in solution; that is, if the acid was represented by the general formula HA, then in aqueous solution a significant amount of undissolved HA still remains. ... Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which complexes, molecules, or salts separate or split into smaller molecules, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. ... A cation is an ion with positive charge. ... An anion is an ion with negative charge. ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ...

Since the carboxylic acids are weak acids, in water, both forms exist in an equilibrium:

RCOOH ↔ RCOO^- + H⁺

The acidity of carboxylic acids can be explained either by the stability of the acid, or the stability of the conjugate base using inductive effects or resonance effects. In the field of chemistry, in the Brønsted-Lowry (protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate base is the basic member, X-, of a pair of compounds that differ only by the presence or absence of a proton at a certain position. ... The inductive effect is associated with the dipole moment of the compound R-X. If X is at the negative end of a dipole moment, it will draw electrons from the ring and produce -I effect. ... Resonance in chemistry is a tool used to represent and model certain types of non-classical molecular structures. ...

Stability of the acid

Using inductive effects, the acidity of carboxylic acids can be rationalized by the two electronegative oxygen atoms distorting the electron clouds surrounding the O-H bond, weakening it. The weak O-H bond causes the acid molecule to be less stable, and causing the hydrogen atom to be labile, thus it dissociates easily to give the H⁺ ion. Since the acid is unstable, the equilibrium will lie on the right. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with electronegativity. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time. ...

Additional electronegative atoms or groups such as chlorine or hydroxyl, substituted on the R-group have a similar, though lesser effect. The presence of these groups increases the acidity through inductive effects. For example, trichloroacetic acid (three -Cl groups) is a stronger acid than lactic acid (one -OH group) which in turn is stronger than acetic acid (no electronegative constituent). The Inductive effect in chemistry is an experimentally observable effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule by electrostatic induction (IUPAC definition). ... In organic chemistry, the chloroethanoic acids (trivial name chloroacetic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids: chloroethanoic acid (chloroacetic acid), CH2ClCOOH dichloroethanoic acid (dichloroacetic acid), CHCl2COOH trichloroethanoic acid (trichloroacetic acid), CCl3COOH As the number of chlorine atoms increases, the electronegativity of that end of the molecule increases, and the molecule... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...

Stability of the conjugate base

Resonance stabilization of carboxylic acids

The acidity of a carboxylic acid can also be explained by resonance effects. The result of the dissociation of a carboxylic acid is a resonance stabilized product in which the negative charge is shared (delocalized) between the two oxygen atoms. Each of the carbon-oxygen bonds has what is called a partial double bond characteristic. Since the conjugate base is stabilized, the above equilibrium lies on the right. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2761x1024, 19 KB) Resonance stabilization of en:carboxylic acids File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carboxylic acid ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2761x1024, 19 KB) Resonance stabilization of en:carboxylic acids File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carboxylic acid ... Resonance in chemistry is a tool used to represent and model certain types of non-classical molecular structures. ...

Spectroscopy

Carboxylic acids are most readily identified as such by infrared spectrometry. They exhibit a sharp C=O stretch between 1680 and 1725 cm^-1, and the characteristic O-H stretch of the carboxyl group appears as a broad peak in the 2500 to 3000 cm^-1 region.^[2] IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ...

In ¹H NMR spectrometry the hydroxyl hydrogen appears in the 10-13 ppm region, though it is often either broadened, or not observed due to exchange with any traces of water.

Sources

Lower straight-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, as well as those of even carbon number up to C₁₈ are commercially available. For example, acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation with carbon monoxide, while long chain carboxylic acids are obtained by the hydrolysis of triglycerides obtained from plant or animal oils. In chemistry, non-aromatic and non-cyclic (acyclic) organic compounds are called aliphatic. ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ...

Vinegar, a dilute solution of acetic acid, is biologically produced from the fermentation of ethanol. It is used in food and beverages but is not used industrially. Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ...

Synthesis

Carboxylic acids can be produced by oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes with strong oxidants such as Jones reagent, potassium permanganate, or sodium chlorite. They may also be produced by the oxidative cleavage of olefins by potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate. In particular, any alkyl group on a benzene ring will be fully oxidized to a carboxylic acid, regardless of its chain length. This is the basis for the industrial synthesis of benzoic acid from toluene. Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... An aldehyde. ... In chemistry, chromic acid (or Jones reagent) is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, that would have the formula H2CrO4. ... Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. ... Sodium chlorite is a chemical compound used in the manufacture of paper. ... A synonym for the more widely accepted term, alkene. ... Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. ... Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is used in oxidation reactions. ... Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ...

Carboxylic acids can also be obtained by the hydrolysis of nitriles, esters, or amides, with the addition of acid or base. They can also be prepared from the action of a Grignard reagent on carbon dioxide, though this method is not used industrially. A nitrile is any organic compound which has a -C≡N functional group. ... A carboxylic acid ester. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... A Grignard Reagent is an alkyl- or aryl- magnesium halide. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms, and is in a gaseous state in the atmosphere of the Earth. ...

Carboxylic acids may also form from the following reactions:

• Disproportionation of an aldehyde in the Cannizzaro reaction.
• Rearrangement of diketones in the benzilic acid rearrangement.
• halogenation followed by hydrolysis of methyl ketones in the haloform reaction
• Less-common reactions involving the generation of benzoic acids are the von Richter reaction from nitrobenzenes and the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction from phenols.

An aldehyde. ... The Cannizzaro reaction named after Stanislao Cannizzaro is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX3) is produced by the multiple halogenation of a methyl ketone (a molecule containing the R-CO-CH3 group) in the presence of a base [1] . R may be H, alkyl or aryl. ... The Von Richter reaction is an organic reaction. ... The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction/Kolbe process (named after Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe and R. Schmitt) is a carboxylation chemical reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide under pressure (100 atm, 125°C), then treating the product with sulfuric acid. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ...

Reactions

• Carboxylic acids react with bases to form carboxylate salts, in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl (-OH) group is replaced with a metal cation. Thus, acetic acid found in vinegar reacts with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to form sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and water:

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O

• Carboxylic acids also react with alcohols and amines to give esters and amides. Like other alcohols and phenols, the hydroxyl group on carboxylic acids may be replaced with a chlorine atom using thionyl chloride to give acyl chlorides.

Lithium aluminium hydride reduction of a carboxylic acid to an alcohol.

• Carboxylic acids may be reduced by lithium aluminum hydride or borane to give primary alcohols, though the former reaction is sluggish. Esters are more easily reduced, and it may be more feasible to esterify the acid before reduction.^[2]

• Like all carbonyl compounds, the protons on the α-carbon are labile due to keto-enol tautomerization. Thus the α-carbon is easily halogenated in the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation.

• The Arndt-Eistert synthesis inserts an α-methylene group into a carboxylic acid.
• The Curtius rearrangement converts carboxylic acids to isocyanates.
• The Schmidt reaction converts carboxylic acids to amines.
• Carboxylic acids are decarboxylated in the Hunsdiecker reaction
• The Dakin-West reaction converts an amino acid to the corresponding amino ketone.
• In the Barbier-Wieland degradation (1912) the alpha-methylene group in an aliphatic carboxylic acid is removed in a sequence of reaction steps, effectively a chain-shortening ^{[3] [4]}.
• The addition of a carboxyl group to a compound is known as carboxylation; the removal of one is decarboxylation. Enzymes that catalyze these reactions are known as carboxylases (EC 6.4.1) and decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1).

Acids and bases: Acid-base reaction pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Acid-base extraction Acidity function Proton affinity Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Superacids Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases Superbases Lewis bases Organic bases edit In chemistry, a base is... A cation is an ion with positive charge. ... Sodium bicarbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms, and is in a gaseous state in the atmosphere of the Earth. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... A carboxylic acid ester. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Flash point non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... General Chemical Structure of an Acyl Chloride In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid. ... Chemical reaction of the reduction of a carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol by LAH. Drawn by User:Diberri in ChemSketch. ... Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. ... Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4, commonly abbreviated to LAH) is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ... A borane is an inorganic chemical compound of boron and hydrogen. ... The Alpha carbon refers to the first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group. ... The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation reaction halogenates carboxylic acids at the α carbon. ... The Arndt-Eistert synthesis is a group of chemical reactions designed to convert a carboxylic acid to a higher carboxylic acid homologue (ie. ... The Curtius rearrangement, as first defined by Theodor Curtius, is a chemical reaction that involves the rearrangement of an acyl azide to a isocyanate. ... Isocyanate is the chemical group of atoms -N=C=O (1 nitrogen, 1 carbon, 1 oxygen), as opposed to cyanate, -O-C≡N, which is formed from cyanogen in the normal -ate manner. ... The Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction involving alkyl migration over the carbon to nitrogen chemical bond in an azide with expulsion of nitrogen [1]. A key reagent introducing this azide group is hydrazoic acid and the reaction product depends on the type of reactant: carboxylic acids form amines through... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction after Alexander Borodin) is the organic reaction of silver salts of carboxylic acids with halogens to give organic halides. ... The Dakin-West reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms an amino-acid into an amino-ketone using a carboxylic anhydride and a base, typically pyridine. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Carboxylation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is introduced in a substrate. ... The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. ... Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon-carbon lyases that add or remove a carboxyl group from organic compounds. ...

Nomenclature and examples

The carboxylate anion R-COO^– is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. In IUPAC nomenclature, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix (e.g. octadecanoic acid). In common nomenclature, the suffix is usually -ic acid (e.g. stearic acid). Definition A carboxylate anion is an ion with negative charge that contains the group -COO-. Examples formate ion, HCOO- acetate ion, CH3COO- See category for a bigger list. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... Stearic acid, also called octadecanoic acid, is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. ...

Other carboxylic acids include: Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbs—as here, with oregano. ... Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. ... Butyric acid, (from Greek βουτυρος = butter) IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, and vomit, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). ... Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. ... Hexanoic acid, also known as caproic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the formula C5H11COOH. It is a colorless oily liquid smelling of cheese. ... Heptanoic acid, also called enanthic acid, is an organic compound composed of a seven-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. ... Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. ... Nonanoic acid, also called pelargonic acid, is an organic compound composed of a nine-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. ... Decanoic acid is a type of carboxylic acid. ... Lauric acid, also known as n-dodecanoic acid and n-alkanoic acid is a fatty acid with structural formula CH3(CH2)10COOH . ... Stearic acid, also called octadecanoic acid, is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. ...

• Short chain unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
  • Acrylic acid (2-propenoic acid) – CH₂=CHCOOH, used in polymer synthesis
• Fatty acids – medium to long chain saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, with even number of carbons
  • Docosahexaenoic acid – nutritional supplement
  • Eicosapentaenoic acid – nutritional supplement

• Amino acids – the building blocks of proteins

• Keto acids – acids of biochemical significance that contain a ketone group
  • Pyruvic acid
  • Acetoacetic acid

• Aromatic carboxylic acids
  • Benzoic acid – C₆H₅COOH. Sodium benzoate, the sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as a food preservative
  • Salicylic acid – found in many skin care products

• Dicarboxylic acids – containing two carboxyl groups
  • Aldaric acid – a family of sugar acids
  • Oxalic acid – found in many foods
  • Malonic acid
  • Malic acid – found in apples
  • Succinic acid – a component of the citric acid cycle
  • Glutaric acid
  • Adipic acid – the monomer used to produce nylon

• Tricarboxylic acids – containing three carboxyl groups
  • Citric acid – found in citrus fruits

• Alpha hydroxy acids – containing a hydroxy group
  • Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) – found in sour milk

Acrylic acid or prop-2-enoic acid is a chemical compound with the formula C3H4O2 and structure (which is sometimes abbreviated as CH2=CHCOOH). ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... Docosahexaenoic acid (commonly known as DHA; 22:6(ω-3), all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid; trivial name cervonic acid) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid. ... Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Keto acids are organic acids containing a ketone group along with the carboxylic acid groups. ... Ketone group A ketone(key tone) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid which plays an important role in biochemical processes. ... Acetoacetic acid (also known as 3-oxobutanoic acid or diacetic acid) is a beta-keto acid of the this is wrong! stupid person!! keto acid group, its empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. It is a strong organic acid and can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions... The term aromatic compound may also refer to: any organic compound possessing a strong olfactory aroma aromatic hydrocarbons (originally named as a subset of the above; however, aromatic hydrocarbons do not necessarily possess any smell whatsoever) ... Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. ... Salicylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4(OH)CO2H, where the OH group is adjacent to the carboxyl group. ... Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds that are substituted with two carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Aldaric acid is a group of sugar acids characterised by the formula HOOC_(CHOH)n_COOH. Categories: Chemistry stubs ... Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula C2H2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). ... Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. ... Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. ... Succinic acid, originally called spirit of amber, is a carboxylic acid with the formula: HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH At room temperature, pure succinic acid is a solid that forms colorless, odorless prisms. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... Glutaric acid (IUPAC systematic name: pentanedioic acid) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. ... Adipic acid is the common name of 1,6-hexanedioic acid, a chemical compound of the class of carboxylic acids. ... Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ... A tricarboxylic acid is an organic acid whose molecules contain three carboxyl groups. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus x aurantifolia - Lime Citrus x aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus x bergamia - Bergamot Citrus x hystrix - Kaffir Lime Citrus x ichangensis - Ichang Lemon Citrus x limon - Lemon Citrus x limonia - Rangpur Citrus x paradisi... α-Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) are naturally occurring carboxylic acids which are well-known for their use in the cosmetics industry. ... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Carboxylic acids

• Acid anhydride
• Acid chloride
• Amide
• Ester

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Acid anhydrides are chemical compounds that look like, and sometimes are, the product resulting from dehydration of an acid. ... In organic chemistry, an acid chloride (or acyl chloride) is very reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... A carboxylic acid ester. ...

External links

• Carboxylic acids pH and titration - freeware for calculations, data analysis, simulation and distribution diagram generation

References