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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers. CEA was first identified in 1965 by Phil Gold and Samuel O. Freedman in human colon cancer tissue extracts.[1] It was found that serum from individuals with colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, lung and breast carcinomas had higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals. CEA measurement is mainly used to identify recurrences after surgical resection. Elevated CEA levels should return to normal after surgical resection, as elevation of CEA during follow up is an indicator of recurrence of tumour. CEA levels may also be raised in some non-neoplastic conditions like ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis and cirrhosis. Hugo is a masculine name. ...
The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ...
The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ...
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), which is a branch of the US National Institutes of Health. ...
Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ...
Short and long arms Chromosome. ...
Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (an oligosaccharide). ...
Schematic of cell adhesion The study of cell adhesion is part of cell biology. ...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
Phil Gold (born September 17, 1936), CC, OQ, MD, PhD, FRS(C), FRCP(C), MACP is a Canadian physician, scientist, and professor. ...
Samuel Orkin Freedman, O.C., C.Q., B.Sc. ...
Diagram of the stomach, colon, and rectum Colorectal cancer includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. ...
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ...
In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. ...
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. ...
Cirrhosis of the liver is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ...
CEA and related genes make up the CEA family belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In humans, the carcinoembryonic antigen family consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.[2] This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...
Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ...
References - ^ Gold P, Freedman SO. Demonstration of tumor-specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med 1965;121:439. PMID 14270243.
- ^ Hammarstrom S. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Semin Cancer Biol 1999;9:67-81. PMID 10202129.
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External links CD1 - CD1d - CD2 - CD3 - CD4 - CD5 - CD8 - CD11a - CD11b - CD11c - CD13 - CD14 - CD15 - CD16 - CD18 - CD19 - CD20 - CD21 - CD22 - CD23 - CD24 - CD25 - CD26 - CD28 - CD29 - CD30 - CD31 - CD32 - CD33 - CD34 - CD35 - CD36 - CD38 - CD40 - CD43 - CD44 - CD45 - CD46 - CD49a - CD49b - CD49c - CD49d - CD52 - CD54 - CD55 - CD56 - CD58 - CD59 - CD62E - CD62L - CD62P - CD64 - CD66e - CD68 - CD70 - CD71 - CD72 - CD79 - CD80 - CD86 - CD88 - CD89 - CD90 - CD94 - CD95 - CD98 - CD106 - CD117 - CD122 - CD130 - CD132 - CD133 - CD134 - CD135 - CD137 - CD138 - CD141 - CD142 - CD143 - CD146 - CD147 - CD152 - CD153 - CD154 - CD155 - CD162 - CD164 - CD169 - CD184 - CD206 - CD209 - CD257 - CD278 - CD280 - CD281 CD282 - CD283 - CD304 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. ...
CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. ...
CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. ...
The T-cell receptor complex with TCR-α and TCR-β chains, CD3 and ζ-chain accessory molecules and the co-receptor CD4 In immunology, the CD3 antigen (CD stands for cluster of differentiation) is a protein complex composed of four distinct chains (CD3γ, CD3δ and two times CD3ε) in mammals, that associate...
CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a molecule that is expressed on the surface of T helper cells (as well as regulatory T cells and dendritic cells). ...
CD5 is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset of IgM secreting B cells called B-1 cells. ...
CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a molecule that is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells. ...
CD11a is one of the two components of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. ...
Integrin alpha M is a protein involved in the complement system. ...
CDC11c is a type I transmembrane protein found at high levels on most human dendritic cells, but also on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst; expressed in hairy cell leukemias, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic...
Alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3. ...
CD14 is a membrane-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein expressed at the surface of cells, especially macrophages. ...
CD15 (3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine) is a cluster of differentiation - an immunologically significant molecule. ...
CD16 is a Fc receptor. ...
CD18 is the beta subunit of LFA-1. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
CD20 is a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all mature B-cells. ...
Complement component receptor 2 is a protein involved in the complement system. ...
CD22 or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. ...
CD23 or Fc epsilon RII is the low affinty receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and (arguably) resistance to parasites and is important in regulation of IgE levels. ...
CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
The Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) is heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called interleukin 2. ...
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 is an enzyme associated with glucose metabolism. ...
Structure of human CD28. ...
CD29 is an integrin unit associated with very late antigen receptors. ...
Cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules are markers on the cell surface, as recognized by specific sets of antibodies, used to identify the cell type, stage of differentiation and activity of a cell. ...
CD31 is a cluster of differentiation molecule. ...
The CD32 in action The AmigaCD32 was the worlds first 32bit CD_ROM based game console. ...
CD33 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of monocytic/myeloid lineage. ...
CD34 is a cluster of differentiation molecule present on certain cells within the human body. ...
Complement receptor 1 Also known as CR1, CD35, C3b/C4b receptor and immune adherence receptor. ...
CD36 CD36 (GP88) is an 88-kDa cell surface single polypeptide chain glycoprotein, preferentially located within lipid rafts, which is found on platelets, erythrocytes, monocytes, differentiated adipocytes, mammary epithelial cells, liver and spleen cells and some skin microdermal endothelial cells. ...
CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B and natural killer cells. ...
CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells. ...
CD43 is a sialomucin. ...
The CD44 protein is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. ...
In immunology, the CD45 antigen (CD stands for cluster of differentiation) is a protein which is a leucocyte common antigen, a type I transmembrane protein present on all differentiated hematopoietic cells except erythrocytes that assists in the activation of those cells (a form of co-stimulation). ...
CD46 is an inhibitory complement receptor. ...
CD49a is an integrin alpha subunit. ...
CD49b is an integrin alpha subunit. ...
CD49c is an integrin alpha subunit. ...
CD49d is an integrin alpha subunit. ...
CD52 is a protein present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes were derived. ...
Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are molecules that promote adhesion between cells. ...
Decay accelerating factor is a protein involved in the complement system. ...
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM, also the cluster of differentiation CD56) is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. ...
CD58, or lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a cell adhesion molecule Category: ...
CD59 is an inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex. ...
E-selectin, also known as CD62E, is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. ...
L-selectin (CD62L) is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes; more precisely, it is a selectin, a molecule specific for carbohydrate groups. ...
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) found in granules in endothelial cells (cells lining blood vessels) and activated platelets. ...
CD64 is a Fc receptor. ...
CD68 is a glycoprotein which binds to low density lipoprotein. ...
CD70 is a ligand for CD27. ...
Transferrin receptor is a carrier protein for transferrin. ...
CD72, also known in murine biology as Lyb-2, is a protein active in the immune system of animals. ...
CD79 is a transmembrane protein that forms a complex with the B-cell receptor (BCR) and generates a signal following recognition of antigen by the BCR. CD79 is composed of two distinct chains called CD79a and CD79b (formerly known as Ig-alpha and Ig-beta); these form a heterodimer on...
The protein CD80 is a molecule which provides a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. ...
The protein CD86 is a molecule which provides a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. ...
C5AR1 is a receptor for C5a. ...
CD89 is a Fc receptor. ...
Thy-1 or CD90 is a 25â37 kDa heavily N-glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell surface protein with a single V-like immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as a thymocyte antigen. ...
CD94 is a lectin and cluster of differentiation. ...
The Fas receptor (FasR) is the most intensely studied member of the death receptor family. ...
CD98 is a glycoprotein involved in a variety of transport functions. ...
VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), also known as CD106, is a molecule with a considerable role in the human immune system. ...
This CD molecule is the membrane receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), also known as steel factor or c-kit ligand. Steel factor is a polypeptide that activates bone marrow precursors of a number of blood cells, but its receptor is also present on other cells. ...
The Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) is heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called interleukin 2. ...
Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of tall cytokine receptors. ...
Common gamma chain (γc) is a cytokine receptor subunit that is located on the surface of certain sub-sets of lymphocytes (white blood cells). ...
CD133 is a glycoprotein also known in humans and rodents as Prominin 1 (PROM1). ...
CD134, also known as OX40, is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naïve T cells, unlike CD28. ...
CD135 is a cytokine receptor expressed on the surface of hematopoietic progenitor cells. ...
4-1BB ligand is a glycoprotein. ...
Syndecan 1 is a proteoglycan. ...
Thrombomodulin is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of epithelial cells. ...
Thromboplastin is a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes necessary for the coagulation of blood; in the presence of calcium ions thromboplastin is necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an important step in coagulation of blood. ...
Angiotensin converting enzyme Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, EC 3. ...
CD146 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
Basigin is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is also known as EMMPRIN, short for extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, and recently has been designated CD147 (cluster of differentiation 147). ...
CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4) is a CD28-family receptor expressed on mainly CD4+ T cells. ...
CD153 is a ligand for CD30. ...
CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is expressed on T cell surfaces. ...
CD155 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. ...
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a glycoprotein found on white blood cells and endothelial cells that binds to P-selectin (P stands for platelet). ...
CD164 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of certain cells of the immune system called macrophages. ...
CXCR4, also called fusin, is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1). ...
The mannose receptor is a calcium-dependent lectin. ...
A C-type lectin receptor present mainly on myeloid and pre-plasmacytoid dendritic cells that mediates dendritic cell rolling interactions with blood endothelium and activation of CD4+ T cells, as well as recognition of pathogen haptens. ...
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is the Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B (TNFLSF13B), also known as B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) and TNF- and APOL-related leukocyte expressed ligand (TALL-1) and the Dendritic cell-derived TNF-like molecule (CD257 antigen). ...
CD278 or ICOS (Inducible T-cell COStimulator) is a CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule that is expressed on activated T cells. ...
The mannose receptor is a calcium-dependent lectin. ...
TLR 1 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. ...
TLR-2 is the name for a biomolecule, which plays a role in the human immune system. ...
TLR 3 is one of 11 Toll-like receptors part of the innate immune system. ...
Neuropilin is a protein receptor active in neurons. ...
List of Human Clusters of Differentiation The following is a list of Clusters of Differentiation (or CD) molecules. ...
Alpha-fetoprotein/AFP-L3 - CA-125 - CD30 - Autocrine motility factor - Carcinoembryonic antigen - erbB-2 receptor - erbB-3 receptor - Neprilysin - Normetanephrine - PCNA - Prostate specific antigen - Synaptophysin A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. ...
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. ...
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. ...
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM, also the cluster of differentiation CD56) is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. ...
Myelin protein zero is a glycoprotein associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. ...
Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are molecules that promote adhesion between cells. ...
VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), also known as CD106, is a molecule with a considerable role in the human immune system. ...
CD31 is a cluster of differentiation molecule. ...
L1 is a transmembrane protein; it is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, member of the L1 protein family. ...
Cadherins are a class of proteins which are expressed on the surface of cells. ...
The desmogleins are a family of cadherins consisting of proteins DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, and DSG4. ...
Selectins are a family of cell-surface adhesion molecules of leukocytes and endothelial cells. ...
E-selectin, also known as CD62E, is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. ...
L-selectin (CD62L) is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes; more precisely, it is a selectin, a molecule specific for carbohydrate groups. ...
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) found in granules in endothelial cells (cells lining blood vessels) and activated platelets. ...
An integrin, or integrin receptor, is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells. ...
LFA-1 stands for Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. ...
Integrin alphaXbeta2 (p150,95, CR4) is a complement receptor composed of CD11c and CD18. ...
Macrophage-1 antigen (or integrin alphaMbeta2) is a complement receptor (CR3) consisting of CD11b and CD18. ...
Integrin alpha4beta1 (Very Late Antigen-4) is an integrin dimer. ...
CD22 or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. ...
CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
The CD44 protein is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. ...
CD146 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
CD164 is a cell adhesion molecule. ...
Tumor markers are substances found in the blood, urine or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer. ...
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is normally only produced in the foetus during its development. ...
In oncology, AFP-L3 is an isoform of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a substance typically used in the triple test during pregnancy and for screening chronic liver disease patients for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ...
CA-125 is a substance that is produced by cancer cells. ...
Cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules are markers on the cell surface, as recognized by specific sets of antibodies, used to identify the cell type, stage of differentiation and activity of a cell. ...
Autocrine motility factor is a cytokine and tumor marker. ...
HER2/neu (also known as ErbB-2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and is notable for its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and as a target of treatment. ...
ErbB3 (Her-3) is a member of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine-kinases. ...
Neprilysin, also known as neutral endopeptidase and abbreviated NEP, is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that degrades a number of small secreted peptides, most notably the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and aggregation in neural tissue has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimers disease. ...
Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine. ...
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, commonly known as PCNA, is a protein that acts as a cofactor for DNA polymerase delta in eukaryotic cells. ...
Prostate specific antigen (PSA, also known as kallikrein III, seminin, semenogelase, γ-seminoprotein and P-30 antigen) is a protein manufactured almost exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm to swim freely. ...
Synaptophysin is a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein weighing 38 kDa. ...
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