IBM 029 keypunch.

A key punch is a device for entering data into punch cards by precisely punching holes at at designated locations. Early keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were mechanized, often resembled a small desk, with a keyboard similar to a typewriter, and with hoppers for blank and punched cards. Some key punch models could print the value of each column punched at the top that column. Image File history File links Aus de: Lochkartenauswertegerät von IBM, eigenes Bild GFDL File links The following pages link to this file: Punch card ... Image File history File links Aus de: Lochkartenauswertegerät von IBM, eigenes Bild GFDL File links The following pages link to this file: Punch card ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ...

In many data processing facilities, the punched cards were sent to a second machine, called a verifier, that looked similar to a key punch. The verifier operator entered the exact same data as the keypunch operator and the verifier machine then checked to see if the punched data was the same. Successfully verified cards had a small notch punched on the right hand edge. There was a great demand for key punch operators, usually women^[1], who worked full-time on key punch and verifier machines.

The heart of a mechanized keypunch was a set of twelve precision punches, one per card row, each with an actuator of relatively high power. The card was stepped across the punch one column at a time, and the appropriate punches were activated to create the holes, resulting in a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as columns were punched. The small pieces punched out fall into a chad box, or (at IBM) chip box, or bit bucket. Chads are paper particles created when holes are made in a computer punched tape or punch card. ... The bit bucket was originally the container on teletype machines or IBM key punch machines into which chad from the paper tape punch or card punch was deposited. ...

Some IBM keypunches provided for the mounting of a master, or program, card. That punched card controled tabbing and automatic duplication of fields from the previous card, among other things. now. ...

Hollerith and IBM Keypunches, 1890 through 1930s

Herman Hollerith's first device for punching cards from the 1890s used a pantograph to link a punch mechanism to a guide pointer that an operator would place over the appropriate mark in a 12 by 20 matrix to line up a manual punch over correct hole in one of 20 columns, In 1901, Hollerith patented a mechanism where an operator pressed one of 12 keys to punch a hole, with the card automatically advancing to the next column. U.S. Patent 682197 This first generation Type 001 key punch used 45 columns and round holes. In 1923 IBM introduced the first electric keypunch^[2], a similar looking device where each key closed an electrical contact that activated a solenoid which punched the hole. Later IBM key punches included the Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Key Punch (1929), the Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch (1933) ,and the Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch (1933). See Early Card Punch Machines at Columbia University Computing History^[3]. The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkins aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that colour in fashion, and also as the Gay Nineties, under the then-current usage of the word gay which referred simply to merriment and frivolity, with no... This page is about the duplication instrument. ... Various solenoid actuators from Trombetta Motion Technologies A solenoid is a loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electrical current is passed through it. ...

Post-WW II IBM Key punches and verifiers for 80-column cards

Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

IBM 026

Metal plate character generator ROM from IBM 026 keypunch

This alphanumeric key punch (photo), announced in 1949, could print the punched character above each column. There were two popular versions with slightly different character sets. The scientific version printed parentheses, equal sign and plus sign in place of four less frequently used characters in the commercial character set: percent, lozenge, pound, and ampersand. The character was printed using a 5x7 dot matrix array of wires; the ROM from which it derived the shape of the character was a metal plate with space for 2240 pins (if the dot was not to be printed in a given character, the pin was machined off). By correctly positioning the plate and pressing it against one end of the array of printing wires, only the correct wires were pressed against the ribbon and then the punched card. (This printer mechanism was generally considered by IBM Customer Engineers to be unreliable and difficult to repair. One of the most common problems was wires breaking in the tightly curved narrow tube between the ROM plate and the ribbon - extracting the fragments and replacing the bundle of 35 wires was very tedious!) Image File history File links IBM-026_wireplate. ... Image File history File links IBM-026_wireplate. ... A dot matrix is an array of dots used to generate characters, symbols and images. ... Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... A ribbon is a thin band of flexible material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily for binding and tying. ...

The 026's logic consisted of diodes, 25L6 vacuum tubes and relays. The circuits used 150VDC, which was present in the keyboard (you did not want to spill a drink on it). Types of diodes closeup, showing silicon crystal In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. ... The 25L6 is an octal-based vacuum tube of the beam-power tetrode type. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (U.S. and Canadian English) or (thermionic) valve (outside North America) is a device generally used to amplify, or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. ...

IBM 024

This model, also announced in 1949, was almost identical to the 026, but with no printing mechanism.

IBM 056 Card Verifier

Verifier companion to the IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch.

IBM 824 Typewriter Card Punch

This was an IBM 024 where the 024 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter, permitting the same text to be typed and punched.

IBM 826 Typewriter Card Punch

This was an IBM 026 where the 026 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter, permitting the same text to be typed and punched.

IBM 029

IBM 029 keypunch

Introduced with System/360 in 1964, the 029 had new character codes for parentheses, equal and plus as well as other new symbols used in the EBCDIC code. The IBM 029 was mechanically similar to the IBM 026 and printed the punched character on the top of the card using the same kind of mechanism as the 026. Image File history File links IBM 029 Keypunch, used in the 1960s and 1970s for entering data on punch cards. ... Image File history File links IBM 029 Keypunch, used in the 1960s and 1970s for entering data on punch cards. ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems, like z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM minicomputer operating systems like OS/400 and i5/OS. It is also employed on various non-IBM...

The 029's logic consisted of diodes on SMS cards and relays running on 48VDC. Types of diodes closeup, showing silicon crystal In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. ... The Standard Modular System (SMS) was a system of standard transistorized circuit boards developed by IBM in the late 1950s, originally for the IBM 7030, then used in their computers and peripherals until the middle 1970s. ...

IBM 059 Card Verifier

Verifier companion to the IBM 029 Card Punch.

IBM 129 Card Data Recorder

Introduced with the System/370 in 1971, the transistorized IBM 129 Card Data Recorder's primary advantage over the 029 was that it featured an electronic 80 column buffer to hold the card image. When using earlier keypunches a keystroke error required the card to be ejected by pressing the Release and Register keys, the error corrected by pressing the Duplicate key until the wrong column was reached, typing the correct data for the rest of that card, then pressing the Release key and manually removing the bad card from the output card stacker before it was placed in the deck (this required some practice, but quickly became an automatic action that you no longer had to think about). With the 129 a keystroke error could be erased by pressing the Backspace key and re-keyed. The entire 80 column card was punched automatically, as fast as the mechanism could go, when the Release key was pressed. IBM logo The IBM System/370 (often: S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 as the successors to the System/360 family. ...

Logic was in SLT modules. A double width SLT card. ...

A secondary advantage of the 129 was that the speed of the keying operation was not limited by punching each column at the time of the keystroke.

The 129 could store six programs in its memory, selectable by a rotary switch (no drum card required).

IBM 129 Verifier

The IBM 129 was capable of both punching and verifying. A switch on the keyboard unit provided the ability to toggle between the two modes.

Program card

IBM 024, 026, and 029 keypunches, with the optional Program Drum feature installed, and their companion verifiers, the 056 and 059, could be programmed (using another punched card, of course) to automatically advance to the beginning of each field, only accept certain character types within the field, duplicate a field from the previous card, and so on. A switch permitted selection of one of two programs, if the optional Second Program feature was installed, with program 1 in the top six rows [12,11,0,1,2,3] and program 2 in the bottom six rows [4,5,6,7,8,9].

The program card was also called the drum card because it was mounted on a small metal drum that was as high as the card and whose circumference was equal to the length of the card. The drum is visible in the above image behind the window in the upper/center section of the machine. The central cover would be tilted toward the operator, a locking lever released, and the drum then removed/replaced. The holes in the drum card were sensed by an array of starwheels that would cause levers to rise and fall as the holes in the drum card passed beneath the starwheels, activating electrical contacts. The drum card was punched with characters that controlled its function as follows:

Many programming languages, such as Fortran, the RPG programming language or the IBM Conditional assembly language, coded operations in specfic card columns, such as 1, 10, 16, 36, and 72. The drum card for such a setup would be coded as: Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... RPG is a native programming language for IBMs iSeries servers - the latest generation of midrange servers which included System/38, System/36, AS/400, iSeries and System i5 systems. ... A Conditional Assembly Language is that part of an Assembly Language used to write macros. ...

 1.......10........20........30........40........50........60........70........80 1AAAAAAAA1AAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA &&&&&&&& 

Note: "Field Definition" (12) and "Alphabetic Shift" (1) prints as an A. If Program #2 codes were punched, invalid characters could be generated that the printer did not know how to print, some of which could even damage the printer! Thus it was usually a good idea to turn off printing when duplicating a drum card on the 026 or 029.

Other keypunches

UNIVAC made key punches for their 90-column cards and similar machines for the IBM 80-column card. Their 90-column key punches used a mechanical system developed by Remington Rand, to avoid IBM patent issues (long before the acquisition of Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation), that stored the entire card image and punched all holes on the entire card simultaniously. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A Remington Rand branded typewriter Remington Rand was an early American computer manufacturer, best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys. ... The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) was founded by J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, and was incorporated on December 22, 1947. ...

A System 3 punch card.

IBM, in the early 1970s, introduced the System/3 family of low-end business computers which featured a new, smaller sized, punch card format with 96-columns. Key punches and verifiers were made for these 96-column cards. Download high resolution version (863x718, 40 KB)System 3 punch card This is a digital photograph I took on August 11, 2004 of an IBM System 3 punch card. ... Download high resolution version (863x718, 40 KB)System 3 punch card This is a digital photograph I took on August 11, 2004 of an IBM System 3 punch card. ... A System 3 punch card. ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ...

References

• IBM (n.d.). IBM Accounting Machines, Electric Punch Type 011, Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction.
• IBM (December, 1964). Reference Manual: IBM 24 Card Punch, IBM 26 Printing Card Punch. A24-0520-2.
• IBM (1969). IBM Field Engineering Maintenance Manual - 29 Card Punch. S225-3357-3.
• IBM (December, 1962). Reference Manual: IBM 056 Card Verifer. A24-1018-1.

External links

• Columbia University Computing History: IBM Keypunches
• IBM Archives: IBM 029 — Card Punch
• IBM Archives: Working for the railroad (001 keypunch)

Notes

1. ^ IBM Archive: Keypunch operators, 1934, Stockholm
2. ^ IBM Archive: 1923
3. ^ Columbia University Computing History: Early Card Punch Machines