CPR being performed

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Basic Life Support

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency medical procedure for a victim of cardiac arrest or, in some circumstances, respiratory arrest.^[1] CPR is performed in hospitals, or in the community by laypersons or by emergency response professionals.^[2] CPR is an acronym standing for: American Bar Association Model Code of Professional Responsibility Car Plate Recognition Canadian Pacific Railway Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Central Pacific Railroad Civil Procedure Rules 1998, the civil code of England and Wales Colorado Public Radio Common Pool Resource Corporate Punishment Records, a record label CPU Parameter... Download high resolution version (846x924, 61 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (846x924, 61 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Respiratory arrest is the cessation of the normal tidal flow of the lungs due to paralysis of the diaphragm, collapse of the lung or any number of respiratory failures. ... Look up Layman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

CPR consists of artificial blood circulation and artificial respiration^[1] (i.e. chest compressions and lung ventilation).^[3] CPR is generally continued, usually in the presence of advanced life support, until the patient regains a heart beat (called "return of spontaneous circulation" or "ROSC") or is declared dead. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own, but whose heart is still beating. ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation), Dead (disambiguation), Death (band) or Deceased (band). ...

CPR is unlikely to restart the heart, but rather its purpose is to maintain a flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart, thereby delaying tissue death and extending the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Defibrillation and advanced life support are usually needed to restart the heart. The human brain In animals, the brain (enkephalos) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ... Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ...

History

Main article: History of CPR

Sign showing old Silvester and Holger-Nielson methods of resuscitation

CPR has been known in theory, if not practice, for many hundreds or even thousands of years; some claim it is described in the Bible, discerning a superficial similarity to CPR in a passage from the Books of Kings (II 4:34), wherein the Hebrew prophet Elisha warms a dead boy's body and "places his mouth over his". In the 19th century, doctor H. R. Silvester described a method (The Silvester Method) of artificial respiration in which the patient is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation.^[4] The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute. This type of artificial respiration is occasionally seen in films made in the early part of the 20th century. History of CPR Ancient Resuscitation The desire to resuscitate is as old as recorded history. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... The Books of Kings (‎) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... Not to be confused with Elishah. ...

A second technique, called the Holger Neilson technique, described in the first edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in the United States in 1911, described a form of artificial respiration where the person was laid on their front, with their head to the side, and a process of lifting their arms and pressing on their back was utilized, essentially the Silvester Method with the patient flipped over. This form is seen well into the 1950s (it is used in an episode of Lassie during the Jeff Miller era), and was often used, sometimes for comedic effect, in theatrical cartoons of the time (see Tom and Jerry's "The Cat and the Mermouse"). This method would continue to be shown, for historical purposes, side-by-side with modern CPR in the Boy Scout Handbook until its ninth edition in 1979. The Boy Scouts is the official handbook of the Boy Scouts and the Boy Scouts of America. ... Lassie was a American television series which originally aired from 1954 to 1974. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Cat and the Mermouse is a 1949 cartoon directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby. ...

However it wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that the wider medical community started to recognise and promote it as a key part of resuscitation following cardiac arrest. Peter Safar wrote the book ABC of resuscitation in 1957. In the U.S., it was first promoted as a technique for the public to learn in the 1970s.^{[citation needed]} Peter Safar was an Austrian physician of Czech descent, born April 12, 1924 in Vienna (Austria), died August 2, 2003 in Mt. ...

Use in Cardiac arrest

The medical term for the condition in which a person's heart has stopped is cardiac arrest^[5] (also referred to as cardiorespiratory arrest). CPR is used on patients in cardiac arrest in order to oxygenate the blood and maintain a cardiac output to keep vital organs alive. Oxygenation refers to the amount of oxygen in a medium. ... Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute. ...

Blood circulation and oxygenation are absolute requirements in transporting oxygen to the tissues. The brain may sustain damage after blood flow has been stopped for about four minutes and irreversible damage after about seven minutes. If blood flow ceases for 1 or 2 hours, the cells of the body die unless they get an adequately gradual bloodflow, (provided by cooling and gradual warming, rarely, in nature [such as in a cold stream of water] or by an advanced medical team). Because of that CPR is generally only effective if performed within 7 minutes of the stoppage of blood flow.^[6] The heart also rapidly loses the ability to maintain a normal rhythm. Low body temperatures as sometimes seen in drowning prolong the time the brain survives. Following cardiac arrest, effective CPR enables enough oxygen to reach the brain to delay brain death, and allows the heart to remain responsive to defibrillation attempts. General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... The human brain In animals, the brain (enkephalos) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ... Brain death is defined as a complete and irreversible cessation of brain activity. ... Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ...

If the patient still has a pulse, but is not breathing, this is called respiratory arrest and artificial respiration is more appropriate. However, since people often have difficulty detecting a pulse, CPR may be used in both cases, especially when taught as first aid (see below). ˌ For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation). ... Respiratory arrest is the cessation of the normal tidal flow of the lungs due to paralysis of the diaphragm, collapse of the lung or any number of respiratory failures. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own, but whose heart is still beating. ...

First aid

CPR is part of the chain of survival, which includes early access (to emergency medical services), early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced care.^[7] Some first aid trainers also advocate the performance of CPR as part of the choking protocol, if all else has failed.^[8] The chain of survival was developed by the American Heart Association in 1990. ... Emergency medical service (known by the acronym of EMS in the USA and Canada) is a branch of medicine that is performed in the field, pre-hospital, (i. ... Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ...

Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death, happening to approximately one in 8000 people per annum outside a hospital setting in the USA.^[9] CPR can double or triple the victim's chances of survival when commenced immediately (see 'effectiveness' below). According to United States 'Annals of Emergency Medicine', only 25% of victims of a witnessed cardiac arrest are administered CPR by a bystander, with a further 33% receiving some CPR as a result of dispatcher instructions. This leaves 41% of victims receiving no CPR prior to the arrival of the emergency medical services.^[10]

Rapid access to defibrillation is also vital. The most common cause of cardiac arrest outside of a hospital is ventricular fibrillation (VF), a potentially fatal arrhythmia that is usually (but not always) caused by a heart attack^{[citation needed]} and is responsive to defibrillation. Other causes of cardiac arrest include drowning, drug overdose, poisoning, electrocution. Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ... Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF) is a cardiac condition which consists of a lack of coordination of the contraction of the muscle tissue of the large chambers of the heart that eventually leads to the heart stopping altogether. ... Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ... The term drug overdose (or simply overdose) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. ... For biological toxicity, see toxin and poison. ... Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ...

First aid training

This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

CPR is taught to the general public in order to increase the chance to CPR being performed in the crucial few minutes before emergency personnel are available. Simple training is the goal of the 2005 guidelines to maximise the prospect that CPR will be performed successfully.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

CPR is a practical skill and needs professional instruction followed up by regular practice on a resuscitation mannequin to gain and maintain full competency.^[11]

In most CPR classes, a simple mnemonic is used to aid memory of the clinical approach to the unconscious patient and CPR. The most common one used worldwide is ABC which stands for Airway, Breathing and Circulation. This may be built upon with extra information (and letters) and can reach complicated levels such as AcBCDEEEFG, explained further in the main article ABC (medical). Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid ABC (and extensions of this acronym) is a mnemonic for memorizing essential steps in dealing with an unconscious or unresponsive patient. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid ABC (and extensions of this acronym) is a mnemonic for memorizing essential steps in dealing with an unconscious or unresponsive patient. ...

CPR skills are not confined to medical professionals, but are regularly taught to members of the public. Widespread knowledge of CPR has a community benefit, as CPR must be applied quickly after a patients heart has stopped. Early CPR in the community is essential to the prevention of brain damage during a cardiac arrest and increases the chance of survival.^{[citation needed]} CPR maintains the blood flow and perfusion to the brain, buying time until a defibrillator and professional medical help arrives. In physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ...

It is considered best to obtain training in CPR before a medical emergency occurs, although some modern ambulance dispatchers will talk an untrained lay rescuer through the process over the phone, whilst the crew is en-route. For the most effective results, hands-on training should be given by an expert. This will enable the person to perform CPR more safely and more effectively. Most organisations advocate regular retraining, in order to keep practice in the skills, and to ensure that the person is up to date with the latest guidelines, which change periodically based on the outputs from governing bodies. An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ...

First aid training, including CPR is often provided by a community organisation or charity (with or without a fee), with international providers including the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or more local providers such as St. Andrew's Ambulance Association in Scotland or the American Heart Association in the United States. There are also many commercial organizations, who train members of the public or workers, where the course is paid for by employers who wish, or are required by law, to have trained first aiders on site. The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... St John Ambulance vehicle in a London street. ... St Andrews Ambulance Association, founded in 1882, is a charity based in Scotland. ... The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke American Stroke Association Web site. ...

Guidelines

In 2005, new CPR guidelines^[12][13] were published by the International Resuscitation Councils, agreed at the 2005 International Consensus Conference on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science.^[14][15] The primary goal of these changes was to simplify CPR for lay rescuers and healthcare providers alike, to maximise the potential for early resuscitation. The important changes for 2005 were:^[9]

• A universal compression-ventilation ratio (30:2) recommended for all single rescuers of infant (less than one year old), child (1 year old to puberty), and adult (puberty and above) victims (excluding newborns).^[16] The primary difference between the age groups is that with adults the rescuer uses two hands for the chest compressions, while with children it is only one, and with infants only two fingers (pointer and middle fingers). Whilst this simplification has been introduced, it has not been universally accepted, and especially amongst healthcare professionals, protocols may still vary.^[17]
• The removal of the emphasis on lay rescuers assessing for pulse or signs of circulation for an unresponsive adult victim, instead taking the absence of normal breathing as the key indicator for commencing CPR.
• The removal of the protocol in which lay rescuers provide rescue breathing without chest compressions for an adult victim, with all cases such as these being subject to CPR.

Research^[12] has shown that lay personnel cannot accurately detect a pulse in about 40% of cases and cannot accurately discern the absence of pulse in about 10%. The pulse check step has been removed from the CPR procedure completely for lay persons and de-emphasized for healthcare professionals. “Baby” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Child (disambiguation). ... For the adult insect stage, see Imago. ... Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a childs body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction. ...

Prevalence and Effectiveness

Chance of getting CPR

Various studies suggest that in out of home cardiac arrest, bystanders, lay persons or family members attempt CPR in between 14%^[18] and 45%^[19] of the time, with a median of 32%. This indicates that around 1/3 of out-of-home arrests have a CPR attempt made on them. However, the effectiveness of this CPR is variable, and the studies suggest only around half of bystander CPR is performed correctly.^[20][21]

There is a clear correlation between age and the chance of CPR being commenced, with younger people being far more likely to have CPR attempted on them prior to the arrival of emergency medical services.^[18][22] It was also found that CPR was more commonly given by a bystander in public, than when an arrest occurred in the patient's home, although health care professionals are responsible for more than half of out-of-hospital resuscitation attempts.^[19] This is supported by further research, which suggests that people with no connection to the victim are more likely to perform CPR than a member of their family.^[23]

There is also a correlation between the cause of arrest and the likelihood of bystander CPR being initiated. Lay persons are most likely to give CPR to younger cardiac arrest victims in a public place when it has a medical cause; victims in arrest from trauma, exsanguination or intoxication are less likely to receive CPR.^[23]

Chance of getting CPR in time

CPR is only likely to be effective if commenced within 6 minutes after the blood flow stops,^[24] because permanent brain cell damage occurs when fresh blood infuses the cells after that time, since the cells of the brain become dormant in as little as 4-6 minutes in an oxygen deprived environment and the cells are unable to survive the reintroduction of oxygen in a traditional resuscitation. Research using cardioplegic blood infusion resulted in a 79.4% survival rate with cardiac arrest intervals of 72±43 minutes, traditional methods achieve a 15% survival rate in this scenario, by comparison. New research is currently needed to determine what role CPR, electroshock, and new advanced gradual resuscitation techniques will have with this new knowledge^[25] A notable exception is cardiac arrest occurring in conjunction with exposure to very cold temperatures. Hypothermia seems to protect the victim by slowing down metabolic and physiologic processes, greatly decreasing the tissues' need for oxygen.^[26] There are cases where CPR, defibrillation, and advanced warming techniques have revived victims after substantial periods of hypothermia.^[27] Hypothermia is a condition in which an organisms temperature drops below that Required fOr normal metabolism and Bodily functionS. In warm-blooded animals, core [[body Temperature]] is maintained nEar a constant leVel through biologic [[homEostasis]]. But wheN the body iS exposed to cold Its internal mechanismS may be unable... Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ... Human Physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. ...

Chance of surviving

Used alone, CPR will result in few complete recoveries, and those that do survive often develop serious complications. Estimates vary, but many organizations stress that CPR does not "bring anyone back," it simply preserves the body for defibrillation and advanced life support.^[28] However, in the case of "non-shockable" rhythms such as Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), defibrillation is not indicated, and the importance of CPR rises. On average, only 5%-10% of people who receive CPR survive.^[29] The purpose of CPR is not to "start" the heart, but rather to circulate oxygenated blood, and keep the brain alive until advanced care (especially defibrillation) can be initiated. As many of these patients may have a pulse that is impalpable by the layperson rescuer, the current consensus is to perform CPR on a patient that is not breathing. A pulse check is not required in basic CPR since it is so often missed when present, or even felt when absent, even by health care professionals.^{[citation needed]} Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ... Pulseless Electrical Activity is a phenomenon where the heart still conducts the electrical impulses required to stimulate the heart, but the heart muscle does not contract enough to produce an output. ...

Studies have shown the importance of immediate CPR followed by defibrillation within 3–5 minutes of sudden VF cardiac arrest improve survival. In cities such as Seattle where CPR training is widespread and defibrillation by EMS personnel follows quickly, the survival rate is about 30 percent. In cities such as New York City, without those advantages, the survival rate is only 1-2 percent.^[30]

Type of Arrest	ROSC	Survival	Source
Witnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest	48%	22%	[31]
Unwitnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest	21%	1%	[31]
Bystander Cardiocerebral Resuscitation	40%	6%	[32]
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation	40%	4%	[32]
No Bystander CPR (Ambulance CPR)	15%	2%	[32]
Defibrillation within 3-5 minutes	74%	30%	[28][30]

ROSC- Return of spontaneous circulation

Chest compression adjuncts

Several different devices have become available in order to help facilitate rescuers in getting the chest compressions completed correctly. These devices can be split in to three broad groups - timing devices, those that assist the rescuer to achieve the correct technique, especially depth and speed of compressions, and those which take over the process completely.

Timing devices

They can feature a metronome (an item carried by many ambulance crews) in order to assist the rescuer in getting the correct rate. The CPR trainer cited here has timed indicators for pressing on the chest, breathing and changing operators. A mechanical wind-up metronome in motion A digital metronome set to pulse at four beats per measure at a tempo of 130 BPM A metronome is any device that produces a regulated audible and/or visual pulse, usually used to establish a steady beat, or tempo, measured in beats...

Manual Assist devices

These items can be devices to placed on top of the chest, with the rescuers hands going over the device, and a display giving information on depth or force.^[33] Several published evaluations of one particular product, known as CPREzy, with these features show that the device can improve the performance of chest compressions.^[34][35] More recently, these features have also been combined in to a wearable format, as a glove.^[36] This glove also has additional features such as a basic electro-cardiogram device. This device was developed by students as part of their thesis, and has been named as one of the top ten inventions of 2007 in Popular Science magazine.^[37]

Automatic devices

There are also some devices available which take over the chest compressions for the rescuer. These devices use techniques such as pneumatics to drive a compressing pad on to the chest of the patient. One such device, known as the LUCAS, was developed at the University Hospital of Lund, is powered by the compressed air cylinders or lines available in ambulances or in hospitals, and has undergone numerous clinical trials, showing a marked improvement in coronary perfusion pressure^[38] and return of spontaneous circulation.^[39]

Another system called the AutoPulse is electrically powered and uses a large band around the patients chest which contracts in rhythm in order to deliver chest compressions. This is also backed by clinical studies showing increased successful return of spontaneous circulation.^[40][41] AutoPulse The AutoPulse is an automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation machine created by Revivant. ...

Alternative Methods

Cardiocerebral Resuscitation

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) approach described above has been challenged in recent years by advocates for Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR). CCR is simply chest compressions without artificial respiration. The ventilation component of CPR has been a topic of major controversy over the past decade. In March 2007, a Japanese study in the medical journal The Lancet presented strong evidence that compressing the chest, not MTM ventilation, is the key to helping someone recover from cardiac arrest.^[42] The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was formed in 1992 to provide an opportunity for the major organizations in resuscitation to work together on CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation) and ECC (Emergency Cardiovascular Care) protocols. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own, but whose heart is still beating. ... The Lancet is one of the oldest and most respected peer-reviewed medical journals in the world, published weekly by Elsevier, part of Reed Elsevier. ...

The CCR method is championed by the University of Arizona's Sarver Heart Center, and a recent study by the university,^[43] claims a 300% greater success rate over standard CPR.^[44] The exceptions were in the case of drowning or drug overdose. The University of Arizona (UA or U of A) is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. ... The term drug overdose (or simply overdose) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. ...

The method of delivering chest compressions remains the same, as does the rate (100 per minute), but the rescuer delivers only the compression element which, the University of Arizona claims, keeps the bloodflow moving without the interruption caused by insufflations.

An editorial by Gordon Ewy MD (a proponent of CCR) in the same issue of The Lancet calls for an interim revision of the AHA/ILCOR Guidelines based on the results of the Japanese study, but the next scheduled revision of the Guidelines is not until 2010. The initial response of the AHA was that no interim change is necessary.

Rhythmic Abdominal Compressions

Rhythmic abdominal compression-CPR works by forcing blood from the blood vessels around the abdominal organs, an area known to contain about 25 percent of the body's total blood volume. This blood is then redirected to other sites, including the circulation around the heart. Findings published in the September 2007 issue of the American Journal of Emergency Medicine using pigs found that 60 percent more blood was pumped to the heart using rhythmic abdominal compression-CPR than with standard chest compression-CPR, using the same amount of effort. There was no evidence that rhythmic abdominal compressions damaged the abdominal organs and the risk of rib fracture was avoided. Avoiding mouth-to-mouth breathing and chest compressions eliminates the risk of rib fractures and transfer of infection.^[45]

Self-CPR

A form of "self-CPR" termed "Cough CPR" was the subject of a hoax chain e-mail entitled "How to Survive a Heart Attack When Alone" which wrongly cited "ViaHealth Rochester General Hospital" as the source of the technique. Rochester General Hospital has denied any connection with the technique.^[46][47] Cough CPR is a a self-resuscitation technique described in an email that began circulating around 1999, in which by coughing and deep breathing every 2 seconds a person suffering a heart attack can supposedly keep concious until help arrives (or until the person can get to the nearest hospital). ... A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Chain letter. ... Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ... This article is about the city of Rochester in Monroe County. ...

Rapid coughing has been used in hospitals for brief periods of cardiac arrhythmia on monitored patients. One researcher has recommended that it be taught broadly to the public.^[48][49] Cardiac arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ... “QRS” redirects here. ...

However, “cough CPR” cannot be used outside the hospital because the first symptom of cardiac arrest is unconsciousness^[50] in which case coughing is impossible. Further, the vast majority of people suffering chest pain from a heart attack will not be in cardiac arrest and CPR is not needed. In these cases attempting “cough CPR” will increase the workload on the heart and may be harmful. When coughing is used on trained and monitored patients in hospitals, it has only been shown to be effective for 90 seconds.^[51] Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ...

The American Heart Association (AHA) and other resuscitation bodies,^[52] do not endorse "Cough CPR", which it terms a misnomer as it is not a form of resuscitation. The AHA does recognize a limited legitimate use of the coughing technique: The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke American Stroke Association Web site. ...

"This coughing technique to maintain blood flow during brief arrhythmias has been useful in the hospital, particularly during cardiac catheterization. In such cases the patients ECG is monitored continuously, and a physician is present."^[53] Cardiac arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ... Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. ... “QRS” redirects here. ...

Place in film and television

CPR is often severely misrepresented in movies and television as being highly effective in resuscitating a person who is not breathing and has no circulation. A 1996 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that CPR success rates in television shows was 75%.^[54]

It is important to note that CPR techniques portrayed on television and in film are purposely incorrect. Actors performing simulated CPR will keep their elbows bent, to prevent force from reaching the fictional victim's heart. As well as causing significant local trauma, in theory performing CPR on healthy persons may disrupt heart rhythms.^{[citation needed]} In medical terminology, blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to a type of physical trauma caused to a bodypart, either by impact, injury or physical attack; the latter usually being referred to as blunt force trauma. ...

Application on animals

It is entirely feasible to perform CPR on animals like cats and dogs. The principles and practices are virtually identical to CPR for humans. One is cautioned to only perform CPR on unconscious animals to avoid the risk of being bitten.^[55]

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Basic Life Support (BLS)
• Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR), a similar technique.
• CPR mask
• Resusci Anne
• Face shield
• Advanced life support

Basic life support (BLS) is a specific level of prehospital medical care provided by trained responders, including emergency medical technicians, in the absence of advanced medical care. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... A CPR-mask, with carrying case A CPR mask is a device used to deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest safely. ... Resusci Anne, also known as Rescue Anne or CPR Annie, is a training mannequin used for teaching Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to both emergency workers as well as members of the general public. ... Face shield refers to a variety of device used to protect a first aid rescuer during the delivery of oxygen in Rescue breathing or CPR. Category: ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ...

External links

• ERC European Resuscitation Council
• Learn CPR - University of Washington
• Akuttjournalen.com - The Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
• How Stuff Works - CPR
• Treatment of CPR on television

Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... {{Otheruses4|the medical term|the Australian television series|Medical Emergenc an immediate threat to a persons life or long term health. ... Advanced cardiac life support or (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest and other life threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions. ... Advanced Life Support (ALS) is a treatment consensus for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest and related medical problems, as agreed in Europe by the European Resuscitation Council, most recently in 2005. ... Advanced Trauma Life Support is a training program in acute management of trauma cases, developed in 1976 by the American College of Surgeons. ... Basic life support (BLS) is a specific level of prehospital medical care provided by trained responders, including emergency medical technicians, in the absence of advanced medical care. ... First aid is a series of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor or layman can be trained to perform. ... Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) is a system of Advanced Life Support applied to infants and children. ... A trauma center is a hospital equipped to perform as a casualty receiving station for the emergency medical services by providing the best possible medical care for traumatic injuries 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. ... Level I trauma center provides the highest level of Surgical care to trauma patients. ... In the United States a Level II trauma center provides Emergency medicine to trauma patients who do not need the services of a Level I trauma center. ... A Level III trauma center provides Emergency medicine to trauma patients who do not need the services of a Level I or a Level II trauma center. ... A Level IV trauma center provides the stabilization and treatment of severely injured patients in remote areas where no alternative care is available. ... An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ... A BVM Resuscitator A BVM Resuscitator (Bag Valve Mask) is a part of the usual equipment carried by ALS (advanced life support) and BLS (basic life support) units to provide patient treatment in medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest. ... A chest tube or chest drain is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the side of the chest into the pleural space. ... Typical view of defibrillation in progress, with the operator at the head, but clear of contact with the patient Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. ... An automated external defibrillator, open and ready for pads to be attached An Automated External Defibrillator or AED is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in a patient,[1] and is able to treat them by application... ICD An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), also known as an automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD), is a small battery powered electrical impulse generator which is implanted in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation. ... “QRS” redirects here. ... Intraosseous infusion is the process of injection directly into the marrow of the bone. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Star of Life, a global symbol for medical service EMTs loading an injured skier into an ambulance An Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) is an emergency responder trained to provide emergency medical services to the critically ill and injured. ... The Star of Life, a globally recognised symbol for emergency medical services A paramedic is a medical professional, usually a member of the emergency medical service, who responds to medical and trauma emergencies in the pre-hospital environment, provides emergency treatment and, when appropriate, transports a patient to definitive care... An emergency physician is a physician who works at an emergency department to care for acutely ill patients. ... For other uses, see Basics. ... Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Amiodarone belongs to a class of drugs called Vaughan-Williams Class III antiarrhythmic agent. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... In emergency medicine the golden hour is the first sixty minutes after an accident or the onset of acute illness. ... The emergency department (ED), sometimes termed the emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW), accident & emergency (A&E) department or casualty department is a hospital or primary care department that provides initial treatment to patients with a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Emergency psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry and emergency medicine designed to respond to emergencies requiring psychiatric intervention. ... Typical triage tag used for emergency mass casualty decontamination. ...