NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim [IPA: ka:rl gustɑv e:mil mɑn:erhei̥m] (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was the Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defence Forces, Marshal of Finland, an astute politician and a successful military commander. He was the sixth President of Finland (1944–1946). Mannerheim was born in the Grand Duchy of Finland to a notable Finnish noble family that had migrated during the 17th century to Sweden from the Netherlands. He started his military career in the Imperial Russian army, becoming the leader of Finnish government forces in the civil war of 1918 and during the Second World War. Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 378 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (800 Ã— 1268 pixel, file size: 200 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 â€“ December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Hugo Viktor Ã–sterman (5 September 1892 - 1975) was a Finnish Lieutenant-General during World War II. He was commander of the Finnish Army 1933-1939. ... Axel Erik Heinrichs (1890-1965) was a Finnish general. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Karl Fredrik Wilkama. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 â€“ February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Askainen (Villnäs in Swedish) is a municipality of Finland. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac LÃ©man), and facing Ã‰vian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... Officer may refer to: Holders of an office Academia Chief Academic Officer Â· Sabbatical officer Military Officer (armed forces) Officers Training Corps Â· Reserve Officers Training Corps Corporate Law enforcement Customs officer Â· Peace officer Â· Police officer Â· Prison officer Â· Probation officer Politics and government Chief medical officer Â· Political commissar Â· Presiding Officer Â· Returning Officer... Statesman is a respectful term used to refer to politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mannerheim is a surname of two well-known nobility lineages registered in Finland and Sweden. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The Finnish Defence Forces (Finnish Puolustusvoimat; Swedish FÃ¶rsvarsmakten) is a cadre army of 16500, of which 8700 professional soldiers (officers), with a standard readiness strength of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 army, 3,000 navy, and 4,400 air force). ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Ancestry and early life

The Mannerheim family descends from a businessman and mill owner from Hamburg, Hinrich Marhein (1618-1667), who emigrated to Gävle in Sweden and changed his name to Henrik. His son, Augustin Marhein, was raised to the nobility in 1693, when he changed his surname to Mannerheim. His son, an artillery colonel and a mill supervisor, Johan Augustin Mannerheim, was raised to the status of Baron at the same time as his brother in 1768. The Mannerheim family came to Finland in the latter part of 18th century. It has long been believed that Hinrich Marhein had emigrated to Sweden from the Netherlands, but recent studies have shown this belief to be most likely erroneous.^[1] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (464x700, 33 KB) The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Source: fi:Kuva:Mannerheim ratsastajapatsas. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (464x700, 33 KB) The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Source: fi:Kuva:Mannerheim ratsastajapatsas. ... Apotheosis of Saint Louis by Charles H. Niehaus In sculpture, an equestrian (from the Latin equus meaning horse) is a statue consisting of a horse with mounted rider. ... Mannerheimintie (MannerheimvÃ¤gen in Swedish), named after Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, is the longest and one of the most famous streets in Helsinki, Finland. ... Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Province Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government - City manager Jussi Pajunen Area - City 187. ... Mannerheim is a surname of two well-known nobility lineages registered in Finland and Sweden. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ... For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... GÃ¤vle [jÉ›vlÉ™] is a Swedish city in east central Sweden with 81,000 inhabitants, and the seat of GÃ¤vle Municipality (pop. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Mannerheim's great-grandfather, Count Carl Erik Mannerheim (1759-1837), had held a number of offices in Finland's civil service during the early years of the semi-autonomous Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, including membership of the Senate. In 1825, he was promoted to the rank of Count (in Finnish Kreivi, in Swedish Greve). Mannerheim's grandfather, Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (1797-1854), was a renowned entomologist, and served as President of the Viipuri Court of Appeal. 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... Year 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a countess (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). ... Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (August 10, 1797 Lemuâ€“October 9, 1854 Stockholm) was a Finnish entomologist and governor in Viborg and Nyslott County. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Not to be confused with Etymology, the study of the origin of words. ... Not to be confused with the Danish town and county of Viborg in Jutland Viapori, a Finnish transcription of Sveaborg, better known as Suomenlinna castle Vyborg from the tower of the castle Vyborg (transcription of Russian Выборг) is a town with 70,000 inhabitants at...

Mannerheim's father, Count Carl Robert (1835-1914),was a writer of provoking plays, held liberal and radical political ideas, but was an unfortunate businessman. Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena (Hélène) von Julin (1842-1881), was the daughter of the wealthy industrialist Johan Jacob von Julin, who owned the Fiskars ironworks and village. | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Fiskars Corporation is a metal and consumer brands company founded in 1649 in Fiskars bruk, today Fiskars ruukki in the municipality of Pohja, Finland, located about 100 kilometres west of Helsinki along the ancient mainroad from Turku to Viipuri. ... Ironworks at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England An ironworks or iron works is a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and/or steel products are made. ...

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim was born in the family home of Louhisaari Manor in Askainen. As the third child of the family he inherited the title of Baron (in Finnish Vapaaherra, in Swedish Friherre; the eldest son inherited the title of Count). Despite his father having earlier on been a rather successful businessman his businesses became more and more troubled during the late 1870's. He suffered from what we now would call a hypomanic personality disorder: being overly optimistic in financial dealings. His addiction to gambling worsenend the situation and eventually made him go bankrupt in 1880. He was forced to sell Louhisaari manor together with other landed estates and his large art collection the same year to cover his debts. He also left his wife and moved to Paris with his mistress to seek livelihood and better fortune, ending up living the life of a bohemian.^[2] Askainen (Villnäs in Swedish) is a municipality of Finland. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a countess (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). ...

Countess Hélène, mentally shaken by the crash and her husband's elopement, took their seven children to live with her aunt Louise at this aunt's estate in Sällvik. Hélène died the following year in a heart attack. The shame and depression of this turn of events, and the social isolation she was thrown into, caused her early death.^[3]. Her death left the children to be brought up by relatives, making Gustaf Mannerheim's maternal uncle Albert von Julin his legal guardian.^[4]

Due to the worsened economic situation of the family and the fact that Gustaf Mannerheim had had serious problems with accepting discipline in school, Albert von Julin decided that Gustaf at the age of 15, was sent to the school of the Finnish Cadet Corps in Hamina in 1882 to learn self-discipline (something he excelled at as an adult) and maybe a profession.^[5]. Gustaf was a poor boy now, and he had to learn budgetting and economizing for a long time. He was humiliated by having to ask his uncle Albert for money for every small purchase. He was also forced to read his uncle's and other relatives' numerous exhortations to frugality and good conduct.^[6] But the disciplinary problems continued.^[7] Mannerheim heartily disliked the school and the narrow social circles in Hamina. In the end, he rebelled by going on leave without permission in 1886, - for which he was eventually expelled from Finnish Cadet Corps. ^[8]. Hamina Cadet school is the common name for the Cadet School of Finland during 1819-1901. ... Hamina, or Fredrikshamn in Swedish, is one of Finlands most important harbors. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Hamina Cadet school is the common name for the Cadet School of Finland during 1819-1901. ...

Now the doors to making a military career in the Finnish army were closed. The only option was to aim at a career in the Russian armed forces. Young Gustaf was not averse to this idea. His first choice had been, while still in the Finnish Cadet Corps, to enter the Imperial Page School in St. Petersburg. But his report from the Finnish Cadet Corps, with his failure to show good conduct at school, made this dream impossible.^[9]

After spending some time with friends of his maternal relatives at Kharkiv, in Ukraine -where he received lessons in Russian - Mannerheim attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, passing his university entrance examinations in June 1887. Following this, he again spent some time with his family's friends in Ukraine. Whilst he was there he spent some time staying at a military camp at Chuhuiv, which partly influenced his decision to choose a career in the military. Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Chuhuiv (Ukrainian: , Russian: , translit. ...

He left for Saint Petersburg, where he was accepted into the Nicholas Cavalry School. At that time Finland was a Grand Duchy in personal union with Russia. He graduated in 1889 - passing out second in his group - and was promoted to the rank of Cornet. He was then posted with the 15th Alexandria Dragoon Regiment, at Kalisz in Poland, while waiting for a position to become available with the Chevalier Guards. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... A grand duchy is a territory whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess. ... It has been suggested that Dynastic union be merged into this article or section. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cornet was the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after the Captain and Lieutenant. ... French dragoon, 1745. ... Kalisz (pronounce: [kaliÊƒ]) is a city in central Poland with 109,800 inhabitants (1995). ... Officers of the Chevalier Guard Chevalier Guard regiment (ÐšÐ°Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ñ€Ð´ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ðº) was a guard heavy cavalry regiment, reformed in 1800 from the Chevalier Guard corps (created in 1764 by Catherine the Great). ...

An officer in the Imperial Russian Army

Eventually, in January 1891, Mannerheim was transferred to serve in Her Majesty Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards in St Petersburg. His family arranged for him to be married to Anastasie Arapova (1872-1936), the daughter of the Russian Major-General Nikolai Arapov, largely for economic reasons. They had two daughters, Anastasie (1893-1977) and Sophie (1895-1963). The marriage ended in an unofficial separation in 1902 and in a formal divorce in 1919. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 391 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1114 Ã— 1706 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 391 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1114 Ã— 1706 pixel, file size: 1. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Maria Fedorovna was the name taken by two distinct Russian empresses of originally German ethnicity: Maria Fedorovna of Wurttemberg, wife of Emperor Paul I of Russia Maria Fedorovna of Glucksburg (or, later known as of Denmark. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Anastasia Nikolajevna Mannerheim [IPA: anastasia nikolajevna mÉ‘nerheiÌ¥m] (nÃ©e: Arapova) (1872 â€” 1936) was married to Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim from 1892 to 1919. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Major General or Major-General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Mannerheim served in the Imperial Chevalier Guard until 1904, though he was posted to the Imperial Court Stables Administration from 1897 to 1903. Mannerheim specialised as an expert on horses, buying stud stallions and special duty horses for the army. In 1903 he was put in charge of a display squadron and became a member of the equestrian training board of the cavalry regiments. In October 1904, Mannerheim was transferred to the 52nd Nezhin Dragoon Regiment in Manchuria, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He fought in the Russo-Japanese War and was promoted to Colonel for his bravery in the Battle of Mukden. Officers of the Chevalier Guard Chevalier Guard regiment (ÐšÐ°Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ñ€Ð´ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ðº) was a guard heavy cavalry regiment, reformed in 1800 from the Chevalier Guard corps (created in 1764 by Catherine the Great). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... A stud in animal breeding is a male animal, such as a horse or dog or nitin , employed for breeding. ... A stallion A stallion is a male horse that has not been castrated. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... A young rider at a horse show in Australia. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Lieutenant Colonel (Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grades spelling) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine corps and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a Major and below a Colonel. ... Combatants Russian Empire Montenegro[1] Empire of Japan Commanders Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov â€ Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo The Russoâ€“Japanese War (Japanese: Nichi-Ro SensÅ, Russian: , Chinese: , February 10, 1904 â€“ September 5, 1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Combatants Empire of Japan Empire of Russia Commanders Field Marshal Oyama Iwao General Alexei Kuropatkin Strength About 207,300 About 291,000 Casualties 15,892 killed; 59,612 wounded 20,000 killed; 49,000 wounded; 20,000 captured The Battle of Mukden, the last major land battle of the Russo...

On returning from the war, Mannerheim spent time in Finland and Sweden 1905-1906. As a representative of the baronial branch of his family, he was present as a member of the Estate of Nobility in the last session of the Diet of Finland. He also led an expedition to China, travelling from Tashkent to Kashgar from July to October 1906, with the French scientist Paul Pelliot. Shortly thereafter, he led a separate expedition into China until the autumn of 1908. He also met with the Dalai Lama during his journey. The expedition had strategic purposes, in addition to anthropological, because these areas in northern China were a potential point of crisis between Russia, China and even the United Kingdom (see: The Great Game). For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries[] down to the present day, the estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... The Porvoo Diet is opened by Alexander I The Diet of Finland (Finnish Suomen maapÃ¤ivÃ¤t, later valtiopÃ¤ivÃ¤t; Swedish Finlands Landtdagar), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the heir of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the... Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... Location of Kashgar Kashgars Sunday market Kashgar (also spelled Cascar[1]) (Uyghur: /; Chinese: ; pinyin: , ), is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Pelliot examines manuscripts in the Mogao Caves Paul Pelliot (May 28, 1878â€“October 26, 1945) was a French sinologist and explorer of Central Asia. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The 13th Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso (1876 â€“ December 17, 1933), also spelled Thupten Gyatso, was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet. ... Anthropology (from Greek: á¼€Î½Î¸ÏÏ‰Ï€Î¿Ï‚, anthropos, human being; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ... Central Asia, circa 1848. ...

After the trip, in 1909 he was appointed commander of the 13th Vladimir Uhlan Regiment at Mińsk Mazowiecki in Poland. The following year, Mannerheim was promoted to Major General and was posted as the commander of the Life Guard Uhlan Regiment of His Majesty in Warsaw. In 1912 he became a part of the Imperial entourage, and the following year he was appointed as a cavalry brigade commander. Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Polish uhlans from Duchy of Warsaw army Uhlans (in Polish: UÅ‚an also spelled Ulan, German, from Turkish oÄŸlan [1]) were originally Polish light cavalry soldiers armed with lances, sabres, pistols, rifles; later they also served in the Prussian and Austrian armies. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

At the beginning of World War I, Mannerheim served as commander of the Guards Cavalry Brigade, and fought on the Austro-Hungarian and Romanian fronts. After distinguishing himself in combat against the Austro-Hungarian forces, Mannerheim was in December 1914 awarded one of the highest honours of Imperial Russia, the Cross of St. George, 4th class. In March 1915 Mannerheim was appointed to command the 12th Cavalry Division. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the decoration. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

He received leave to visit Finland and St Petersburg in early 1917 and, whilst in the Russian capital, he witnessed the outbreak of the February Revolution. After returning to the front, he was promoted to Lieutenant General in April 1917 (the promotion was backdated to February 1915), and he took command of the 6th Cavalry Corps in the summer of 1917. However, Mannerheim fell out of favour with the new government, who regarded him as one of the officers who did not support the revolution. Actually, Mannerheim became a determined opponent of communism. In September he was relieved of his duties, while he was on a sick-leave after having fallen from his horse. He was now in the reserve and trying to recover his health in Odessa. He began planning to retire and return to Finland to live a civilian life. He arrived in Finland on December 18. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... The ODESSA, which stands for the German phrase Organisation der ehemaligen SS-AngehÃ¶rigen, which phrase in turn translates as â€œOrganization of Former Members of the SS,â€ is the name commonly given to an international Nazi network alleged to have been set up towards the end of World War II... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

From gaining the victory in the Finnish Civil War to becoming Regent

In January 1918 the Senate of the newly independent Finland, under its chairman Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, appointed Mannerheim as Commander-in-Chief of Finland's almost nonexistent army, which was then not much more than a number of locally set up White Guards. His mission was to defend the Government and its forces during the the Civil War that broke up in Finland. The Civil War was inspired by the October Revolution in Russia 1917. He accepted the position despite his misgivings about the pro-German stance of the present government. He established his headquarters in Seinäjoki and began to disarm the remaining Russian garrisons and their troops of 42,500 men. During the ensuing Civil War (or War of Liberty, as it was known among the "Whites"), Mannerheim was promoted to General of Cavalry (Ratsuväenkenraali) in March 1918. Combatants Whites: White Guards, German Empire, Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards, Russian SFSR Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen, Eino Rahja, Kullervo Manner Strength 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 550 Swedish volunteers, 13,000 Germans[1] 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 4,000â€“10,000 Russians[1... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 528 pixelsFull resolution (1276 Ã— 842 pixel, file size: 944 KB, MIME type: image/png) Date:1918en:Helsinki Author:unknown File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 528 pixelsFull resolution (1276 Ã— 842 pixel, file size: 944 KB, MIME type: image/png) Date:1918en:Helsinki Author:unknown File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The seat of Roman Senate in the Roman Forum, Rome A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 â€“ February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... Combatants Whites: White Guards, German Empire, Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards, Russian SFSR Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen, Eino Rahja, Kullervo Manner Strength 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 550 Swedish volunteers, 13,000 Germans[1] 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 4,000â€“10,000 Russians[1... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Founded 1868 Country Finland Province Western Finland Region Southern Ostrobothnia Sub-region SeinÃ¤joki Area 603 kmÂ² Population - Density 36,419 (Dec 31, 2005) 60 inh. ... Combatants Whites: White Guards, German Empire, Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards, Russian SFSR Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen, Eino Rahja, Kullervo Manner Strength 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 550 Swedish volunteers, 13,000 Germans[1] 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 4,000â€“10,000 Russians[1... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

After the victory of the "whites" in the war, Mannerheim resigned as Commander-in-Chief, dismayed at the increasing German influence in Finnish military and political affairs. He feared the reaction of the Allies to the seemingly pro-German policies of the Finnish government during the last months of World War I. Seeking to distance himself from the current Finnish government, Mannerheim left Finland in June 1918 to visit relatives in Sweden. Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In Sweden, Mannerheim conferred with Allied diplomats in Stockholm, stating his opposition to the Finnish government's pro-German policy, and his support for the Allies. In October 1918, he was sent to Britain and France, on behalf of the Finnish government, to attempt to gain recognition of Finland's independence by Britain and the United States. In December, he was summoned back to Finland from Paris after he had been elected temporarily to be Regent (Valtionhoitaja; Riksföreståndare) of Finland. There were even monarchists who wanted to make him King of Finland. For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ...

After Frederick Charles of Hesse who had been elected king of Finland, renounced the throne, Mannerheim secured recognition of the independence of Finland from the Britain and U.S.. He also requested and received food aid from overseas to avoid famine. Although he was an ardent anti-Bolshevik, he eventually refused an alliance with the Russian White generals and their armies, because they probably would not have accepted the independence of Finland. In July 1919, after he had confirmed the new republican constitution, Mannerheim stood as a candidate in the first presidential election, supported by the National Coalition Party and the Swedish People's Party. He lost the election in the Parliament to Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg and retreated from public life. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... For other uses, see Bolshevik (disambiguation). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus or Samlingspartiet) is a political party in Finland. ... Swedish Peoples Party can mean: Swedish Peoples Party - a political party in Finland Liberal Peoples Party - a political party in Sweden This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ... Kaarlo Juho StÃ¥hlberg (January 28, 1865 - September 22, 1952) was the first President of Finland (1919-1925) and a Nationalist Liberal. ...

Between the Wars

In the interwar years, Mannerheim held no public office. This was largely due to the fact that he was seen by many politicians of the centre and left as a controversial figure due to his outspoken opposition to the Bolsheviks, his supposed desire for Finnish intervention on the side of the Whites during the Russian Civil War, and the antipathy felt against him by the Finnish socialists, who saw him as the 'bourgeois' 'White General'. During the interwar years, Mannerheim's pursuits were mainly humanitarian. He supported the Finnish Red Cross and founded the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare. For other uses, see Bolshevik (disambiguation). ... White army may refer to: The military arm of the White movement, a loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War The Saudi Arabian National Guard The National Guard of Kuwait This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... The Russian Civil War (1917-1922) began immediately after the collapse of the Russian provisional government and the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd, rapidly intensifying after the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly and signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

In the 1920s and 1930s, Mannerheim also returned to Asia, where he travelled and hunted extensively. On his first trip in 1927, to avoid travelling through the Soviet Union, he went by ship from London to Calcutta. From there he travelled by land to Burma, where he spent a month at Rangoon, and in Gangtok, in Sikkim. He returned home by car and aeroplane, via Basra, Baghdad, Cairo, and Venice. The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... The 1930s (years from 1930â€“1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Ship (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... , â€œCalcuttaâ€ redirects here. ... Yangôn, formerly Rangoon, population 4,504,000 (2001), is the capital of Myanmar. ... Gangtok (Nepali/Hindi: à¤—à¤‚à¤—à¤Ÿà¥‹à¤•) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim. ... , Sikkim (Nepali: , also Sikhim) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article refers to the tool of travel. ... This article is about the city of Basra. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area - City 214 kmÂ² (82. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

His second voyage, in 1936, was to India, travelling by ship via Aden to Bombay. During his stay in India, Mannerheim met with various old friends and acquaintances from Europe. During his travels and hunting expeditions, he visited Madras (nowadays Chennai), Delhi, and also Nepal. While in Nepal, Mannerheim was invited to join in a tiger hunt by the King of Nepal. He killed a 2.23m long tiger which was one of the largest ever measured and which had reputedly killed two men. The pelt is on display at the Mannerheim Museum in Kaivopuisto, Helsinki. 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... , â€œMadrasâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ... King Tribhuvan of Nepal. ... Kaivopuisto (Swedish Brunnparken) is a district in Helsinki, Finland. ... Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Province Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government - City manager Jussi Pajunen Area - City 187. ...

In 1929, Mannerheim refused the right-wing radicals' plea to become a de facto military dictator, although he did express a degree of some support for some of the demands of the right-wing fascist Lapua Movement (Screen, 2000). After President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was elected in 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council. At the same time Mannerheim received the written promise that in the event of a war, he would become the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. (Svinhufvud's successor Kyösti Kallio renewed this promise in 1937). In 1933 he received the title and rank of Field Marshal (sotamarsalkka, fältmarskalk). By this time, Mannerheim had become seen by the public, including some former socialists, as less of a 'White General,' and more of a truly national figure. This feeling was further enhanced by his many public statements of the time, urging reconciliation between those who had fought on opposing sides in the civil war, and the need to focus on national unity and defence. Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... A dictator is an absolutist or autocratic ruler who assumes sole power over the state, though the term is normally not applied to an absolute monarch. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Lapua Movement (Lapuan liike) was a political movement in Finland, started in 1929, initially dominated by ardent anti-communist nationalists, emphasizing the legacy of the nationalist activism, the White Guards and the Civil War in Finland, however soon turning into more of a Fascist movement. ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 â€“ February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki KyÃ¶sti Kallio (April 10, 1873 â€“ December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... C.G.E. Mannerheim wearing the rank insignia of sotamarsalkka, Finnish field marshal. ...

Mannerheim supported Finland's military industry and sought (in vain) to establish a military defence union with Sweden. However, rearming the Finnish army did not occur as swiftly or as well as he hoped and he was not enthusiastic about a war. He had many disagreements with various Cabinets, and signed numerous letters of resignation. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

Commander-in-Chief

When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, Mannerheim on October 17 again withdrew his resignation, thereby again accepting the position as Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish army in case of war. Officially he became the Commander-in-Chief after the Soviet attack on November 30. In a letter to his daughter Sophie, he stated his view that "I had not wanted to undertake the responsibility of commander-in-chief, as my age and my health entitled me, but I had to yield to appeals from the President of the Republic and the government, and now for the fourth time I am at war." (Cited in Jägerskiöld, 1986). Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 6,541 tanks [3] 3,800 aircraft[4][5] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[6] 126,875... Combatants Finland Germany Italy1 Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000â€“1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000... Combatants Germany Finland Commanders Lothar Rendulic Hjalmar Siilasvuo Strength 200,000 60,000 Casualties 950 killed 2,000 wounded 1,300 captured 774 killed 3,000 wounded 262 missing The Lapland War (Finnish: ; German: ; Swedish: ) is a name used for the hostilities between Finland and Germany between September 1944 and... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

He addressed the first of his - often controversial - orders of the day to the Defence Forces as Commander-in-Chief on the same day as the war began:

Mannerheim quickly reorganised his headquarters in Mikkeli. His strategic aide was Lieutenant General Aksel Airo, while his close friend, General Rudolf Walden, was sent as a representative of the headquarters to the Cabinet from 3 December 1939 till 27 March 1940, after which he became the Defence Minister. Mikkeli (or St. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Aksel Fredrik Airo (1898â€“1985) was a Finnish lieutenant general and main strategic planner during the Winter War and the Continuation War. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Karl Rudolf Walden (December 1, 1878 - October 25, 1946) was a Finnish industrialist and soldier. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mannerheim himself spent most of the Winter War and Continuation War in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front. Between the wars, he held on to the authority as Commander-in-Chief, which according to the letter of law should have gone back to the presidents (Kyösti Kallio and Risto Ryti) after the Moscow Peace, March 12, 1940. Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 6,541 tanks [3] 3,800 aircraft[4][5] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[6] 126,875... Combatants Finland Germany Italy1 Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000â€“1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki KyÃ¶sti Kallio (April 10, 1873 â€“ December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on March 12, 1940. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim kept relations with Nazi Germany's government as formal as possible and successfully opposed their proposals for a treaty of alliance. Mannerheim also firmly refused to let his troops contribute to the Siege of Leningrad. Combatants Finland Germany Italy1 Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000â€“1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Germany Spanish Blue Division Soviet Union Commanders Wilhelm von Leeb Georg von KÃ¼chler AgustÃn MuÃ±oz Grandes Kliment Voroshilov Georgiy Zhukov Strength 725,000 930,000 Casualties Unknown Red Army: 332,059 KIA 24,324 non-combat dead 111,142 missing 16,470 civilians 1 million civilians...

Mannerheim's 75th birthday on June 4, 1942, was a major occasion. The government granted him the unique title of Marshal of Finland (Suomen Marsalkka in Finnish, Marskalken av Finland in Swedish). He was the first and only person to receive the title. A surprise visit by Adolf Hitler in honour of Mannerheim's birthday was less pleasing to him and caused some embarrassment. is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... Hitler redirects here. ...

Visit by Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler had decided to visit Finland on June 4, 1942, ostensibly to congratulate Mannerheim on his 75th birthday. But Mannerheim did not want to meet in either his Headquarters at Mikkeli or Helsinki, as it would have seemed more like an official state visit. The meeting took place at a railway siding near the airfield at Immola, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. Image File history File linksMetadata Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Hitler redirects here. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

From the airfield, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where Mannerheim was waiting at a railway siding. Hitler, who was much shorter than Mannerheim, wore special high-heeled boots, and had asked his photographers to photograph him only from an angle that showed his height favourably alongside Mannerheim. After a congratulatory speech from Hitler, and following a birthday meal and conference between him, Mannerheim and other high ranking German and Finnish personnel, Hitler returned to Germany, having spent around five hours in Finland. Hitler had reportedly intended to ask the Finns to step up their military operations against the Soviets, but he apparently made no specific demands.

During the visit an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company YLE, Thor Damen, recorded Hitler and Mannerheim in a private conversation, something which had to be done secretly as Hitler never allowed recordings of himself off-guard. Today this is the only known recording of Hitler not speaking in an official tone. The recording captures 11 and a half minute of the two leaders in private conversation. Hitler speaks in a slightly excited, but still intellectually detached manner during this talk. His manner of speech has been compared to that which was typical of the members of the working class at that time. Its turns of phrases reflect the speaker's educational level^[10]. The majority of the recording is a monologue by Hitler. In the recording, Hitler admits to having underestimated the Soviet Union's ability to conduct war. (Recording available YLE's web-archive [4]. Some English transcripts exist [5], [6]) YLE (Yleisradio Oy) is Finlands National Broadcasting Company, founded in 1926. ...

There is an unsubstantiated anecdote that during his meeting with Hitler, Mannerheim lit a cigar. Mannerheim supposed that Hitler would ask Finland for help against the troops of the Soviet Union. Mannerheim was unwilling to do so. When Mannerheim lit up, all in attendance gasped, for Hitler's aversion to smoking in his presence was well known. Yet Hitler continued the conversation calmly, with no comment. In this way, Mannerheim was able to judge if Hitler was speaking from a position of strength or weakness. He was able to refuse Hitler the help he needed, knowing that Hitler and the Germans were in a weak position, and could not dictate to him.

Assessment of Mannerheim's leadership

Mannerheim's wartime record as the Finnish Commander-in-Chief is not easy to assess. At the time, and even to this day, Mannerheim's immense prestige made criticism of his conduct of war almost tantamount to treason (especially as the criticism often came from Soviet sources and Finnish communists). It is perhaps easiest to divide Mannerheim's role in two: Mannerheim the military commander and Mannerheim the politician.

As a military commander Mannerheim was generally very successful. Under his leadership the Finnish Defence Forces fought a generally successful war that in the end saved Finland from complete Soviet occupation. Mannerheim took great care not to waste the lives of his soldiers, and avoided unnecessary risks. Perhaps his greatest shortcoming was his unwillingness to delegate. While he had a number of very able subordinates, foremost among them Lieutenant General Aksel Airo, Mannerheim insisted that all the department heads in the Finnish General Headquarters report directly to him, leaving Chief of General Staff General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs little to do. Indeed, Mannerheim said that he did not want to be 'one man's prisoner'. Mannerheim overwhelmed himself with work, and as a result coordination between the different departments in the General Headquarters suffered. It has been suggested that one reason why the Soviet offensive in Karelian Isthmus in June 1944 took Finns by surprise was that Mannerheim was unable to see the forest for the trees. There was no other authority save Mannerheim who could collect all the intelligence and turn it into operational directives. Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Aksel Fredrik Airo (1898â€“1985) was a Finnish lieutenant general and main strategic planner during the Winter War and the Continuation War. ... Axel Erik Heinrichs (1890-1965) was a Finnish general. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

On the other hand, it can be argued that Mannerheim excelled in politics. Even though he was a soldier, and as such not supposed to take part in politics, Mannerheim could not help but be a highly political figure. A vital question during the war was when to make peace with the Soviet Union. Too early would mean that Nazi Germany would be in a position to retaliate. Too late risked a Soviet occupation of Finland. As soon as 1942, it became increasingly clear that Germany would not necessarily vanquish the Soviet Union. Mannerheim was kept, as it were, in reserve, in order to potentially take the leadership of the nation and lead it to peace. Mannerheim played this role very skilfully; he had a clear vision how Finland should conduct its war in the sensitive situation when the war's ultimate end was unclear. He knew how to treat the Germans to secure as much military support as possible without involving Finland in any binding treaties. For example, during the build-up for the Continuation War in 1941 Mannerheim was offered the command of all German forces on Finnish soil. While such an arrangement could have made prosecuting the war simpler, Mannerheim recognized that Hitler would not give the Finns a free hand in directing this part of the German offensive. As Mannerheim wanted at all costs to avoid a situation where he would have to take directives or orders from Berlin, he refused the offer. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

End of the war and a brief presidency

In June 1944 Gustaf Mannerheim, to ensure German support at a time a major Soviet offensive was threatening Finland, thought it necessary for Finland to agree to the pact the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop demanded. But even then Mannerheim managed to distance himself from the pact and it fell to the Finnish President Risto Ryti to sign the pact that came to be known as the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement. The Marshal's policy reached its logical conclusion when the agreement was revoked with the resignation of President Ryti in July 1944. Mannerheim succeeded him as president. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 443 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (970 Ã— 1312 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 443 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (970 Ã— 1312 pixel, file size: 1. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (born Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop) (April 30, 1893 â€“ October 16, 1946) was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... The Ryti-Ribbentrop letter of agreement (Finnish: Ryti-Ribbentrop sopimus) of June 26, 1944, signifies the closest to an alliance Finland and Nazi Germany came during World War II. According to the agreement, Risto Ryti, then President of Finland, undertook not to conclude peace in the Continuation War with the...

At the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and the USSR's summer offensive was fought to a standstill (see Battle of Tali-Ihantala) (thanks to the June agreement with the Germans), Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. It became clear that Marshal Mannerheim was the only person who had sufficient prestige, both internationally and domestically, that was required to extricate Finland from the war. He enjoyed the confidence of a large majority of the Finnish people, and was effectively the only statesman with the authority necessary to guide Finland in the transition from war to peace. Combatants Finland, Germany Soviet Union Commanders Karl Lennart Oesch Kurt Kuhlmey Dmitrii N. Gusev Strength 50,000 [1] 150,000 [1] Casualties 1,100 killed 1,100 missing 6,300 wounded[1] 4,500-5,500 killed 13,500-14,500 wounded[2][3] Map of the Karelian Isthmus. ... For other uses, see Prestige (disambiguation). ...

At first attempts were made to persuade Mannerheim to become prime minister, but he rejected this proposal on account of his age and lack of knowledge of the detailed techniques of government. The next suggestion was to elect him as the Head of State. Risto Ryti would resign from the office of president, and the parliament would elect Gustaf Mannerheim as Regent. The use of the title 'Regent' would have reflected the exceptional circumstances of his election. Mannerheim and Ryti both agreed to this proposal, and Ryti resigned as president on 29 July, giving as his reasons the state of his health and the necessity of combining civil and military authority in one person at that key moment. Mannerheim then decided that he wished to be elected as president to avoid any misconceptions about the nature of his office. Due to the difficult conditions general elections could not be held, and therefore the Parliament elected Mannerheim as President of the Republic of Finland on August 4, 1944. He took the oath of office later that day. For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The dangerous state that Finland found itself in at that moment was reflected in Mannerheim's inauguration speech before the Finnish Parliament: The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ...

A month after he took office, the Continuation War was concluded on harsh terms, but ultimately far less harsh than those imposed on the other states bordering the Soviet Union. Finland retained its sovereignty, parliamentary democracy and market economy. The territorial losses were considerable, especially due to the numerous Karelian refugees that needed to be housed, and the war reparations were heavy. Finland also had to fight the Lapland War against the withdrawing German troops in the north, and at the same time demobilize its army. It was widely agreed that only Mannerheim could have guided Finland through these difficult times, when the Finnish people had to come to terms with the severe conditions of the armistice, their implementation by a Soviet-dominated Allied Control Commission, and the task of post-war reconstruction. The Speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish Eduskunnan puhemies, Swedish Riksdagens talman), along with two Deputy Speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. ... Combatants Finland Germany Italy1 Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000â€“1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000... â€œSovereignâ€ redirects here. ... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system. ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ... Combatants Germany Finland Commanders Lothar Rendulic Hjalmar Siilasvuo Strength 200,000 60,000 Casualties 950 killed 2,000 wounded 1,300 captured 774 killed 3,000 wounded 262 missing The Lapland War (Finnish: ; German: ; Swedish: ) is a name used for the hostilities between Finland and Germany between September 1944 and...

Mannerheim's term as president was a difficult period for him. Although he was elected for a full six-year term, he was in his late seventies, and had accepted the office reluctantly after being urged to do so by various politicians. The situation was exacerbated by his frequent periods of ill-health, and the pressure of the demands of the Allied Control Commission, and the war responsibility trials. He was afraid throughout most of his presidency that the commission would request that he himself would be tried as one of the 'war guilty,' but this never happened. (There is a rumour that the reason Mannerheim was not prosecuted was Stalin's respect for and admiration of the Marshal.) Despite his criticisms of some of the demands of the Control Commission, Mannerheim worked hard to carry out Finland's armistice obligations. He also emphasised the necessity of further work on reconstruction in Finland after the war. Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries, anticipating the defeat of Germany and Japan they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post war... The war-responsibility trials in Finland (Finnish: ) was a trial of the Finnish wartime leaders held responsible for the starting or continuation of the war of aggression against the Soviet Union during the Continuation War, 1941-1944. ... A crime against peace, in international law, consists of starting or waging a war against the territorial integrity, political independence or sovereignty of a state, or in violation of international treaties, agreements or (legally binding) assurances. ...

Mannerheim was troubled by recurring health problems during 1945, and was absent on medical leave from his duties as president from November of that year until February 1946. He spent six weeks during that time in Portugal on a break to restore his health. After the announcement of the verdicts in the war crimes trials had been announced in January, Mannerheim decided to resign. He concluded that he had accomplished the duties he had been elected to carry out. The war had been ended, the armistice obligations were being carried out, and the war crimes trial was finished. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mannerheim resigned as a president on March 4, 1946, giving as his reason his declining health and his view that the tasks he had been elected to carry out had been accomplished. Even the Finnish communists, his enemies in 1918, recognised his peacemaking efforts and his role in maintaining the unity of the country during a difficult period. He was succeeded by his conservative prime minister Juho Kusti Paasikivi. is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 â€“ December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ...

Later life and legacy

After his resignation, Mannerheim bought Kirkniemi Manor in Lohja, intending to spend his retirement there. But in June 1946 he had a life-saving operation carried out on a perforated ulcer, and in October of that year he was diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. In early 1947 it was recommended that he should travel to the Valmont Sanatorium in Montreux, Switzerland to recuperate and write his memoirs. Valmont was to be Mannerheim's main place of residence for the remaining years of his life, although he regularly returned to stay in Finland, and also visited Sweden, France, and Italy. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 566 pixelsFull resolution (1218 Ã— 862 pixel, file size: 924 KB, MIME type: image/png) Date:1951 Author:unknown File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 566 pixelsFull resolution (1218 Ã— 862 pixel, file size: 924 KB, MIME type: image/png) Date:1951 Author:unknown File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... View of Laurinkatu in central Lohja. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... SanatÃ³rio Heliantia A sanatorium refers to a medical facility for long-term illness, typically cholera or tuberculosis. ... Montreux is a resort town in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on Lake Geneva with a population of 22,897. ...

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim died on January 28 (Finnish time, January 27 local time), 1951 in the Cantonal Hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland. He was buried on February 4, 1951 in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki in a state funeral with full military honours, and today retains respect as one of Finland's greatest statesmen. is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac LÃ©man), and facing Ã‰vian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An aerial photograph of the area in the cemetery where soldiers killed in the Second World War are buried The Hietaniemi cemetery is located in the TÃ¶Ã¶lÃ¶ district of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. ... Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Province Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government - City manager Jussi Pajunen Area - City 187. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ...

Mannerheim's birthday, the fourth of June, is celebrated as the Flag Day of the Finnish Defence Forces. This decision was made by the Finnish government on the occasion of his 75th birthday in 1942, when he was also granted the title of Marshal of Finland. The flag day is celebrated with a national parade, and rewards and promotions for members of the defence forces. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Military ranks and postings

Ranks

A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. ... Cornet was the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after the Captain and Lieutenant. ... Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... C.G.E. Mannerheim wearing the rank insignia of sotamarsalkka, Finnish field marshal. ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ...

Postings

Mannerheim was Commander-in-Chief of the White Guard from January to May 1918. He was also Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces from December 1918 to July 1919, and from 1939 to 1946. He was Chairman of the Defence Council from 1931 to 1939. Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Finnish Defence Forces (Finnish Puolustusvoimat; Swedish FÃ¶rsvarsmakten) is a cadre army of 16500, of which 8700 professional soldiers (officers), with a standard readiness strength of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 army, 3,000 navy, and 4,400 air force). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Honours and other positions

French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (in Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... The Order of St. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Order of Saint Stanislas (Polish: Order Å›w. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Order of Saint Vladimir was an Imperial Russian Order established in 1782 in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Kniaz (Prince) and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Order of St. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Cross of Liberty is often used in the memorials of the fallen. ... The Royal Swedish Order of the Sword (SvÃ¤rdsorden) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23, 1748, together with the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Polar Star. ... The Order of the Seraphim or the Order of His Majesty the King (Swedish Serafimerorden or ) is a Swedish Royal order of chivalry created by King Frederick I of Sweden on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star. ... Coat of arms of Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway surrounded by the collars of the Order of the Elephant and the Order of the Dannebrog. ... A stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Bundeswehr, Germanys Armed Forces. ... The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander... The Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty (Mannerheim-risti / Mannerheimkorset) is a Finnish military decoration introduced after the Winter War and named after Marshal Mannerheim. ... Order of Michael the Brave The Order of Michael the Brave (Romanian: ) is Romanias highest military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I during the early stages of the Romanian Campaign of World War I, and was again awarded in World War II. The Order, which may be bestowed as... University of Helsinki is not to be confused with Helsinki University of Technology. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Trivia

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is on all of the Northern and Southwestern Chinese dialects. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka Shatsk, Russia Vodka (Polish: wÃ³dka, Russian: Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÐºÐ°) is one of the worlds most popular distilled beverages. ... Gin and tonic. ... It has been suggested that Punt e mes be merged into this article or section. ... Akvavit, also known as aquavit, is a Scandinavian distilled beverage of typically about 40% alcohol by volume. ... Marskin ryyppy (lit. ... Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Suuret suomalaiset (Great Finns) was a 2004 television show by YLE (the Finnish Broadcasting Company), which determined the 100 greatest Finns of all time according to the opinions of its viewers. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 â€“ December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... Kaarlo Juho StÃ¥hlberg (January 28, 1865 - September 22, 1952) was the first President of Finland (1919-1925) and a Nationalist Liberal. ... Lauri Kristian Relander (May 31, 1883 â€“ February 9, 1942) was the President of Finland from 1925 to 1931. ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 â€“ February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki KyÃ¶sti Kallio (April 10, 1873 â€“ December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 â€“ December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (IPA: ) (September 3, 1900 Pielavesi â€“ August 31, 1986 Helsinki) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950â€“1953, 1954â€“1956) and later as President of Finland (1956â€“1981). ... Dr. Mauno Henrik Koivisto [IPA: mÉ‘uno henrik koiÊ‹isto] (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ... Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (IPA: ) (born June 23, 1937 Viipuri, Finland) is a former President of Finland (1994â€“2000) and a UN diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work. ... Tarja Kaarina Halonen (IPA: ) (born December 24, 1943, in Helsinki, Finland) is the President of Finland. ... Image File history File links Presidential_Standard_of_Finland. ...

Gallery

References

Contents

Ancestry and early life

An officer in the Imperial Russian Army

From gaining the victory in the Finnish Civil War to becoming Regent

Between the Wars

Commander-in-Chief

Visit by Adolf Hitler

Assessment of Mannerheim's leadership

End of the war and a brief presidency

Later life and legacy

Military ranks and postings

Ranks

Postings

Honours and other positions

Trivia

Gallery

References

See also

External links

Contents

Ancestry and early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

An officer in the Imperial Russian Army

From gaining the victory in the Finnish Civil War to becoming Regent

Between the Wars

Commander-in-Chief

Visit by Adolf Hitler

Assessment of Mannerheim's leadership

End of the war and a brief presidency

Later life and legacy

Military ranks and postings

Ranks

Postings

Honours and other positions

Trivia

Gallery

References

See also

External links

Ancestry and early life