C.G.E. Mannerheim

Mannerheim's equestrian statue by Mannerheimintie, a central road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland

C.G.E. Mannerheim's autograph

This article is about the statesman and Commander-in-Chief, for the noble families, please see Mannerheim (family)

Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was the reputed Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defence Forces, Marshal of Finland, an astute politician and a successful military commander. He was the President of Finland (1944–1946). Image File history File links Portrait_of_C.G.E._Mannerheim. ... Image File history File links Portrait_of_C.G.E._Mannerheim. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (464x700, 33 KB) self-taken File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (464x700, 33 KB) self-taken File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Apotheosis of Saint Louis by Charles H. Niehaus In sculpture, an equestrian (from the Latin equus meaning horse) is a statue consisting of a horse with mounted rider. ... Mannerheimintie (Mannerheimvägen in Swedish), named after Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, is the longest and one of the most famous streets in Helsinki, Finland. ... Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki City manager Jussi Pajunen Official languages Finnish, Swedish Area  - total  - land ranked 342nd 185. ... Image File history File links CGE_Mannerheim_autograph. ... Image File history File links CGE_Mannerheim_autograph. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Mannerheim is a surname of two well-known nobility lineages registered in Finland and Sweden. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The Finnish Defence Forces (Finnish Puolustusvoimat; Swedish Försvarsmakten) consist of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 army, 3,000 navy, and 4,400 air force). ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... The President of Finland (Suomen Tasavallan Presidentti; Republiken Finlands President) is the Head of State of Finland. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Mannerheim was born in Louhisaari Manor in Askainen to a Finland-Swedish family of partially Dutch ancestry that had been ennobled in 1768. He was related to Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and was the third child in a noble family in which the younger sons inherited the title of Baron (in Finnish Vapaaherra, in Swedish Friherre). Mannerheim was christened Carl Gustaf Emil, but was called by his middle name Gustaf (in Finnish Kustaa) and throughout his whole life he signed his private letters Gustaf or G. Besides his mother tongue, Swedish, he also spoke Finnish, Russian, French, German, English and Polish. Ironically, Mannerheim only learned to speak Finnish when he was in his fifties. Askainen (Villnäs in Swedish) is a municipality of Finland. ... ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Georg von Rosen Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki, Finland (then the Grand Duchy of Finland) — August 12, 1901, Dalby, SkÃ¥ne, Sweden) was a geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer of Finland-Swedish extraction. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Ancestry

The Mannerheim family descended from a Dutch businessman and mill owner, Henrik Marhein, who emigrated to Gävle in Sweden. His son, Augustin Marhein, was raised to the nobility in 1693, with his surname later becoming Mannerheim. His son, an artillery colonel and a mill supervisor, Johan Augustin Mannerheim, was raised to the status of Baron at the same time as his brother in 1768. The Mannerheim family came to Finland in the latter part of 18th century. Mannerheim is a surname of two well-known nobility lineages registered in Finland and Sweden. ... Gävle [jÉ›vlÉ™] is a Swedish city in east central Sweden with 81,000 inhabitants, and the seat of Gävle Municipality (pop. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Mannerheim's great-grandfather, Carl Erik Mannerheim (1759-1837), had held a number of offices in Finland's civil service during the early years of the semi-autonomous Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, including membership of the Senate. In 1825, he was promoted to the rank of Count (in Finnish Kreivi, in Swedish Greve). Mannerheim's grandfather, Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (1797-1854), was a renowned entomologist, and served as President of the Viipuri Court of Appeal. 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... | Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Look up Count in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Countess redirects here. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... Not to be confused with the Danish town and county of Viborg in Jutland Viapori, a Finnish transcription of Sveaborg, better known as Suomenlinna castle Vyborg from the tower of the castle Vyborg (transcription of Russian Выборг) is a town with 70,000 inhabitants at Russias border to Finland...

Mannerheim's father, Count Carl Robert (1835-1914), was a poet, writer and businessman. His businesses were not successful though, and he eventually became bankrupt. He later moved to Paris and lived the life of an artist. Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta (Hélène) von Julin (1842-1881), was a member of the wealthy von Julin family. Louhisaari had to be sold in 1880 to cover the debts of Count Carl Robert, and the following year his wife died, leaving their children to be brought up by relatives. | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Due to the worsened economic situation of the family, Mannerheim was sent to the school of the Finnish Cadet Corps in Hamina in 1882, at the age of 15. He was later expelled for breaches of discipline in 1886. He then attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, passing his university entrance examinations in June 1887. Immediately after that he left for Saint Petersburg, where he was accepted into the Nicholas Cavalry School. At that time Finland was a Grand Duchy in personal union with Russia. He graduated in 1889, was promoted to the rank of Cornet, and was posted with the 15th Alexandria Dragoon Regiment in Poland while waiting for a position to become available with the Chevalier Guards. Hamina, or Fredrikshamn in Swedish, is one of Finlands most important harbors. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... A grand duchy is a form of principality, monarchy which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state. ... A personal union is a political union of two or more entities that, internationally, are considered separate states, but through established law, share the same head of state —hence also whatever political actions are vested in the head of state, but no (or very few) others. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Cornet was the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after the Captain and Lieutenant. ...

An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army

Eventually, in January 1891, Mannerheim was transferred to serve in Her Majesty Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards in St Petersburg. His family arranged for him to be married to Anastasie Arapova (1872-1936), the daughter of the Russian Major-General Nikolai Arapov, largely for economic reasons. They had two daughters, Anastasie (1893-1977) and Sophie (1895-1963). The marriage ended in an unofficial separation in 1902 and in a formal divorce in 1919. 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Maria Fedorovna was the name taken by two distinct Russian empresses of originally German ethnicity: Maria Fedorovna of Wurttemberg, wife of Emperor Paul I of Russia Maria Fedorovna of Glucksburg (or, later known as of Denmark. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Mannerheim served in the Chevalier Guards until 1904, though he was posted to the Imperial Court Stables Administration from 1897 to 1903. Mannerheim specialised as an expert on horses, buying stud stallions and special duty horses for the army. In 1903 he was put in charge of a display squadron and became a member of the equestrian training board of the cavalry regiments. In October 1904, Mannerheim was transferred to the 52nd Nezhin Dragoon Regiment in Manchuria, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He fought in the Russo-Japanese War and was promoted to Colonel for his bravery in the battle of Mukden. 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A junior horse riding event at the Melbourne Show Equestrianism relates to the riding of horses. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Lieutenant Colonel (Lieutenant-Colonel in British English) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine corps and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a Major and below a Colonel. ... Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 25,331 Killed 146,032 Wounded 47,387 Killed 173,425 Wounded Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The... Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Major districts of Shenyang. ...

On returning from the war, Mannerheim spent time in Finland and Sweden 1905-1906. As a representative of the baronial branch of his family, he was present as a members of the Estate of Nobility in the last session of the Diet of Finland. He also led an expedition to China, travelling from Tashkent to Kashgar from July to October 1906, with the French scientist Paul Pelliot. Shortly thereafter, he led a separate expedition into China until the autumn of 1908. The expedition had strategic purposes, in addition to anthropological, because these areas in northern China were a potential point of crisis between Russia, China and even the United Kingdom (see: The Great Game). 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries down to the present day, the Estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... The Diet of Finland, Finnish Suomen maapäivät (later valtiopäivät) or Swedish Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the successor to the Riksdag of the Estates. ... Tashkent Tashkent (Toshkent or Тошкент in Uzbek, Ташкент in Russian; its name translates from Uzbek to Stone City in English) is the current capital of Uzbekistan and also of Tashkent Province. ... Location of Kashgar Kashgar (Uyghur: قەشقەر/K̢ǝxk̢ǝr; Chinese: 喀什; Hanyu Pinyin: , 39°28′N 76°03′E), is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Pelliot examines manuscripts in the Mogao Caves Paul Pelliot (May 28, 1878–October 26, 1945) was a French sinologist and explorer of Central Asia. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, human or person) consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). ... Central Asia, circa 1848 The Great Game is a term, usually attributed to Arthur Conolly, used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. ...

After the trip, in 1909 he was appointed commander of the 13th Vladimir Uhlan Regiment. The following year, Mannerheim was promoted to Major General and was posted as the commander of the Life Guard Uhlan Regiment of His Majesty in Warsaw. In 1912 he became a part of Imperial entourage, he was appointed a cavalry brigade commander in 1913. 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Uhlan dressed in the characteristic czapka Uhlans (as in German; also spelled Ulan, Polish: Ułan) were originally Polish light cavalry soldiers armed with lances; later they also served in the Prussian and Austrian armies. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

In World War I, Mannerheim served as a cavalry commander at the Austro-Hungarian and Romanian fronts. After distinguishing himself in combat against the Austro-Hungarian forces, Mannerheim was in December 1914 awarded one of the highest honours of Imperial Russia, St. George's Cross, 4th class. In 1915 Mannerheim rose to command the 12th Cavalry Division and, after the February Revolution of 1917, he took the command of the 6th Cavalry Corps in the summer of 1917. Already in April 1917 Mannerheim had been promoted to Lieutenant General (the promotion was backdated to February 1915). However, Mannerheim fell out of favor with the new government, who regarded him as one of the officers who did not support the revolution. In September he was relieved of his duties, when in sick leave after falling from his horse. He was now in the reserve and trying to recover his health in Odessa. He began planning retirement to civilian life and a return to Finland. Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Odessa (Ukrainian: Одеса, Odesa; Russian: ) is a city in southwestern Ukraine, a major port on the Black Sea, and the administrative centre of the countrys Odessa Oblast. ...

From Civil-War Victor to Head of State

See also Finnish Civil War

In January 1918 the Senate of the newly independent Finland, under its chairman Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, appointed Mannerheim as Commander-in-Chief of Finland's almost nonexistent army, which was then not much more than a number of locally set up White Guards. His mission was the defence of the Government during the Civil War in Finland. He accepted the position despite of his misgivings about the German influences in the government. He founded his headquarters in Seinäjoki and began to disarm the remaining Russian garrisons and their 42,500 troops. During the ensuing Civil War (or War of Liberty, as it was known among the "Whites") in March 1918, Mannerheim was promoted to General of Cavalry (Ratsuväenkenraali). The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 – February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... Panorama image of Seinäjoki, Finland Seinäjoki is a town located in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Dismayed at the increasing German influence, Mannerheim left the country temporarily in June 1918. Mannerheim was thus out of the country during the last, fateful period of the civil war, a time of mass deaths as a result of disease and starvation in prison camps and of lengthy trials. During the war he had already tried to stop the "White terror" and had opposed the mass imprisonment of Reds. A disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ... Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. ... Prisoner of War camps Contents // Categories: Substubs | Prisons and detention centres ...

In autumn 1918, Mannerheim held discussions in London and Paris. In September he was summoned back from Paris to become Protector of the State or Regent (Valtionhoitaja; Riksföreståndare). There were even monarchists who wanted to make him King of Finland. After the elected Frederick Charles of Hesse had aroused the victorious Allies' suspicions, and renounced the throne, Mannerheim secured recognition of the independent Finland from the United Kingdom and USA. He also requested and received food aid from overseas to avoid famine. Although he was an ardent anti-Bolshevik, he eventually refused an alliance with Russian White generals because they would not have recognized Finnish independence. In 1919 he lost the presidential election in the Parliament to Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg and retreated from public life. This article is about the British city. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La Défense business district 3 miles behind. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... ... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries supporting the Triple Entente who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. For more information, see the related articles: Allies of World War I and Allies of... A famine is a phenomenon in which a large percentage of the population of a region or country are so undernourished that death by starvation becomes increasingly common. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ... Kaarlo Juho StÃ¥hlberg (January 28, 1865 - September 22, 1952) was the first President of Finland (1919-1925) and a Nationalist Liberal. ...

Between the Wars

In the interwar years, his pursuits were mainly humanitarian. He supported the Finnish Red Cross and founded the Mannerheim's Children's Foundation. In 1929 he refused the right-wing radicals' plea to become a de facto military dictator, although he did express some support for the right-wing semi-fascist Lapua Movement. After President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was elected 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council. At the same time Mannerheim received the written promise that in the event of a war, he would become the Commander-in-Chief (Svinhufvud's successor Kyösti Kallio renewed this promise in 1937). In 1933 he received the honorary title of Field Marshal (Sotamarsalkka, Fältmarskalk). Mannerheim supported Finland's military industry and sought (in vain) to establish a military defence union with Sweden. However, rearming the Finnish army did not occur as swiftly or as well as he hoped and he was not enthusiastic about a war. He had many disagreements with various Cabinets, and signed numerous letters of resignation. The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A Foundation is a type of philanthropic organization set up by either individuals or institutions as a legal entity (usually either a corporation or a trust) with the purpose of distributing grants to support causes in line with the goals of the foundation. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) has been used since the late 18th century as a label in political science for those favoring or trying to produce thoroughgoing or extreme political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dictatorship. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Lapua Movement (Lapuan liike) was a political movement in Finland, started in 1929, initially dominated by ardent anti-communist nationalists, emphasizing the legacy of the nationalist activism, the White Guards and the Civil War in Finland, however soon turning into more of a Fascist movement. ... Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 – February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

Commander-in-Chief

See also Winter War, Continuation War and Lapland War

When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, Mannerheim on October 17 again withdrew his resignation, thereby again accepting the position as Commander-in-Chief of Finnish army in case of war. He reorganized his headquarters in Mikkeli. Officially he became the Commander-in-Chief after the Soviet attack on November 30. His strategic aide was Lieutenant General Aksel Airo. Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 180,000 450,000 Casualties 22,830 dead 43,557 wounded c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... History -- Military history -- War -- History of Germany -- History of Finland -- World War II The Lapland War is a name used for the hostilities between Finland and Germany between September 1944 and April 1945. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The city of Mikkeli Mikkeli or S:t Michel in Swedish is a town and municipality in Finland. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining, as the final day of November. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Aksel Fredrik Airo (1898 - 1985) was a Finnish lieutenant general and main strategic planner during the Winter War and the Continuation War. ...

Mannerheim spent most of the Winter War and Continuation War in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front. Between the wars, he held on to the authority as Commander-in-Chief, which according to the letter of law should have gone back to the presidents (Kyösti Kallio and Risto Ryti) after the Moscow Peace, March 12, 1940. Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 180,000 450,000 Casualties 22,830 dead 43,557 wounded c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on March 12, 1940. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim kept relations with Nazi Germany's government as formal as possible and successfully opposed their proposals for a treaty of alliance. Mannerheim also firmly refused to let his troops contribute to the Siege of Leningrad. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Georg von Kuechler Kliment Voroshilov Georgy Zhukov Strength 725,000 930,000 Casualties Unknown 300,000 military, 16,470 civilians from bombings and estimated 1 million civilians from starvation The Siege of Leningrad (Russian: блокада Ленинграда) was the German seige of Leningrad...

Mannerheim's 75th birthday on June 4, 1942, was a major occasion. The government granted him the unique title of Marshal of Finland (Suomen Marsalkka in Finnish, Marskalken av Finland in Swedish). He was the first and only person to receive the title. A surprise visit by Adolf Hitler in honour of Mannerheim's birthday was less pleasing to him and caused some embarrassment. June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. ...

Hitler had decided to visit Finland on June 4, 1942, ostensibly to congratulate Mannerheim on his 75th birthday. But Mannerheim did not want to meet Hitler, either in his Headquarters at Mikkeli, or in Helsinki, as it would have seemed more like an official state visit. Mannerheim also generally disliked Germans and had always been uneasy about German designs or interference in Finnish military affairs and politics. The meeting took place at a railway siding near the airfield at Immola, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ...

From the airfield, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where Mannerheim was waiting at a railroad siding. When Hitler saw the Marshal, he ran toward him. "An officer doesn't run," Mannerheim is said to have remarked to the officers accompanying him. "Only corporals do that."

Hitler, who was much shorter than Mannerheim, wore special high-heeled boots, and had asked his photographers to photograph him only from an angle that showed his height favorably alongside Mannerheim. After a congratulatory speech from Hitler, and following an awkward meal, Hitler returned to Germany, having spent only around five hours in Finland. He had reportedly intended to ask the Finns to step up their military operations against the Soviets, but the uneasy encounter with Mannerheim appears to have deterred him from making any specific demands.

Mannerheim's wartime record as the Finnish Commander-in-Chief is not easy to assess. At the time, and even to this day, Mannerheim's immense prestige made criticism of his conduct of war almost tantamount to treason (especially as the criticism often came from Soviet sources and Finnish communists). It is perhaps easiest to divide Mannerheim's role in two: Mannerheim the military commander and Mannerheim the politician.

As a military commander Mannerheim was generally very successful. Under his leadership the Finnish Defense Forces fought a generally successful war that in the end saved Finland from Soviet occupation. Mannerheim took great care not to waste the lives of his soldiers, and avoided unnecessary risks. Perhaps his greatest shortcoming was his unwillingness to delegate. While he had a number of very able subordinates, foremost among them Lieutenant General Aksel Airo, Mannerheim insisted that all the department heads in the Finnish General Headquarters report directly to him, leaving Chief of General Staff General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs little to do. Indeed, Mannerheim said that he did not want to be 'one man's prisoner'. Mannerheim overwhelmed himself with work, and as a result coordination between the different departments in the General Headquarters suffered. It has been suggested that one reason why the Soviet offensive in Karelian Isthmus in June 1944 took Finns by surprise, was that Mannerheim was unable to see the forest for the trees. There was no other authority save Mannerheim who could collect all the intelligence and turn it into operational directives. Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Aksel Fredrik Airo (1898 - 1985) was a Finnish lieutenant general and main strategic planner during the Winter War and the Continuation War. ... Axel Erik Heinrichs (1890-1965) was a Finnish general. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

On the other hand it can be argued that Mannerheim excelled in politics. Even though a soldier, and as such not supposed to take part in politics, Mannerheim could not help but be a highly political figure. A vital question during the war was when to make peace with Soviet Union. Too early would mean that the Nazi Germany would be in a position to retaliate. Too late would risk a Soviet occupation of Finland. As soon as 1942, it became increasingly clear that Germany would not necessarily vanquish the Soviet Union. Mannerheim was kept, as it were, in reserve, in order to potentially take the leadership of the nation and lead it to peace. Mannerheim played this role very skilfully; he had a clear vision how Finland should conduct its war in the sensitive situation when the war's ultimate end was unclear. He knew how to treat the Germans to secure as much military support as possible without involving Finland in any binding treaties. For example, during the build-up for the Continuation War in 1941 Mannerheim was offered the command of all German forces in Finnish soil. While such an arrangement could have made prosecuting the war simpler, Mannerheim recognized that Hitler would not give Finns free hand in directing this part of the German offensive. As Mannerheim wanted at all costs avoid a situation where he would have to take directives or orders from Berlin, he refused the offer. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... This article is about the year. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ...

However, in June 1944 Mannerheim, to ensure German support at a time a major Soviet offensive was threatening Finland, thought it necessary for Finland to agree in the pact German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop demanded. But even then Mannerheim managed to distance himself from the pact and it fell for the Finnish President Risto Ryti to sign the pact that came to be known as the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement. Mannerheim's policy reached its logical conclusion when the agreement was revoked with the resignation of President Ryti in August 1944. Mannerheim succeeded Ryti as the President of the Republic. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (born Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop) (April 30, 1893–October 16, 1946) was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... The Ryti-Ribbentrop letter of agreement (Finnish: Ryti-Ribbentrop sopimus) of June 26, 1944, signifies the closest to an alliance Finland and Nazi Germany came during World War II. According to the agreement, Risto Ryti, then President of Finland, undertook not to conclude peace in the Continuation War with the...

End of the war and a brief presidency

At the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was fought to standstill (see Battle of Tali-Ihantala) (thanks to President Risto Ryti's agreement with the Germans in June 1944), Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. Risto Ryti resigned, and Mannerheim was elected as President on August 4, 1944, mainly because he was the only one with sufficient prestige both internationally and domestically. Due to the difficult conditions general elections could not be held, and therefore it was the Parliament which elected Mannerheim as President of the Republic. Combatants Finland, Germany Soviet Union Commanders Lt. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... The Ryti-Ribbentrop letter of agreement (Finnish: Ryti-Ribbentrop sopimus) of June 26, 1944, signifies the closest to an alliance Finland and Nazi Germany came during World War II. According to the agreement, Risto Ryti, then President of Finland, undertook not to conclude peace in the Continuation War with the... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... The President of Finland (Suomen Tasavallan Presidentti; Republiken Finlands President) is the Head of State of Finland. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... Prestige means good reputation or high esteem, although it originally meant a delusion or magicians trick (Latin præstigum). ... The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ...

The dangerous state that Finland found itself in at that moment was reflected in Mannerheim's inauguration speech before the Finnish Parliament: The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ...

"Mr Speaker, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks for the kind words that you spoke about me. Honourable members of parliament, In accepting for the second time, at this difficult moment of national destiny, the duties of head of state, I do so deeply aware of the responsibilities placed upon me. Great are the difficulties that we will have to overcome in order to safeguard our future. Foremost in my mind at this moment is the army of Finland, now in its fifth year of battle. Trusting in the Almighty, I hope and I believe that, supported by parliament and the government, a unanimous people behind us, we will succeed in preserving our independence and the existence of our nation."

A month after he took office, the Continuation War was concluded on harsh terms, but ultimately far less harsh than those imposed on the other states bordering the Soviet Union. Finland retained its sovereignty, parliamentary democracy and market economy. The territorial losses were limited, but the war reparations were heavy. Finland also had to fight the Lapland War against the withdrawing German troops in the north, and at the same time demobilize her army. The Speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish Eduskunnan puhemies, Swedish Riksdagens talman), along with two Deputy Speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (legislative, judicial and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. ... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... A market economy (aka free market economy and free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services takes place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system rather than by the state in a planned economy. ... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ... History -- Military history -- War -- History of Germany -- History of Finland -- World War II The Lapland War is a name used for the hostilities between Finland and Germany between September 1944 and April 1945. ...

Mannerheim resigned for reasons of declining health on March 4, 1946. Even Finnish communists, his enemies in 1918, recognized his peacemaking efforts. He was succeeded by his conservative but Russophilic Prime Minister, Juho Kusti Paasikivi. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ...

Mannerheim bought Kirkniemi Manor in Lohja and intended to spend his retirement there, but in 1947 he had an ulcer operated on and it was recommended that he should travel to the Valmont sanatorium in Montreux, Switzerland to recuperate and write his memoirs. He died on January 28 (Finnish time, January 27 local time), 1951 in Lausanne, Switzerland. He was buried on February 4, 1951 in the Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki in a state funeral with full military honors, and today retains respect as one of Finland's greatest statesmen. View of Laurinkatu in central Lohja. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Sanatório Heliantia A sanatorium refers to a medical facility for long-term illness, typically cholera or tuberculosis. ... Montreux is a resort town in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on Lake Geneva with a population of 22,897. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura hills to its north. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... The Hietaniemi cemetery is located in the Töölö district of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. ... Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki City manager Jussi Pajunen Official languages Finnish, Swedish Area  - total  - land ranked 342nd 185. ... A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour heads of state or other important people of national significance. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ...

Mannerheim's birthday, the fourth of June, is celebrated as the Flag Day of the Finnish Defence Forces. This decision was made by the Finnish Government on the occassion of his 75th birthday in 1942, when he was also granted the title of Marshal of Finland. The Flag Day is celebrated with a national parade, and rewards and promotions for members of the Defence Forces. There are two recognized definitions of the term Flag Day. The first definition is used to designate a day to fly a flag of a certain area, mostly that of nations; the second definition is used to designate a day set aside to honor an event specifically involving a national... This article is about the year. ...

Military ranks

• Non-commissioned officer (1888)
• Cornet (1889)
• Cornet of the Guard (1891)
• Lieutenant of the Guard (1893)
• Subaltern Cavalry Captain of the Guard (1899)
• Cavalry Captain of the Guard (1902)
• Lieutenant Colonel (1904)
• Colonel (1905)
• Major General (1911)
• Lieutenant General (1917)
• General of Cavalry (1918)
• Field Marshal (1933)
• Marshal of Finland (1942)

Mannerheim was Commander-in-Chief of the White Guard from January to May 1918. He was also Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces from December 1918 to July 1919, and from 1939 to 1946. He was Chairman of the Defence Council from 1931 to 1939. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or noncom, is a non-commissioned member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. ... Cornet was the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after the Captain and Lieutenant. ... A Lieutenant is a military, paramilitary or police officer. ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... General is a high military rank, used by nearly every country in the world. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was Finlands reputed Commander-in-Chief and later President of Finland (1944–1946). ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Finnish Defence Forces (Finnish Puolustusvoimat; Swedish Försvarsmakten) consist of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 army, 3,000 navy, and 4,400 air force). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Honours

• Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree (Russian Empire)
• Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class (Russian Empire/Poland)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree (Russian Empire)
• Knight 4th class, the Order of St. George (Russian Empire)
• Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden)
• Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark)
• Iron Cross (Germany)
• Officer, the Legion of Honor (France)
• Knight Grand Cross, the Order of the British Empire (GBE) United Kingdom
• Grand Cross, the Order of the Cross of Liberty (Finland)
• Mannerheim Cross, 1st class (Finland)

The Order of St. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Order of Saint Stanislas (Polish: Order Å›w. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Order of Saint Vladimir was an Imperial Russian Order established in 1782 in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Kniaz (Prince) and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Order of St. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Order of the Seraphim or the Order of His Majesty the King (Swedish Serafimerorden or ) is a Swedish Royal order of chivalry created by King Frederick I of Sweden on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the North Star. ... The Order of the Elephant is the highest Order of Denmark. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (in Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these... There are three official orders in Finland: the Order of the Cross of Liberty, the Order of the White Rose of Finland and the Order of the Lion of Finland. ... The Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty (Mannerheim-risti / Mannerheimkorset) is a Finnish military decoration introduced after the Winter War and named after Marshal Mannerheim. ...

Trivia

• Mannerheim stood at 6' 4 1/2 " (194 cm) in height.
• He was the only person who received military decorations from both sides of the conflict in both the First World War and the Second World War. He was also decorated by Sweden, a neutral country.
• In the thirties Mannerheim was invited to join a tiger hunt by the king of Nepal. He felled a tiger which was one of the largest ever measured and which had reputedly killed two men. The pelt is on display at the Mannerheim museum in Helsinki.
• In his time at the Chevalier Guard the guardsmen were entitled to one shot of vodka each day. The shot glass was filled to the brim so that each man would be certain to get the same amount as the others. The glass was to be emptied without spilling. Mannerheim continued this tradition in his later life. Mannerheim was also not satisfied with the spirits available in Finland at the time, and therefore always requested that gin and dry French vermouth were to be blended into available aquavit. The resulting beverage is widely known in Finland as "Marskin ryyppy" (The Marshal's drink/shot).
• Due to his rheumatism he slept in a very simple collapsible military cot.
• Of all the military commanders in World War II, Mannerheim had held the highest rank during World War I, having been a full General of Cavalry (Ratsuväenkenraali) at the war's end in 1918.
• On December 5, 2004, Mannerheim was voted as the greatest Finnish person of all time in the Suuret Suomalaiset program.

Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Latin: Panthera tigris, possibly of Iranian origin: tighra [1]) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four big cats in the panthera genus. ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Latin: Panthera tigris, possibly of Iranian origin: tighra [1]) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four big cats in the panthera genus. ... Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki City manager Jussi Pajunen Official languages Finnish, Swedish Area  - total  - land ranked 342nd 185. ... Look up Vodka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Gin and tonic This article concerns the beverage. ... Vermouth is a fortified wine flavored with aromatic herbs and spices (aromatized in the trade) in recipes that are closely-guarded trade secrets. ... Akvavit, also known as aquavit, is a Scandinavian distilled beverage of typically about 40% alcohol by volume. ... Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Suuret Suomalaiset (Great Finns) is a Finnish spinoff-version of the 100 Greatest Britons programme on the BBC. Made by the national broadcaster YLE over October to December 2004. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... The President of Finland (Suomen Tasavallan Presidentti; Republiken Finlands President) is the Head of State of Finland. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ...

Gallery

Mannerheim during the Winter War Image File history File links Mannerheim_during_Winter_War. ...

Mannerheim studying a map Image File history File links Mannerheim_studying_a_map. ...

The ceremonial honorary guard of the coffin of Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim Image File history File links Honorary_guard_of_Mannerheim. ...

Grave of Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim Mannerheims grave in Hietaniemi Cemetery, Helsinki, Finland. ...

See also

• Mannerheim Cross
• Mannerheim Line
• Mannerheimintie
• Vorschmack
• List of Finnish Wars

The Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty (Mannerheim-risti / Mannerheimkorset) is a Finnish military decoration introduced after the Winter War and named after Marshal Mannerheim. ... The Mannerheim Line was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union. ... Mannerheimintie (Mannerheimvägen in Swedish), named after Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, is the longest and one of the most famous streets in Helsinki, Finland. ...

External links

• C.G.E. Mannerheim in the history of Finland
• Mikkeli Headquarters Museum
• Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
• The Mannerheim Cross and Knights.